小型猪原位肝移植模型的建立:体外静脉转流的重要性及两种被动静脉转流方式的比较

目的 建立巴马小香猪原位肝移植模型,探究体外静脉转流对于猪肝移植模型建立的重要性.方法 实施以巴马小香猪为实验对象的原位肝移植共30例.供体肝脏游离、灌注、切取以及保存按常规方法进行.受体术中置入左侧髂外静脉、脾静脉/门静脉和左侧颈浅静脉"Y"形插管,用作无肝期的静脉-静脉转流.受体术中肝脏游离完成后阻断门静脉,肝上、肝下下腔静脉后开放左侧髂外静脉、脾静脉/门静脉-左侧颈浅静脉转流.血管和胆道均采取端端吻合.结果 前6例未采取体外静脉-静脉转流的原位肝移植手术的受体术中全部死亡,存活率为0.0%(0/6);采用脾静脉-颈浅静脉转流方式的受体术中存活率为57.1%(8/14),而采用门静脉-颈浅静脉转流方式的受体术中存活率为100.0%(10/10),具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).原位肝移植手术时间平均为6.5 h,受体无肝期平均为(33±12)min.供肝热缺血时间平均为2 min,冷缺血时间平均为130 min.结论 采用左侧髂外静脉、门静脉主干-左侧颈浅静脉转流方式的巴马小香猪原位肝移植模型是具有可重复性好,需要的设备少,更加经济,疗效好,是比较理想的猪肝移植模型.可作为肝移植系列研究的平台.     

猪辅助性部分肝移植模型制作及比较

目的建立猪的辅助性部分肝移植模型,观察其肝功能和术中血流动力学变化。方法 24头健康良种家猪,体质量23-30 kg,被随机分为供体(n=12)和受体(n=12)。气管插管 全麻,硫喷妥钠静脉维持。移植前切除受体肝左叶,供肝右叶作为植入肝。预实验2例行经体位转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植,对照组(5例)行简易转流下的原位辅助性部分肝移植。模型组(5例)行异位辅助性部分肝移植, 供肝被植入受体肝下间隙,供肝肝上下腔静脉与受体肝下下腔静脉端侧吻合,供肝门静脉与受体门静脉行端侧吻合,供肝肝动脉与受体脾动脉行端端吻合。供肝胆总管置管外引流。结果预实验中行体位静脉转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植的2例受体在肝上下腔静脉阻断后很快陷入血流动力学紊乱死亡。5例行简易静脉转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植的受体,2例在24 h内死亡,1例28 h,2侧超过48 h。而模型组受体 5例中有4例存活超过24 h。AST,ALT指标手术开始至术后24 h呈持续升高。模型组术中血流动力学较其他组稳定。结论该辅助性肝移植模型简明易建且具有不需静脉转流等优点,为研究辅助性部分肝移植原肝和供肝功能及血流变化提供了理想的平台。     

非转流小型猪原位肝移植模型的建立及评价

目的建立标准化程度高、重复性和稳定性好的小型猪原位肝移植模型。方法选巴马小型猪为实验动物,在非体外静脉转流条件下行同种异体原位肝移植术,观察动物存活率及术中血流动力学、血气和生化指标的改变。结果在非体外静脉转流条件下行同种异体原位肝移植20例,平均手术时间为(181±25.8)min,平均无肝期(28.4±3.2)min。在无肝期,血流动力学和代谢发生急剧变化:平均动脉压(MAP)从无肝前期的(14.59±1.68)kPa(1cm H2O=0.098kPa)降至(5.87±0.91)kPa,中心静脉压(CVP)从(0.66±0.11)kPa降至(0.27±0.10)kPa;体温、pH、剩余碱(BE)及HCO3ˉ显著降低,心率及血清K+显著升高(P<0.05);随着门静脉和下腔静脉血流的开放,血流动力学及代谢紊乱即逐渐恢复正常。动物1周存活率为90%,16头动物存活2周以上。肝功结果:术后第1天ALT、AST和TBIL显著升高并达到峰值,第2天开始下降,第7天降至麻醉后水平。结论非转流条件下的小型猪同种异体原位肝移植模型具有标准化程度及手术成功率高、重复性和稳定性好的优点,是大型动物肝移植系列研究的理想动物模型。     

120例大鼠原位肝移植报道

目的建立一个稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型,探讨其术中和术后并发症的预防。方法在Ka-mada“二袖套法”吻合血管的基础上进行改良。供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注;肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合,胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果共施行大鼠原位肝移植120例,手术成功率为96.7%。大鼠1周存活率为95%,3月存活率达90%。结论娴熟细致的外科操作提高了手术成功率,受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键。     

一项检测肝脏支持系统的猪全肝切除新技术

近年来大量研究集中在发展各种不同的体外肝脏支持系统（ELSD）,用于预防和延迟爆发性肝功能衰竭时发展为不可逆的脑损伤。一些学者常用无肝动物模型来检验ELSD。作者采用一项新技术建立猪的全肝切除模型：正中切口进腹，游离肝脏，切断并结扎胆总管和肝动脉。在隔肌水平钳夹阻断肝上下腔静脉。肝下下腔静脉，门静脉和左侧颈内静脉插管建立腔-门-颈静脉转流（CPJB），同时切除肝脏。用分叉型涤纶人造血管作为移植物植入移植肝原位，取代肝后下腔静脉建立门腔分流。人造血管头端在横嗝平面同肝上下腔静脉行端一端吻合。其右侧分支端与下…     

改良的小鼠原位肝移植实验模型

目的 介绍一种稳定、可靠、存活率高的小鼠原位肝移植实验模型。方法 选择同系雄性C57BIV6小鼠，供、受体各22只（其中16只作长期存活观察）。供肝经肝门静脉灌注4℃威斯康星大学保存液。血管重建时，肝上腔静脉端端吻合，肝门静脉和肝下腔静脉采用袖套法吻合。不作动脉重建。术后观察肝移植物组织学改变和肝脏再生反应。结果 小鼠肝脏移植手术成功率为100％。受体存活率为100％（超过30d）。无肝期保持在23min内。术后组织学检查移植肝组织结构良好，肝脏再生反应不明显。结论 改良方法建立的小鼠肝移植实验模型稳定性强，存活率高，精细的显微外科技术是成功的关键。     

原位肝移植的常用手术方式及应用体会

目的探讨经典原位肝移植术、改良背驮式肝移植术、原位肝移植腔静脉成形术在临床应用中的利弊。方法对2001年10月至2004年5月实施的155例病人的159次肝移植术式进行回顾性分析，其中经典原位肝移植术94例，改良背驮式肝移植术48例（包括改良背驮＋术中门一腔静脉端侧吻合转流8例），原位肝移植腔静脉成形术17例；术中行血管架桥5例，其中因门静脉闭锁及栓塞行供肝门静脉与受体肠系膜上静脉间架桥2例，因动脉变异分支细小不能利用行供肝腹腔干与受体腹主动脉间架桥3例。159例次肝移植手术均未应用体外静脉转流技术。结果原位肝移植腔静脉成形术的手术时间、无肝期最短，术中失血输血量最少，其术中对循环和肾功能的影响与经典术式相仿。经典原位肝移植术与背驮式肝移植术相比流出道不畅发生率较低，总手术时间较短（平均少30min），但无肝期较长（平均长8min），术中及术后肾上腺出血发生率较高，对肾功能影响较大，三组术后ICU留置天数差异亦无显著性意义（P=0．542）。结论不同的肝脏移植术式各有其优缺点，术者的经验以及对术式的熟悉程度会影响手术方式的选择，从原则上讲，手术方式的选择应根据具体病情及术中情况而决定。     

大鼠原位肝移植模型的手术操作技巧探讨

目的 建立一个稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型，探讨其手术技巧。方法在Kamada“二袖套法”的基础上进行改良。供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注；肝上下腔静脉用连续缝合法吻合，门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合．胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果共施行大鼠原位肝移植140例，无肝期平均11min．手术成功率为97％,大鼠1周存活率为95％。结论改良的两袖套法具有操作简便、无肝期短、手术成功率高、大鼠术后存活时间长的优点，是大鼠原位肝移植的理想术式。娴熟细致的外科操作、受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键。     

猪辅助性异位部分肝移植动脉重建的方法及意义

２００１年１月～７月,我们进行了猪的同种异体辅助性异位部分肝移植（ＡＨＰＬＴ）实验,现将实验情况与供肝动脉重建有关的内容总结如下。材料与方法１．实验动物健康家猪１５头,体重２５～３５ｋｇ,雌雄不限,供受体配对移植。２．手术方式按手术模式不同分两组：Ａ组：共８头,受体肝脏保持原状,其门静脉捆扎缩窄８５％以上（直径缩窄至１／３）,肝动脉结扎;供肝（右半肝）植入受体右肝下,其肝动脉结扎,下腔静脉与受体肝下下腔静脉行端侧吻合,门静脉与受体肠系膜上静脉或门静脉行端侧吻合,胆总管与受体空肠行端侧吻合（内置Ｔ…     

猪原位辅助性部分肝移植术中血流动力学变化的实验研究

目的:建立一种新的猪辅助性部分原位肝移植模型,并对其血流动力学变化进行观察。方法:选用健康良种幼猪16只,随机配成8对,基础麻醉加气管插管静脉复合麻醉。手术方法:切去供肝左叶,将留存之右叶供肝作移植肝。切除受体之肝左外叶,将右叶供肝肝上、下腔静脉与受肝肝上、下腔静脉行端侧吻合,供肝门静脉与受肝门静脉行端侧吻合,受体脾动脉在结肠后与供体肝动脉行端端吻合,胆总管置管外引流。术中热缺血时间为0min,冷缺血时间为(58±4.0)min。切肝前10min、全肝阻断后10min、供肝植入开放门静脉后10min分别取血检测电解质和全血缓冲碱(BB)及标准碳酸氢根浓度(SB),并观察各个时期的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和中心静脉压(CVP)。术后常规处理,未用抗排斥药。部分存活猪在术后5d彩超观察门静脉血流,同时行病理切片检查。结果用均数±标准差表示,采用方差分析和q检验。结果:手术成功率87.5%。术中、术后血流动力学和生化指标均告平稳。术后5d,部分猪彩超结果显示门静脉无血栓形成,仅见移植肝断面有少量包裹性积液,移植肝门静脉最大流速为42.2cm/s,受体肝及移植肝门静脉血流均告通畅。活杀大体及病理切片观察,移植肝形态色泽正常,各吻合口无扭曲、漏血和血栓形成,门静脉无血栓形成。术后5d,活杀取受体肝及移植肝     

Simplified technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs

BACKGROUND: Pig models have become common in transplantation immunological research. However, in pigs, clamping of the venous splanchnic system during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates; therefore, the use of venovenous bypass (VVB) is advocated. Because venous bypass can also cause specific complications, a simplified method for OLT in pigs has been developed and evaluated in terms of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Twenty-three OLTs were performed between pairs of inbred miniature swine. Donor and recipient pairs (weighing 20-35 kg) were selected at 3-6 months of age. In the donor, the portal vein, infrahepatic vena cava, and suprahepatic vena cava were dissected, whereas the hepatic artery was preserved in continuity with the coeliac trunk and the abdominal aorta up to the iliac bifurcation. In situ cold perfusion was then performed. The recipient was prepared simultaneously by another surgical team. After total hepatectomy and complete portal and caval clamping, the suprahepatic vena cava and portal vein were sutured; VVB was not used. After completion of both venous sutures, the liver graft was reperfused. The infrahepatic vena cava was then anastomosed and unclamped. The donor aorta conduit was implanted end-to-side to the recipient infrarenal aorta, and the biliary reconstruction consisted of a cholecystojejunostomy with a Roux-Y loop. RESULTS: Twenty of 23 (87%) animals survived more than 1 week (7-483 days). The mean anhepatic time was 29.6+/-4.12 min. Although severe hypotension was noted during the anhepatic phase, the hemodynamic status rapidly recovered and stabilized after graft reperfusion. CONCLUSION: Simplified technique without VVB is appropriate for successfully achieving OLT in pigs.     

Orthotopic allotransplantation of the canine liver; a simplified technic with hypothermia

A simplified technique of the liver transplantation under hypothermia has been studied in dog. An immersion hypothermia was used in both the donor and the recipient. The temperature of the graft at excision was lowered to 20 degrees C with supplemental use of topical cooling. The temperature of the recipient was lowered at 27 degrees C when the transplantation was attempted. Chlorpromazine and dopamine were employed beneficially in hypothermia. No perfusion or irrigation of the graft was performed. The use of heparin was avoided. Anastomoses were carried out in turn of the proximal vena cava, portal vein, distal vena cava and the hepatic artery with a stem shaped aorta. Reperfusion was established after the completion of anastomosis between the proximal vena cava and portal vein. The anhepatic phase of the recipient was uneventfully lasted without heparinization. All dogs, 5 out of 11 without early surgical troubles survived more than 5 days. Immunosuppressive therapy was not employed except one which died of pneumonia on the 19th postoperative day. Histologically, these dogs were free from ischemic injury and/or thrombotic lesion throughout transplantation procedure.     

Liver transplantation without venovenous bypass: morbidity and mortality in patients with greater than 50% reduction in cardiac output after vena cava clamping

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a decrease in cardiac output of >or=50% after vena cava clamping is associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity or mortality in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation without venovenous bypass. DESIGN: Retrospective, clinical study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing elective orthotopic liver transplantation without venovenous bypass (n = 172). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In 82 patients (group 1), the decrease in cardiac output after vena cava clamping was >or=50%; in 90 patients (group 2), the decrease was <50%. Hemodynamics during surgery and perioperative morbidity and mortality were compared between group 1 and group 2 patients. Mean arterial pressure during the anhepatic phase was not significantly different between groups, but cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation were significantly lower in group 1 patients. Perioperative mortality, need for postoperative renal replacement therapy, postoperative serum creatinine levels, and graft function were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: A >50% reduction in cardiac output after vena cava clamping is not associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients with a less pronounced reduction in cardiac output. These results question the common practice of basing the indication for venovenous bypass during the anhepatic phase on a reduction in cardiac output of >50% after a trial of vena cava clamping.     

Could the use of interposition grafts for arterial reconstruction be avoided by more caudate graft placement in living donor liver transplantation?

One of the major challenges in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is short and small vessels (particularly the hepatic artery), particularly in segmental liver grafts from living donors. In the present study we report an alternative surgical technique that avoids interpositional vessel grafts or tension on the connection by anastomizing the allograft hepatic vein to the recipient inferior vena cava in a more caudate location. From March 2000 to January 2003, 28 patients (11 women/17 men) underwent 28 LDLT. Until June 2001, the preferred technique for hepatic vein anastomosis was end-to-end anastomosis between the allograft hepatic vein and the recipient hepatic vein (HV-HV) (n = 10). Thereafter an end-to-side anastomosis was performed between allograft hepatic vein and recipient inferior vena cava (HV-IVC) (n = 18). The level of venotomy on the recipient vena cava was decided according to the pre-anastomotic placement of the allograft in the recipient hepatectomy site with sufficient width to have an hepatic artery anastomosis without tension or need for an interposition graft during hepatic artery and portal vein anastomoses. Except the right lobe allograft with anterior and posterior portal branches, all portal and hepatic artery anastomoses were constructed without an interposition graft or tension in the HV-IVC group. Only one hepatic artery thrombosis developed in the HV-IVC group. As a result, this technique may avoid both hepatic artery thrombosis and the use of interposition grafts in living donor liver transplantation.     

Replacement of the vena cava with aortic graft for living donor liver transplantation in budd-Chiari syndrome associated with hydatid cyst surgery: a case report

A 12-year-old girl, operated because of a hydatid cyst of the liver, with Budd-Chiari syndrome was evaluated for postoperative development of ascites and paraumbilical varicose veins. A vena caval stent was placed for the relief of inferior vena caval obstruction. The patient was admitted because of progressive deterioration in ascites and liver functions. Imaging techniques showed degeneration adjacent to the right hepatic vein in liver segments 7 to 8, a partially calcified 5-cm hydatid cyst, and a thrombosis in the inferior vena cava was that addressed with a 10-cm metal stent. A living donor segments 2 to 3 liver transplantation was obtained from the patient's mother. After completion of the donor operation without complications, the vena caval stent was removed following the recipient hepatectomy. Suprarenal flow continued after resection of the fibrotic vena cava and placement of a cadaveric cryopreserved aortic graft for the vena cava, anastomosed between the suprarenal and subdiaphragmatic segments of the vena cava. An end-to-side anastomosis was performed between the left hepatic vein of the donor liver and the aortic graft. There was no complication and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 19. Follow-up Doppler ultrasonography showed the aortic vena caval graft to be open, along with the hepatic/portal vein and hepatic artery. This case demonstrated that operations for liver hydatid cyst surgeries can iatrogenically induce Budd-Chiari syndrome; a cryopreserved aortic graft can be an alternative to ensure the continuity of the vena cava in living donor liver transplantation.     

The use of Dacron graft for cavo-cavostomy in orthotopic liver transplantation

The end-to-end "interposition" technique and end-to-side "piggyback" technique are standard approaches to in situ anastomosis during orthotopic liver transplantation. We demonstrate that anastomosis of liver allograft to a Dacron vena cava graft can be a feasible solution if traditional anastomoses cannot be used. A 55-year-old man with end-stage liver failure from alcoholic cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplantation; however, an intraoperative complication during recipient hepatectomy rendered the native vena cava unsalvageable. In addition, the donor vena cava was too short to bridge the caval defect for interposition. We therefore used Dacron for an in situ graft to span the gap, with subsequent anastomosis of the allograft to the prosthetic graft in piggyback fashion. The patient did well postoperatively; his only major complication was late anastomotic stenosis, which was treated successfully with balloon dilatation. Unfortunately the patient became recidivous and expired ten months posttransplant, despite indications of satisfactory allograft function.     

成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭

目的介绍成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的临床经验。方法对1例42岁男性急性肝功能衰竭合并肝性脑病Ⅲ期患者行活体扩大右半肝移植治疗。其45岁姐姐为供者,CT评估供者包含肝中静脉的扩大右半肝体积为728．4cm^2（801g）,供肝／受者体重比为1．3％。供肝之肝右、中静脉整形后与受者整形后之肝右静脉行端-侧吻合;供受者门静脉、肝动脉行端．端吻合。供肝胆管整形后与受者胆总管行端-端吻合。结果供、受者手术均成功。供者术后恢复顺利,受者术后8h恢复意识,14d后丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素等指标首次下降至正常水平。术后16d曾出现转氨酶明显升高,给予甲泼尼龙1000mg冲击治疗后恢复正常。随访至今,供受者已健康生存8个月,均未出现胆管、肝动脉及静脉回流等并发症。结论扩大右半肝移植在技术上完全可行。能为成人患者提供足够重量的移植物,尤其对于急性肝功能衰竭患者具有重要意义,术前精确的影像学评估,熟练的肝切除和肝移植技术是确保该类手术成功的关键因素。     

门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。     

Retransplantation of the liver in the rat

A successful technique of liver retransplantation in the rat is described. Heterotopic nonauxiliary liver engraftment of a whole liver using cuffed anastomoses is the primary transplant procedure. The graft is implanted in the right hypochondrium and is revascularized by a portal end-to-end anastomosis. Venous drainage is via an end-to-side anastomosis between the donor infrahepatic vena cava and recipient right renal vein. The graft suprahepatic vena cava is ligated. Biliary drainage is achieved by a double stent anastomosis of the biliary ducts. Total parenchymectomy of the recipient's liver is completed leaving intact the intrahepatic and suprahepatic vena cava. Retransplantation in the orthotopic position can thus be attempted, after removal of the first graft, by cuffed anastomoses between the donor and recipient portal veins, infrahepatic vena cava and a double stent anastomosis of the common bile ducts. Anastomosis between the donor and recipient suprahepatic vena cava is completed with a 7/0 Prolene running suture. In the first group of operations (n = 6), a three week survival rate of 50% after retransplantation was obtained. Using the technical lessons of these preliminary cases, 80% of the second group of operations (n = 5), were successful in the long term. Utilization of this new technique may allow further investigations in different fields of research dealing with liver surgery and transplantation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.