十堰地区儿童静脉血微量元素检测结果

目的:了解各年龄段儿童血清中微量元素的含量,为合理补充微量元素、防治Pb、Cd污染提供科学的理论依据。方法:918例0～12岁儿童按发育阶段分为4组,分别为婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前组、学龄组,取静脉血,采用北京博晖的BH5100型原子吸收光谱仪检测全血Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg和Fe含量,BH2100型原子吸收光谱仪检测Pb和Cd含量。结果:各年龄组间Fe、Cd含量无统计学差异,而不同年龄组间Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Pb含量差异有统计学意义(P0.01),Ca含量随着年龄的增加而降低,而Zn的含量随着年龄的增加而升高。Ca、Cu、Zn缺乏和高Pb率在各年龄组不同,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而Fe、Mg缺乏以及高Cd与年龄没有明显的关系,各年龄组之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:十堰市儿童Ca、Zn、Fe缺乏普遍存在,Cu、Mg缺乏少见,存在一定程度的Pb污染,Cd污染程度较轻,需合理补充微量元素,预防Pb污染。     

Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental exposure to Pb and Cd during 1990-1997 of inhabitants of Katowice District, which is an area of high environmental exposure to lead and cadmium, as well as exposure to Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Ca, Na, and K, on the basis of concentrations in hair, teeth, and nails. This investigation was to explain if accumulation of Pb and Cd can affect the concentration of such essential metals as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca. Inhabitants of the Beskid area constituted a control group. Analysis of the aforementioned elements was carried out on 624 hair samples, 785-tooth- samples, and 338 nail samples taking into consideration sex, age (<15, 16-30, >30 years), and type of teeth (incisor, canine, molar, premolar). Concentrations of elements in the media investigated were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were calculated using the Statistica program. The major statistical analysis focuses on determining analysis of variance by MANOVA/ANOVA, Rao R (P<0.05), Spjotvolla-Stoline'a test, and cluster analysis (1-Pearson r). The investigation revealed that among the media investigated, Pb concentration in hair is an environmental marker of exposure to this metal in the human organism and depends on sex and age. It was also observed that an increase in Pb concentration in hair causes a decrease in Fe and Ca concentrations and changes the ratios of essential metals: Fe/Cu, Fe/Zn, and Ca/Zn. It is concluded that not only in blood but also in the hair, lead significantly influences Ca and Fe. Analysis of nail samples of people living in Katowice District indicated that an increasing concentration of Pb decreases concentrations of copper and zinc. Increased accumulation of such metals as Ni, Cr, and Mn in teeth was observed for samples taken from inhabitants of Katowice District.     

产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血微量元素相关性分析

目的研究必需和非必需微量元素在正常产妇毛发、静脉血及胎儿脐血间的分布规律，探讨胎盘屏障对母体和胎儿间微量元素转运的影响。方法选择60名健康住院分娩的产妇作为研究对象，分别采集每个产妇枕部毛发、静脉血和胎儿脐血，并对产妇日常生活中的洗发频率等因素进行问卷调查。实验室发样洗涤采用国际原子能机构推荐的洗涤程序进行，样品消化利用微波消化的方法，对样品中必需微量元素锌、铜、铬、锰、钴、钼，毒性元素铅、砷、镉、汞，以及稀土元素：镧、镨、钕、钇进行了ICP质谱分析。结果毛发中14种微量元素含量均显著高于静脉血和脐血；相关及偏相关分析均表明，产妇静脉血与胎儿脐血间锌、锰、钴、钼、铅、砷、汞、钇、镧、镨、钕显著正相关；毛发与胎儿脐血间铅、汞呈显著正相关；毛发与静脉血间锰和镉呈显著正相关。结论孕妇体内微量元素水平会直接影响到胎儿，毛发中微量元素含量可反应机体既往一定时期内的平均暴露水平。     

Cadmium,copper, lead and zinc in bovine hair in the new lead belt of missouri

Summary The levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in washed hair samples from four test cows exposed to multiple lead production sources of contamination and four control cows that were not exposed. Cadmium and lead were found in significantly higher concentrations in the hair collected from the test cows than in the hair of the control cows. The mean concentration of Cd in the summer sample from the test cows' hair was approximately 16 times higher than that of the control cows, and the Pb concentration in hair of the test cows was approximately 75 times higher than that of the control cows. The hair concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly affected by season and Cu and Zn concentrations varied significantly among the cows on each farm. There was no relationship between hair and milk lead concentrations. Reduction in lead exposure was reflected more rapidly in blood than in hair concentrations. These results demonstrate the value of using bovine hair samples in surveillance of environmental contamination, as well as other ecologic, epidemiologic and mineral metabolism research.This work was supported by contract 68-02-0092 from the Environmental Protection Agency.     

Effect of Chronic Sublethal Exposure of Major Heavy Metals on Filtration Rate, Sex Ratio, and Gonad Development of a Bivalve Species

The chronic toxic effects of major heavy metals including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) on the filtration rate (FR), sex ratio, and gonad development of immature blood clams, Tegillarca granosa, were investigated. The FRs were significantly inhibited by Cu, Pb and Cd, with rates generally decreasing with both increasing metal concentrations and exposure time. EC₅₀ values for FR after 28 days of exposure were 12.9, 12.7 and 14.4 μg/L for Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively. Zn exposure had no effect on FR. Sex ratios were significantly altered from controls in favor of an increased proportion of males at metal concentrations of ≥14.2, ≥86 and ≥110 μg/L for Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively; and at ≥1.68 mg/L for Zn. The gonado-somatic index was significantly reduced in clams at all metal exposures, except for the lowest concentration of Cu (7.1 μg/L).     

Hypertension in Rats From Injection of Cadmium

Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were determined in 243 blood samples of male residents of 19 cities in the continental United States. The mean Cu and Zn concentrations of all samples agreed closely with values reported by other investigators. The means among the 19 locations, however, differed by threefold in Cu and fivefold in Zn. The levels of Cu and Zn in blood in 17 locations were normally distributed about their means except in two locations. Unlike Cu and Zn, the concentrations of Cd and Pb varied widely among samples from a given location.     

Lead, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, zinc and copper levels in whole blood of urban teenagers with non-toxic diffuse goiter

The amount of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) present in whole blood of 118 teenagers were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The blood samples of 23 healthy teenagers were compared with the blood samples of 95 adolescents who were diagnosed with non-toxic diffuse goiter (NTDG). The study was aimed at examining whether in addition to mild iodine deficiency other trace elements could contribute to the development of non-toxic diffuse goiter. The results indicated that the levels of Pb, Cd and Mn in the blood samples of teenagers diagnosed with NTDG were higher than that in healthy children. Also, the results indicated that higher levels of metals were present in the blood samples with NTDG in adolescent patients who lived in areas with a higher amount of pollution.     

Determination of Traces of Pb,Cu and Cd in Seawater around Thane Creek by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Method

Trace metals (Pb, Cu and Cd) in seawater samples were pre-concentrated for the simultaneous quantitative determination using solvent extraction procedure in the presence of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) as complexing agent and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as organic phase and acid exchange back – extraction followed by its determination by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV). Concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd vary from 3.0 to 9.44 ng/mL, 12.7 to 28.6 ng/mL and 0.31 to 1.21 ng/mL respectively in seawater samples collected from different locations across Thane Creek area, Mumbai, India. Pb, Cu, Cd concentration were observed to be higher in the eastern side of the Thane Creek as it is covered by various industries.     

Influence of a Former Mining Area in the Heavy Metals Concentrations in Blood of Free-Living Mediterranean Pond Turtles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mauremys leprosa</Emphasis>)

The objective of this study was to assess metal exposure in the Mediterranean Pond Turtle (Mauremys leprosa) inhabiting a watercourse in an ancient mining district polluted by different metals (“Rambla de Las Moreras”, southeastern Spain) and included in the Ramsar Convention. For this purpose, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) were analysed in blood samples from 42 M. leprosa healthy adults (27 males and 13 females). The highest median concentrations were found for Zn, followed by Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd (366, 33, 9, 0.83 and 0.14 µg/dL, respectively). Although the literature regarding toxic metals in freshwater turtles is relatively scarce, Pb may cause deleterious effects in our population. In general, males presented higher levels than females, which could be due to maternal transfer during egg formation. The significant correlations between Cu–Cd and Cu–Hg suggest the implication of an efficient mechanism of detoxification involving metallothioneins.     

Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil

In non-ideal scenarios involving partial or non-breastfeeding, cow's milk-based dairy products are mainstream in infant feeding. Therefore, it is important to study the concentrations of potentially neurotoxic contaminants (Pb and Cd) and their respective counteracting elements (Ca and Zn) in infant dairy products. Fifty-five brands of infant formulas and milk sold in Brasilia, Brazil were analyzed. The dairy products came from areas in the central-west (26%), southeast (29%) and south of Brazil (36%) extending as far as Argentina (7%) and the Netherlands (2%). For toxic Pb and Cd, median concentrations in powdered samples were 0.109 mg/kg and 0.033 mg/kg, respectively; in fluid samples median Pb concentration was 0.084 mg/kg, but median Cd concentration was below the limit of detection and overall values were below reference safety levels. However, 62% of these samples presented higher Pb concentration values than those established by FAO/WHO. Although the inverse correlation between Cd and Zn (Spearman r = -0.116; P = 0.590) was not statistically significant, the positive correlation between Ca and Pb was (Spearman r = 0.619; P < 0.0001). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between Pb and Cd. Furthermore, the study also revealed that provision of the essential trace element Zn in infant formulas can provide adequate amounts of the recommended daily requirements. Infant formulas and milk sold for consumption by infants and children can be an efficient tool to monitor neurotoxic metal risk exposure among young children.     

Uptake of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia

Concentrations of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe (Zambia), which is ranked among the 10 worst polluted places on earth, were compared with other Zambian towns. Metal concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys of 51 cattle from Kabwe and other Zambian towns. The maximum metal concentrations, expressed in mg/kg and dry weight, in the liver or kidneys were 398.4 (Cu), 252.6 (Zn), 77.81 (Cr), 19.37 (Cd), 7.57 (Ni), 1.8 (Pb), 1.04 (Co), 0.112 (Hg), and 0.05 (As). Concentrations of Pb and Cd in Kabwe cattle were higher than levels in other Zambian towns. The mean concentration of Cd exceeded benchmark values in offal destined for human consumption. Levels of Ni and Cr may also pose public health concerns. Concentrations of Pb and Cr, Pb and Cu, Cd and Zn, Cd and Hg, Zn and Cu, Cu and Co, as well as Co and Ni were positively correlated. The present study also highlighted the dangers of exposure of animals and humans to a mixture of toxic metals.     

Differential Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Patterns of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in the Liverwort <Emphasis Type="Italic">Marchantia polymorpha</Emphasis> L.

In this study, we investigated the bioaccumulation, tissue distribution and physiological responses to different metal concentration (0.2 and 2 mM) and time of exposure of 1, 2 and 3 weeks with cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) using the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Our data showed, on one hand, a significant enrichment and tissue translocation of Cu, Zn, and specially Cd, reaching concentrations of 1800 µg g^??1 in 3 weeks. On the other hand, Pb exhibited the lowest concentration values (50 µg g^??1), and 90% of the total concentration in the rhizoids. We could observe a positive correlation between tissue concentration, metal translocation and an enhanced toxic response. The results obtained in this study might contribute not only in the application of this species in environmental studies with heavy metals but also as a starting point to study the evolution of metal tolerance in land plants.     

Moss biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition study of minor and trace elements in Macedonia

In the framework of the International Cooperative Program on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops (UNECE ICP Vegetation), in 2002, 2005, and 2010, a moss biomonitoring technique was applied to air pollution studies in the Republic of Macedonia. А fourth moss survey took place in August and September 2015, when 72 samples of the terrestrial moss samples were collected over the territory of the country. Using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), a total of 22 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, and Zn) were determined. By comparing the obtained values from all of the surveys, it can be concluded that almost all potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) increased in content in moss samples from 2002 to 2005 but decreased in the samples from 2010 to 2015. Increased values from 2005 to 2015 were observed for Cd and Pb, which is likely due to the reactivation of mining for lead and zinc in Eastern Macedonia, with large amounts of floatation tailings deposited in the landfills as well as due to the increased capacity of the ferronickel smelter near the city of Kavadarci. From data obtained in 2015, a factor analysis was performed to identify and characterize different pollution sources. Distributional maps for all elements were also prepared to point out the regions that were the most affected by anthropogenic activities. The survey conducted in 2015 showed that the situation with air pollution by potentially toxic metals in Macedonia is similar to that established in 2010. This is because all activities in the fields of mining and metallurgy were in continuous work with the same capacity during that five-year period. Still, the largest anthropogenic impact of air pollution with heavy metals established a smelter for ferronickel near Kavadarci (Ni and Cr) and lead and zinc mines in the vicinity of Probi?tip, Makedonska Kamenica, and Kriva Palanka (Cd, Pb, and Zn).     

Metals in Two Species of Fish in Karasu River

In this study, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) levels were determined in the tissues (muscle, liver and gills) of two fish species, Capoeta capoeta umbla and Chalcalburnus mosullensis, collected from three stations of the Karasu River. The lowest metal accumulation was detected in the muscle tissues. Moreover there was some variability in the metal concentrations measured in the same tissues from samples obtained from the three different stations. A positive correlation was observed for the concentration of metal pairs Fe–Cu, Fe–Zn, Ni–Pb, Pb–Zn. These findings were also compared with national and international food standards, and Pb and Cd concentrations were determined to be above the level set by the standards. In conclusion, it was supposed that excessive consumption of these two fish species, which already occurs in this region, might pose a public health risk.     

十种化合物对大鼠游离肝细胞联合毒性的研究

采用细胞毒理学方法，以大鼠游离肝细胞半数中毒浓度（ＴＣ５０）为观察指标，对镉、硒、铜、砷、锑、汞、锌、铅、铬、镍１０种金属及类金属组成２９个配对进行了联合毒性的研究。结果表明，１０种金属及类金属化合物肝细胞毒性大小顺序是汞＞镉＞铅＞砷＞锑＞铜＞铬＞镍＞锌＞硒，与体内肝毒性顺序基本一致。汞、镉、铅三种金属之间有增毒作用，对其它金属的毒性亦有增强作用。锌可以拮抗镉、铅的毒性作用，硒可以保护汞、砷对细胞的毒性，其余金属配对呈毒性相加作用。铬和砷对镉的细胞毒性表现为拮抗作用，其机理需要进一步进行研究。     

Lead and cadmium levels in daily foods,blood and urine in children and their mothers in Korea

OBJECTIVES: The present study was initiated to examine the dietary intake, blood level and urinary concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) among children in Korea, in comparison with the findings in their mothers. METHODS: Peripheral blood, spot urine and 24-h food duplicate samples were collected in Busan, Korea, from 38 pairs of children (4-10 years of age) and their mothers (28-46 years, non-smoking, mostly housewives), who provided informed consent. Samples were wet-ashed by being heated in the presence of mineral acids, and Pb and Cd in the wet-ashed samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Pb and Cd in food (Pb-F, Cd-F), blood (Pb-B, Cd-B) and urine [observed value (Pb-Uob, Cd-Uob), and values corrected for creatinine (Pb-Ucr, Cd-Ucr) or a specific gravity (1.016; Pb-Usg, Cd-Usg)] were presented in terms of geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). RESULTS: Pb-F and Cd-F in the children were 0.337 microg Pb and 0.457 microg Cd/kg body weight per day as GM, respectively. Pb-B and Cd-B were 38.0 microg Pb and 1.51 microg Cd/l, and Pb-U and Cd-Uob were 5.44 microg Pb/l and 1.33 microg Cd/l, respectively. Pb-F and Pb-B for children were not significantly different from the values for their mothers. In contrast, Cd-F and Cd-B were significantly different between children and their mothers. Cd-F for children correlated with Cd-F for mothers, but no significant correlation was observed in Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-F, Pb-B or Pb-U between children and their mothers. The dietary intake of Pb in total Pb intake (i.e., respiratory and dietary intake) accounted for 51.7 and 64.8% in children and their mothers, respectively, whereas the corresponding proportions were 97.8 and 98.2%, respectively, for Cd. CONCLUSION: Cd intake was exclusively from food, both in children and mothers. Dietary Cd intake of children significantly correlated with that of their mothers. Dietary Pb intake in children, however, did not correlate with that of their mothers. Pb uptake from ambient air tended to be higher in children than in their mothers.     

Sensitivity of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lanchesteri (Crustacea: Decapoda), to heavy metals

Adult Macrobrachium lanchesteri were exposed for a 4-day period in laboratory conditions to a range of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median lethal times (LT??) and concentrations (LC??) were calculated. At the end of the 4-day period, live prawns were used to determine bioconcentration of the metals. LT?? and LC?? increased with the decrease in mean exposure concentrations and times, respectively, for all metals. LC??s for 96 hours for Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb were 32.3, 7.0, 525.1 and 35.0 μg/L, respectively. Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb bioconcentration in M. lanchesteri increases with exposure to increasing concentrations and Cd was the most toxic to M. lanchesteri, followed by Pb, Cu and Zn. Comparison of LC?? values for metals for this species with those for other freshwater crustacean organisms reveals that M. lanchesteri is equally or more sensitive to heavy metals than most other tested crustaceans.     

丽水地区儿童7种微量元素分析

目的:初步探讨北京博辉创新光电技术股份公司生产的原子吸收光谱仪测定铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)的精密度、线性范围、回收率和灵敏度;了解丽水地区0~7岁儿童全血微量元素Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Fe、Pb、Cd含量水平,为儿童预防保健提供科学依据。方法:(1)评价原子吸收法测定全血微量元素含量的精密度、线性范围、回收试验和灵敏度。(2)测定来自丽水地区在丽水市中心医院就诊的1978例0~7岁儿童全血微量元素。结果:(1)Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg的批内、批间、日间和总RSD值均小于10%;Fe、Pb、Cd的批内、批间、日间和总RSD值均小于20%。(2)浓度为:Cu 145.31μmol/L、Zn 190.00μmol/L、Ca 2.32 mmol/L、Mg 2.58 mmol/L、Fe 13.84 mmol/L内线性良好(G相似文献   

儿童血铅水平与5种微量元素相互关系的研究

目的:探讨儿童铅中毒及血铅水平与5种微量元素锌、铁、钙、镁、铜之间的相互关系。方法:采用放射免疫方法测血铅等5种微量元素,选取杭州师范学院临床医学院附院儿科及学院中心实验室2001年6月~2006年6月3561例3~12岁儿童检测分析。结果:①3561例受检儿童,血铅最低值0·024mg/L,最高值0·186mg/L,几何均值为0·068mg/L,铅中毒发生率15·8%;②线性回归显示锌、铁、钙标准回归系数最大,分别为0·064、0·058、0·051与儿童血铅水平差异显著(P<0·01)。③双因素方差分析显示血铅与血锌、血铁、血钙负相关。结论:儿童铅中毒可导致血锌、血铁、血钙水平下降。     

A pilot study of lead and cadmium exposure in young children in Stockholm,Sweden: Methodological considerations using capillary blood microsampling

A capillary blood microsampling technique was tested among urban young children in Stockholm. Blood lead (BPb) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were determined in capillary blood obtained by fingerstick from 41 children, 13–20 months old, and the accompanying parent. The quality control included control for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination of material and equipment used for blood sampling, washing procedures for the hands and fingers to be punctured, comparisons of Pb and Cd concentrations in blood obtained by fingerstick and by brachial vein puncture from the same individuals, analysis of external quality control samples for Pb and Cd in blood together with the collected samples, and evaluation of the analytical performance using linear regression analysis.The results showed that blood sampling material may contaminate the blood samples with amounts of Pb and Cd that would seriously influence the monitoring results in the low concentration range (<100 g Pb/L and <1 g Cd/L). However, it is possible to obtain reliable BPb concentrations (>10 g Pb/L), but not BCd concentrations (<1 g Cd/L), with the capillary blood microsampling technique tested provided that a strict quality control is applied. The sampling procedure tested was well accepted by the children and their parents. The children's median BPb concentration (27 g/L; range 9–73 g/L) was similar to the median BPb concentration of their parents (27 g/L; range 7–74 g/L). However, the correlation between child and parent BPb concentrations was poor (R²=0.20), which may indicate different sources to Pb exposure in children and parents.