Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype, albuminuria and plasma fibrinogen in type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIMS: Increased fibrinogen level is considered an important atherosclerosis risk factor. Patients with type 2 diabetes frequently have increased fibrinogen levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and the effects of the diabetic environment on plasma fibrinogen in type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group included 125 patients with type 2 diabetes (40 men, 85 women). The average age of patients was 62 +/- 10 years. Fibrinogen concentration was determined with the thrombin coagulation test. ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS: II homozygotes (n = 17) had the highest mean fibrinogen levels, ID heterozygotes (n = 75) had medium levels and DD homozygotes (n = 33) had the lowest (p = 0.054, ANOVA). II homozygotes also had significantly higher mean fibrinogen level than ID/DD carriers (4.3 +/- 1.7 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.3 g/l; p = 0.015). The indices of renal functions, i.e. albuminuria (r = 0.37; p < 0.0001) and serum creatinine (r = 0.22; p = 0.015), significantly correlated with fibrinogen levels. The correlation between albuminuria and fibrinogen was significant in the subgroups with genotypes II (r = 0.76; p = 0.001) and ID (r = 0.37, p = 0.002), whereas in the subgroup of DD homozygotes this relationship did not reach statistical significance. In the multivariate regression analysis with age, sex, BMI, creatinine, albuminuria and ACE genotype as independent variables, albuminuria was the only significant predictor of fibrinogen level (p < 0.0001). After interaction between the ACE genotype and albuminuria was included into multivariate analysis, the interaction became the only independent predictor of plasma fibrinogen level (p < 0.0001) in the model, and the model explained 25% of the plasma fibrinogen variance. CONCLUSION: ACE gene polymorphism is associated with plasma fibrinogen level in type 2 diabetes. This association is mediated by an interaction between ACE genotype and albuminuria. Diabetes patients with genotypes II or ID have increased plasma fibrinogen in the presence of albuminuria.     

2型糖尿病合并高血压患者同型半胱氨酸与血管紧张素转换酶的相关性分析

目的了解2型糖尿病合并高血压患者血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)及血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的水平变化及相关性。方法测定52例单纯2型糖尿病、64例2型糖尿病合并高血压及54例健康体检者(健康对照)的HCY、ACE等指标,并做比较及相关性分析。结果 3组的HCY、ACE、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)指标之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),2型糖尿病合并高血压患者的HCY及ACE水平明显高于单纯2型糖尿病患者;2型糖尿病合并高血压患者血清HCY、ACE水平与各指标相关性分析中,HCY与ACE呈显著正相关(r=0.744,P0.01),且与患者血压控制有关。结论 2型糖尿病血清HCY和ACE水平与合并高血压有关,二者呈高度相关,联合测定对了解2型糖尿病合并高血压病情发展及预后具有一定临床价值。     

Sleep quality and its impact on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

PurposeTo investigate the sleep quality of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its impact on glycaemic control.MethodsUsing a convenience sampling method, 220 patients with T2D were recruited. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the sleep quality with threshold at PSQI ≥ 8. The glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test was used to measure the glycaemic control with threshold at HbA1c < 7%.ResultsThe PSQI score was 8.30 ± 4.12. The sleep disorder incidence rate was 47.1%. Patients with HbA1c ≥ 7% had significantly lower PSQI global and factor scores (p < 0.01) versus the control group. Sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and daytime dysfunction were the risk factors for poor glycaemic control.ConclusionPatients with T2D have high sleep disorder rate negatively impacting glycaemic control. Health care providers should pay close attention to the sleep quality of T2D patients, and provide them with appropriate educational material.     

A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of oral vanadium supplementationfor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes by conducting a systematicreview of the literature. Design and Methods: Eligible studies were identified by searching14 databases using standardized terms. Experts, study authorsand manufacturers were also contacted. Hand-searching was notundertaken. Selection criteria for inclusion in the review werecontrolled human trials of vanadium vs. placebo in adults withtype 2 diabetes of minimum 2 months duration, and a minimumof 10 subjects per arm. Data extraction, assessment of studyquality and outcome analysis were undertaken by two independentreviewers. Results: One hundred and fifty one studies were found but nonemet the inclusion criteria. We proceeded to summarize the stateof existing evidence and plan for a future clinical trial byapplying revised, less restrictive criteria to our search, forclinical trials of 30–150 mg daily oral vanadium supplementationin diabetic humans. Only five were identified. These demonstratedsignificant treatment-effects, but due to poor study quality,must be interpreted with caution. Treatment with vanadium oftenresults in gastrointestinal side-effects. Conclusion: There is no rigorous evidence that oral vanadiumsupplementation improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.The routine use of vanadium for this purpose cannot be recommended.A large-scale randomized controlled trial is needed to addressthis clinical question.     

Joint effects of hypertension,smoking, dyslipidemia and obesity and angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype on albuminuria in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveWe investigated the individual and joint effects of hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) DD genotype on albuminuria in Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients.Designs and methodsACE genotypes were determined in 519 (287 men and 232 women) patients aged 58.5 (SD: 9.0) years. Among them, 240 had albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 μg/mg). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the individual and joint effects of risk factors and DD classified by two-by-four table.ResultsThe adjusted odds ratios were significant for hypertension, smoking and obesity but not for DD and dyslipidemia in models evaluating individual effects. However, while analyzing the joint effects of DD and hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia and obesity, the respective adjusted odds ratios were 3.253 (1.261–8.391), 3.016 (1.086–8.376), 2.385 (1.010–5.630) and 2.508 (1.117–5.631).ConclusionHypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia and obesity jointly play an important role with DD genotype in mediating albuminuria.     

Self-monitoring of blood glucose and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes

Objective. To examine changes in the numbers of inpatient episodes and inpatient days and length of stay in acute exacerbations of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by specialization and by age group and sex distribution relative to the total population in the years 1995–2001.

Design. A register-based study.

Subjects. Data on inpatient episodes for patients aged 45 years or over with a principal diagnosis of COPD beginning in 1995–2001 and lasting less than 90 days were extracted from the hospital discharge register of the Finnish National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health.

Main outcome measures. Numbers of inpatient episodes and days by age and sex in the specialities of general practice, pulmonary medicine, and internal medicine.

Results. The annual number of inpatient episodes increased by 10.9% from 1995 to 2001. The number of emergency treatment episodes supervised by a general practitioner increased by 36.8% during the same period and the number of such episodes supervised by a pulmonary specialist by 17.8%. The increase in age-adjusted emergency treatment episodes for men was 0.8% and that for women 18.5%. The average hospital stay shortened from 8.0 (SD 8.0) to 6.5 (SD 6.2) for men and from 8.7 (SD 8.5) to 7.3 (SD 6.8) for women.

Conclusions. The greater increase in inpatient episodes for exacerbations of COPD in relation to the total population among women than among men may be attributed to differences in smoking habits and ageing between the sexes. Responsibility for COPD cases is clearly shifting to general practitioners. This is due partly to the national programme for the treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases and the associated in-service training provided for general practitioners and partly to financial reasons. More detailed investigations should be made into the quality of the treatment.     

Self-monitoring of blood glucose and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown inconsistent results with regard to whether or not self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is related to better glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the use of SMBG and its association with glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 2003 at 18 primary health care centres in Sweden, in which all known patients with diabetes were surveyed. The study included 6495 patients with type 2 diabetes. A sample of 896 patients was selected for further exploration of data from medical records. A telephone interview was performed with all patients in this group using SMBG (533 patients). RESULTS: There were no differences in HbA1c levels between users (6.9%) and non-users (6.8%) of SMBG in patients treated with insulin or in patients treated with oral agents (6.3% in both groups). In patients treated with diet only, users of SMBG had higher levels of HbA1c compared with non-users (5.5% vs. 5.4%, p =0.002). Comparing medical records between users and non-users of SMBG showed no differences in diabetes-related complications in any treatment category group. CONCLUSION: The use of SMBG was not associated with improved glycaemic control in any therapy category of patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care. The absence of difference in glycaemic control between users and non-users of SMBG could not be explained by differences in comorbidity between users and non-users of SMBG.     

2型糖尿病大血管并发症与非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇关系的临床研究

目的 探讨非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与2型糖尿病大血管并发症的关系及临床应用价值.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者120例,分为糖尿病无大血管并发症组60例(B组),糖尿病大血管并发症组60例(C组),并选择正常对照组100例(A组),检测各组血脂并计算非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C),通过比较分析non-HDL-C与2型糖尿病大血管并发症的关系及临床应用价值.结果 A组、B组、C组non-HDL-C水平依次升高,(3.04±0.62)mmol/L,(3.68±0.56)mmol/L vs(4.64±0.82)mmol/L(P<0.01);运用接收者工作特征(ROC)曲线对B、C组的血脂指标进行分析显示,C组non-HDL-C的曲线下面积最大,为0.845,且B、C两组问差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),临床应用价值较大.结论 non-HDL-C的增高是糖尿病大血管并发症的危险因素,有较高的临床应用价值.     

Determination of a redox compensation index and its relationships to glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The measurement of single parameters of oxidative stress in biological fluids can often give results difficult to interpret as to the real involvement of oxidative processes in a given disease condition. In the present study we propose a novel integrated parameter, called "redox compensation index", obtained by combining the results of two established and convenient procedures, i.e. the Fox-2 assay for plasma lipid hydroperoxides and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay for total antioxidant potential of plasma. These procedures were employed for the evaluation of oxidative stress in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition in which oxidative processes are implicated in the development of complications. In type 2 diabetic patients, plasma lipid hydroperoxides were directly correlated with levels of glycated hemoglobin. On the other hand, a significant inverse correlation was observed between levels of glycated hemoglobin and redox compensation values. The data reported suggest that the redox compensation index could represent a convenient parameter for the direct appraisal of oxidative status in clinical subjects, and are in support of the proposed role of protein glycation in production of oxidative alterations during type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Long-term glycaemic control with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes have dual defects: insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. There is also growing evidence that TZDs may preserve beta-cell function. Pioglitazone is a TZD that provides appropriate monotherapy or combination treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies of up to 32-week duration have shown that pioglitazone significantly reduces HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose when used alone or in combination with another glucose-lowering agent. Four recently published 52-week clinical trials, involving over 3700 patients with type 2 diabetes, show that pioglitazone is an effective long-term treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin or sulphonylurea. As well as maintaining glycaemic control over the long term, pioglitazone also confers benefits in terms of improvements in fasting insulin, lipid parameters, C-peptide and 32,33-split proinsulin (independent predictors of cardiovascular risk) and hypoglycaemia compared with other monotherapies or combination therapies. It is well tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse events. These long-term data support the concept that pioglitazone should be used earlier in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, either as monotherapy or as add-on therapy.     

Anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibody levels are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background  Anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) antibodies are associated with the oxidative capacity of plasma, but whether they protect or promote diabetes is unknown. We undertook a prospective study to determine the predictive capacity of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Materials and methods  We selected 391 non-diabetic women aged 18–65 years. The subjects were classified as being normal (oral glucose test tolerance normal, OGTT-N), or having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or T2DM according to their baseline glucose levels and after an OGTT. The same subjects were studied six years later. The levels of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies were classified as above or below the 50th percentile.
Results  Of the women who were OGTT-N at the start of the study and who had anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels below the 50th percentile, only 65·1% were still OGTT-N after 6 years versus 79·5% of those who had anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels above the 50th percentile ( P  = 0·015). Women who had IGT or IFG at the start of the study whose anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels were below the 50th percentile had a relative risk of 9·79 (95% confidence interval, 1·40–68·45) of developing diabetes ( P  < 0·001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the variables predicting the development of a carbohydrate metabolism disorder in the women after 6 years were body mass index ( P  < 0·001) and the levels of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies ( P  = 0·042).
Conclusions  Levels of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies are independent predictors for the development of T2DM in women.     

2型糖尿病与抑郁症的相关性

目的：对2型糖尿病与抑郁症的相关性作一综述，进一步明确2型糖尿病与抑郁症之间的相关性。 资料来源：应用计算机检索Medline、ovid数据库2000-02／2005-09的相关文献，检索词“depression，Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus，depression＆Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”，限定语言种类为英语。 资料选择：对选定文章进行初审，找出符合要求的文章查阅全文。纳入标准：①二者相关的流行病学研究。②二者之间的生物学相关性研究。③抑郁症对2型糖尿病患者的影响研究。④并发抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者的治疗研究。排除标准：重复文献。 资料提炼：Medline数据库检索出文献23篇，Ovid数据库检索出文献33篇。共15篇文献符合纳入标准。 资料综合：2型糖尿病患者中存在多种与抑郁症发生有关的危险因素，包括高血糖、社会经济地位低下、教育程度低、妇女、年龄〈65岁、人格异常、肥胖等。二者之间的生物学相关性涉及神经内分泌、神经生化、神经免疫等多个方面。并发抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者生存质量下降，生理功能受损以及预后不良。对于伴有抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者，心理治疗和抗抑郁治疗对患者有积极而重要的作用。 结论：抑郁症和2型糖尿病的相关性涉及各个方面。有必要进行研究以进一步阐明二者在流行病学、神经内分泌及神经化学等方面的相关性和机制。     

2型糖尿病与抑郁症的相关性

目的:对2型糖尿病与抑郁症的相关性作一综述,进一步明确2型糖尿病与抑郁症之间的相关性。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline、ovid数据库2000-02/2005-09的相关文献,检索词“depression,Type2DiabetesMellitus,depression&Type2DiabetesMellitus”,限定语言种类为英语。资料选择:对选定文章进行初审,找出符合要求的文章查阅全文。纳入标准:①二者相关的流行病学研究。②二者之间的生物学相关性研究。③抑郁症对2型糖尿病患者的影响研究。④并发抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者的治疗研究。排除标准:重复文献。资料提炼:Medline数据库检索出文献23篇,Ovid数据库检索出文献33篇。共15篇文献符合纳入标准。资料综合:2型糖尿病患者中存在多种与抑郁症发生有关的危险因素,包括高血糖、社会经济地位低下、教育程度低、妇女、年龄<65岁、人格异常、肥胖等。二者之间的生物学相关性涉及神经内分泌、神经生化、神经免疫等多个方面。并发抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者生存质量下降,生理功能受损以及预后不良。对于伴有抑郁症的2型糖尿病患者,心理治疗和抗抑郁治疗对患者有积极而重要的作用。结论:抑郁症和2型糖尿病的相关性涉及各个方面。有必要进行研究以进一步阐明二者在流行病学、神经内分泌及神经化学等方面的相关性和机制。     

Thiaside diuretics in combination with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 comorbid with arterial hypertension

AIM: To study the effect of co-renitek monotherapy for 16 weeks on parameters of 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure, carbohydrate, lipid, purin metabolism in patients with mild and moderate arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 patients with DM type 2, mild or moderate AH received co-renitek (1-2 tablets a day) for 16 weeks. Before the treatment and 16 weeks later the patients were examined (24-h AH monitoring, carbohydrate, lipid, purin, electrolyte metabolism). RESULTS: Co-renitek treatment of DM type 2 patients with hypertension led to a significant lowering of mean systolic and diastolic pressure, improvement of 24-h AP profile and reduction of fasting glucose level. Co-renitek proved to be metabolically neutral in relation to lipid, purin and electrolyte metabolism. CONCLUSION: Co-renitek is effective and safe antihypertensive drug for treatment of arterial hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.     

2型糖尿病患者餐后血脂反应及脂蛋白脂酶活性变化的研究

目的 研究2型糖尿病惠者混和餐后的血脂反应及与血清脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性变化的关系.方法 用酶化学法测定正常对照组(16例)和2型糖尿病组(35例)空腹及餐后血脂水平,后者依据餐后4小时甘油三酯(TG)水平再分为D1组(TG≤2.0 mmol/L,20例)和D2组(TG＞2.0 mmol/L,15例),同时用比色法测定脂蛋白脂酶活性.结果 各组混和餐后2～8小时血清TG浓度和LPL活性均较空腹增高;餐后备时点(2,4,6,8小时)血清TG浓度D2组(1.92±0.32)mmol/L,(2.46±0.42)mmol/L,(2.06±0.36)mmol/L,(1.68±0.47)mmol/L显著高于对照组(1.22±0.41)mmol/L,(1.19±0.41)mmol/L,(1.04±0.35)mmol/L,(0.94±0.30)mmol/L和D1组(1.28±0.28)mmol/L,(1. 23±0.33)mmol/L,(1.05±0.30)mmol/L,(0.98±0.22)mmol/L(均P＜0.05),8小时未恢复到空腹水平,对照组和D1组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);餐后备时点血清LPL活性按对照组(1.33±0.21)kU/L,(1.34±0.27)kU/L,(1.25±0.19)kU/L,(1.19±0.23)kU/L,D1组(1.17±0.43)kU/L,(1.33±0.26)kU/L,(1.18±0.48)kU/L,(1.09±0.32)kU/L和D2组(0.85±0.44)kU/L,(0.90±0.37)kU/L,(0.90±0.35),(0.87±0.34)kU/L顺序均为依次降低,D2组显著低于前两组(P＜0.05),而对照组和D1组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);相关性分析显示在糖尿病患者中,血清LPL活性与TG浓度呈负相关(r=-0.463,P＜0.01),与胰岛素抵抗指数(ISI)呈负相关(r=-0.429,P＜0.01).结论 部分2型糖尿病患者存在餐后TG水平增高和廓清延迟同时伴有LPL活性降低,其发生可能与胰岛素抵抗有关.     

Autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a crucial step in atherogenesis. There is an urgent need for direct measures of in vivo oxidative stress. Autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ab against Ox-LDL) are a direct measure of oxidative stress and predict cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to evaluate an ELISA for Ab against Ox-LDL in Type 2 diabetes, a condition with increased oxidative stress. METHODS: Ab against Ox-LDL were measured by ELISA and expressed as a ratio of Ox-LDL to native LDL (N-LDL). Samples were obtained from 45 Type 2 diabetic patients and 25 matched controls before and after supplementation with alpha tocopherol (AT, 1200 IU/day). RESULTS: The assay had good precision. While there was no interference with bilirubin and hemolysis, triglycerides 500 mg/dl increased antibody titer, which was abrogated by airfuging. Compared to controls, significantly increased titers of Ab against Ox-LDL were found in diabetics (diabetes mellitus Type 2) with macrovascular disease (DM2-MV), but not without macrovascular disease (DM2) (DM2: 1.32+/-0.33; DM2-MV: 1.48+/-0.44 vs. controls, 1.21+/-0.28; p<0.05). AT supplementation significantly decreased titers of Ab against Ox-LDL in both diabetic groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This assay may serve as a future test for the assessment of cardiovascular risk especially in patients with increased oxidative stress.     

Serum fructosamine in the assessment of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus

Serum fructosamine determination was evaluated in the assessment of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus. Intra- and inter-assay variation of the method was 0.5-0.8 and 1.5-2.9%, respectively. The fructosamine concentration in serum was found to be stable for at least 10 days independent of prevailing serum glucose concentration is stored at +4 degrees C or colder. Stability of serum fructosamine with respect to rapid fluctuations of blood glucose was of the same order as that of HbA1c. The reference interval (mean +/- 2 SD) for 92 non-diabetic individuals was 1.9-2.7 mmol/l. Good correlation was found between HbA1c and serum fructosamine (r = 0.79). Serum fructosamine and HbA1c correlated well with the mean blood glucose values of the preceding week (r = 0.88 and 0.75, respectively, p less than 0.001). Significant correlations of fructosamine and HbA1c with fasting blood glucose were also found (r = 0.53 and 0.55, respectively, p less than 0.001). Fructosamine determined simultaneously with fasting blood glucose in 65 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) did not separate normal subjects from those with impaired glucose tolerance. Two of the three subjects with diabetic response in the OGTT had, however, elevated fructosamine concentrations. Determination of serum fructosamine is a technically simple, reproducible and moderately inexpensive method for the assessment of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus. Standardization of the method is, however, not without problems. Uniformity of the calibration and assay protocol is essential for reliable interlaboratory comparison of results. Physiological states altering the rate of synthesis or elimination of serum proteins should be considered in the interpretation of fructosamine levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)