The radical treatment of gastric carcinoma

AIM: The aim of this paper is to review and assess the selective principles for a radical treatment of gastric carcinoma with respect to resection type as well as the role of lymphadenectomy. METHODS: From 1994 to 1999, we operated 222 patients affected by gastric adenocarcinoma at the 1st Surgical Clinic Institute in Padua. Out of the whole group, 138 patients (62.1%) underwent radical surgical treatment (75 patients with total gastrectomy, extended in 30 cases, and 63 patients by means of gastric resection). RESULTS: The overall survival rate at a median follow-up of 4 years was 58% for the patients treated with total gastrectomy, and 77% in case of distal gastric resection; 97% of patients with early gastric cancer are alive at a median follow-up of 3 years. CONCLUSION: Whenever it is feasible, subtotal gastrectomy could ensure a radical treatment of gastric carcinoma with low morbidity and mortality rate. The survival rate of such patients was 77%. Prognosis of early gastric cancer is excellent. Patients with IV stage tumors surgically treated had a poor outcome, and they should be susceptible of a multidisciplinary palliative approach.     

胃癌根治术175例临床分析

目的 提高进展期胃癌手术治愈率。方法 回顾性分析１９９３－１９９８年间我院施行的胃癌根治术１７５例。结果 早期胃癌１６例（９.１％）,进展期癌１５９例（９０.９％）。Ｄ２术患者１２２例。绝对根治率（淋巴结清扫范围大于淋巴结转移范围）５９.８％（７３／１２２）,包括Ｎo.１６在内的扩大淋巴清扫术患者５３例,绝对根治率８３％（４４／５３）。总体５年生存率３０.５％（２１／６９）。绝对根治术５年生存率３６.３％（１６／４４）,相对根治术（淋巴结清扫范围内有转移）５年生存率２０％（５／２５）。包括Ｎo.１６清扫术在内的绝对根治患者５年生存率４１.７％（５／１２）。结论 有选择性的施行包括Ｎo.１６在内的扩大淋巴结清扫对提高进展期胃癌生存率是合理和必要的。     

Subtotal or total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: impact of the surgical procedure on morbidity and prognosis—analysis of a 10-year experience

Background Against the background of the continuing controversy as to the surgical procedure of choice for gastric cancer, the aim of the present study was to evaluate perioperative morbidity, prognostic factors of survival, and long-term survival after subtotal, abdominal and abdominothoracic gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer.Patients and methods Between January 1993 and December 2002, 338 consecutive patients underwent surgery for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Subtotal gastrectomy was carried out in 80 (23.7%) patients; 240 (71.0%) patients had abdominal gastrectomy, and 18 (5.3%) underwent abdominothoracic gastrectomy.Results At an overall 30-day mortality of 3.6% (hospital mortality, 5.2%), the total complication rate was 16.3%. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 43% in patients after subtotal gastrectomy, 39% in patients with abdominal gastrectomy, and 28% in patients with abdominothoracic gastrectomy after complete tumour clearance, without significant differences between the groups. Patients who underwent left pancreatectomy and had a higher ratio of metastatic/dissected lymph nodes were characterised by a significantly poorer prognosis.Conclusion The lower morbidity and mortality rate with a nearly identical long-term survival yielded by subtotal gastrectomy compared with total gastrectomy leads us to justify subtotal gastrectomy, especially in elderly patients with comorbidity and a high operative risk, on the condition that its performance is radical from an oncological point of view.     

Subtotal Gastrectomy with Limited Lymph Node Dissection is a Feasible Treatment Option for Patients with Early Gastric Stump Cancer

The de facto standard treatment for early gastric stump cancer (GSC) has been total gastrectomy combined with radical lymph node dissection. However, some patients could benefit if partial resection of the gastric stump is feasible. We investigated the feasibility of subtotal gastrectomy for early GSC as less invasive surgery. Subtotal gastrectomy was defined as a segmental resection of the gastric remnant including the anastomosis with limited lymph node dissection. A total of 66 patients with early GSC were enrolled and 24 patients (36.4 %) underwent subtotal gastrectomy (SG group). Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed along with those of the other 42 patients (63.6 %) who underwent total gastrectomy (TG group). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of lymph nodes harvested (p?=?0.880). Lymph node involvement was detected in 2 patients (8.3 %) in SG group and 5 patients (11.9 %) in TG group (p?=?1.000). The previous disease (benign or malignant) and surgery (Billroth I or II) did not affect the rate of nodal involvement. The 5-year overall survival rate of SG group (94.7 %) was acceptable. Subtotal gastrectomy of the gastric remnant could be a feasible treatment option for patients with early gastric stump cancer when indicated.     

Comparison of long-term prognosis of laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy and conventional open gastrectomy with special reference to D2 lymph node dissection

Background

Laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) is becoming widely used for early gastric cancer. However, how the curability and long-term prognosis of LAG and open gastrectomy (OG) for early and advanced gastric cancer compare remains unclear. This study assessed short- and long-term outcomes after LAG with lymph node dissection in early and advanced gastric cancer.

Methods

A total of 332 patients who underwent LAG or OG for early and advanced gastric cancer from January 2001 through December 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. The mean operating time, estimated mean blood loss, number of dissected lymph nodes, and survival rates were compared between LAG and OG for early and advanced gastric cancer.

Results

Overall, 47.6% (158/332) of patients underwent LAG; D1, D1+ lymph node dissection was carried out in 77.2%, with D2 dissection in 22.8%. Only one patient required conversion to OG. Comparing LAG and OG with D1, D1+ lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer (EGC), mean operating time was significantly longer, estimated mean blood loss was significantly smaller, and the average number of retrieved lymph nodes was significantly greater with LAG. The rate of specific postoperative morbidity was 17.2% for LAG patients and 25.0% for OG patients, with no postoperative mortality. Survival and recurrence rates were not significantly different. Comparing LAG and OG with D2 lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer (AGC), mean operating time was significantly longer and estimated mean blood loss was significantly smaller with LAG, while the average number of retrieved lymph nodes, specific postoperative morbidity and mortality, and survival and recurrence rates were not significantly different.

Conclusions

LAG with D1, D1+ lymph node dissection for EGC is safe and equivalent to open gastrectomy in curability. Moreover, LAG with D2 lymph node dissection for AGC is comparable to OG with D2 lymph node dissection with regard to short- and long-term results.     

腹腔镜下全胃切除与开腹全胃切除分别联合D2淋巴结清扫治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效比较

【摘要】〓目的〓比较腹腔镜下全胃切除术与开腹全胃切除术分别联合D2淋巴结清扫治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效。方法〓回顾性分析我院普外科228例行根治性全胃切除术联合D2淋巴结清扫治疗的进展期胃癌患者的临床病历资料,观察组行腹腔镜下全胃切除术联合D2淋巴结清扫术,对照组行开腹全胃切除术联合D2淋巴结清扫术,比较两组患者的近远期临床疗效。结果〓观察组手术时间显著长于对照组(P<0.001),而术中出血量明显少于对照组(P=0.004),两组术中淋巴结检出数目无显著差异(P>0.05)。观察组首次排气时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间及住院时间显著短于对照组(P均<0.05);两组肿瘤近远端切缘长度、住院费用比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率7.89%,低于对照组的18.42%(P<0.05)。两组患者平均随访时间2.86±1.61年,两组患者1、3、5年无瘤生存率无显著性差异(P>0.05),观察组中位生存时间3.035(95%CI:2.683~3.386)年,对照组中位生存时间2.856(95%CI:2.669~3.044)年,两组患者总体生存时间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论〓腹腔镜下全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗进展期胃癌相比开腹全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术而言,具有术后恢复快、并发症少、预后较好等优点,且术后远期生存率较高。     

Laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy with standard radical lymph node dissection for gastric cancer

Background Laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with limited lymph node dissection (D1+alpha) has been used to treat a subset of patients with early gastric cancer. Technical advances have expanded indications for LADG to more advanced gastric cancers. However, little data are available on the feasibility or advantages of LADG with standard radical D2 lymph node dissection for patients with gastric cancer. Methods This study reviewed the clinical features of 37 patients who underwent LADG with D2 lymph node dissection for preoperatively diagnosed gastric carcinoma, then compared the results with the features of 31 patients who underwent conventional open distal gastrectomy (ODG) with D2 lymph node dissection. Results The laparoscopic procedure was not converted to laparotomy in any patient. There was no operative mortality and no serious morbidity among the patients who underwent LADG with D2 lymph node dissection. As compared with the ODG group, the LADG group had less operative blood loss (p < 0.001), earlier recovery of bowel activity (p = 0.012), and a shorter duration of fever after surgery (p = 0.015), despite the longer operation time (p = 0.007). Conclusions According to this study, LADG with D2 lymph node dissection is feasible and provides several advantages similar to those of limited lymph node dissection (D1+alpha). Depending on surgeons’ technical proficiency, LADG can be used with standard radical lymph node dissection for patients with gastric cancers.     

Noncurative total gastrectomy and oesophagogastrectomy in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma in a country with high incidence

The role of extensive resectional surgery, including total gastrectomy for the palliation of advanced gastric cancer is controversial. This study shows operative results with complications and mortality occurring after total gastrectomy in patients with advanced stage gastric carcinoma. The study included 83 (48 males and 35 females, median age was 54.6 +/- 11.4 years) patients who underwent palliative total gastrectomy or oesophagogastrectomy (distal oesophagectomy in continuity with total gastrectomy). The reason for nonradical treatment was a too locally advanced disease. There was no case of carcinoma without serosal extension. Only five patients were free of histological lymph node metastases. A total of 72 (86.7%) early postoperative complications, including 17 self-limited wound complications, and 21 pulmonary complications were noted. Dehiscence of the oesophagojejunal anastomosis was noted in 7 patients, 3 of whom subsequently died. A total of 8 (9.6%) patients died in the postoperative period. The mean survival period was 12.8 +/- 0.8 months for all patients. It was 18.16 +/- 2.04 months in stage IIIA patients, 13.37 +/- 0.79 months in stage IIIB, and 7.51 +/- 0.97 months in stage IV patients. Total gastrectomy is a relatively safe procedure even when performing as a palliative procedure, with acceptable mortality and low lethal complication rate, and should be considered an alternative option in palliative treatment of advanced gastric cancer.     

胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的外科治疗

目的探讨胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的外科治疗策略以及影响预后的因素。方法回顾性分析收治的31例胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,筛选影响患者术后并发症法发生及预后的因素。结果31例患者中Child-PughA级15例,B级11例,C级5例。行单纯远端胃根治性切除术9例,单纯上半胃根治性切除术5例,远端胃根治性切除＋脾切除2例,远端胃根治性切除＋脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术5例,上半胃根治性切除＋脾切除7例,全胃切除＋脾切除1例,姑息性肿瘤切除＋脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术1例,姑息性肿瘤切除1例。术后19例出现并发症,其中腹水17例。术后死亡6例。18例接受D2淋巴结清扫的患者中12例出现并发症,13例D0或D1清扫的患者5例出现并发症。出院患者术后生存期2月～39月,中位生存期15月,4例尚存活。结论为胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者施行手术,严格把握手术适应证和选择合理术式是关键。胃癌手术应遵循缩小手术的原则,术前肝功能状况、术前有无腹水和肿瘤分期是术后生存期的决定性因素。     

Morbidity of radical lymphadenectomy in the curative resection of gastric carcinoma.

Recent studies suggest an improved survival in patients who undergo radical lymph node dissection for the curative treatment of gastric carcinoma. We have undertaken a retrospective review to compare morbidity and mortality between patients who underwent radical lymph node dissection and those who underwent resections of lesser scope. Of the surgically related events compared, only the amount of postoperative abdominal drainage was significantly different in the group that underwent radical lymph node dissection Forty-four percent of patients who underwent radical lymph node dissection and 35% of patients who underwent a procedure of lesser scope developed a major complication. There was also no significant difference in the postoperative death rate, with a total of two 30-day in-hospital deaths (1.1%). Our observations indicate that radical lymph node dissection can be performed as safely as lesser operations for gastric carcinoma, and should not be avoided because of the fear of complications.     

同时发生的食管胃重复癌的外科治疗

目的探讨同时发生的食管、胃重复癌的外科治疗方法及效果.方法1985年1月至2005年1月收治同时发生的食管、胃重复癌12例,均为男性,平均年龄56.8岁.全组均行手术治疗,成功完成同期食管次全切除并全胃切除,结肠代食管并空肠“P”袢代胃重建消化道10例,食管内翻拔脱并全胃切除,结肠代食管并空肠“P”袢代胃重建消化道1例,手术探查1例.结果全组无围术期死亡.术后颈部吻合口瘘2例,不全肠梗阻1例,均经保守治疗后痊愈;术后腹部切口裂开1例,二期缝合治愈.9例获得随访,1、3、5年生存率分别100%、44.4%、22.2%.结论同期食管次全切除并全胃切除,结肠代食管并空肠“P”袢代胃重建消化道是根治同时发生的食管、胃重复癌安全有效的外科治疗方法.     

胃癌根治术血管鞘内、外淋巴结清扫临床结果比较分析

目的 比较血管鞘内、外淋巴结清扫对胃癌患者临床结局的影响.方法 回顾性分析1994年6月至2005年4月外科治疗的759例胃癌患者的临床资料,其中根治性切除627例,并分别采取血管鞘内淋巴结清扫(VLND组,215例)和血管鞘外淋巴结清扫(NVLND组,412例).分析比较两组不同的淋巴结清扫方法的手术时间、术中失血量、外科并发症等资料,并比较分析两组术后生存率差异.结果 根治性切除手术后5年和10年生存率比较:VLND组分别为55.4%和51.2%,NVLND组分别为39.1%和36.8%,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).VLND组中N0～N2、T2～T4、Ib～Ⅳ期胃癌患者术后5、10年累积生存率均显著高于NVLND组.而术中输血量、手术时间、手术并发症、术后并发症两组差异无统计学意义.结论 对于进展期胃癌患者,血管鞘内淋巴结清扫可提高术后生存率,不增加手术时间和术后并发症,是安全的淋巴结清扫技术.     

Gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection in gastric cancer: a retrospective study at a single institution

The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer with lymph node (LN) dissection and the significance of D2 dissection by investigating surgical techniques and prognosis. Three hundred ninety patients with early cancer and 310 with advanced cancer underwent gastrectomy with D1 or D2 dissection, based on the presence or absence of LN metastasis determined pre- and intraoperatively. LN metastasis occurred in 10.5% of early gastric cancer patients, and several cases of advanced cancer were found to have N2 or more advanced metastasis. The pre- and intraoperative macroscopic findings accorded with histological grade of LN metastasis in 69.5% of early cancers and in 56.5% of advanced cancer patients. The false negativity rate was 6.8% in early cancer, 19.4% in advanced cancer, and 8.4% as a whole. Death was operation-related in only two cases and the operative mortality rate was low (0.29%). The 5-year survival rates in early and advanced gastric cancer were 95.8% and 67.6% in the D1 groups, respectively, and 100% and 89.5% in the D2 groups, respectively. Survival was better in the D2 groups than in the D1 groups (P < 0.0001 for early cancer, P = 0.0279 for advanced cancer). D2 dissection should be conducted positively for patients with LN metastasis.     

Surgery for stomach cancer in patients over 70

Among a total of 1038 operations for early and advanced gastric cancer, 257 patients were older than 70 years. The resection rate in this group was 64.2%, 95 subtotal and 70 total gastrectomies were performed. Postoperative complications were caused primarily by concomitant respiratory and cardiac diseases, whereas the overall operative mortality amounted to 16.9%. Depending on the stage of tumour development a 5-year survival rate of 17.7% could be obtained. This rate increased to 27.2% after subtotal or total gastrectomies. The choice of surgical procedures for gastric cancer does not show any principal differences between young and old persons; thus, the use of individual and liberal criteria for total gastrectomy can be justified even in the aged.     

腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗进展期胃癌的疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除术联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2009年5月至2011年5月全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗196例进展期胃癌患者的临床资料,将患者分为腔镜组(n=72)与开腹组(n=124)腔镜组行腹腔镜下全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术,开腹组行开腹全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术,比较两组患者临床指标、并发症发生情况及远期生存率。结果:腔镜组手术时间较幵腹组显著延长(P0.05),术中出血量、术后首次排气时间、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间及住院时间等显著优于开腹组(P0.05),两组术中淋巴结检出数量、肿瘤远近端切缘长度及住院费用差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腔镜组术后并发症发生率为2.8%,显著低于幵腹组的12.9%差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者在术后1年、3年、5年的无瘤生存率、总生存率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜全胃切除联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗进展期胃癌具有术后康复快、并发症少等优点且淋巴结清扫数量、术后远期生存率与幵腹手术相当。     

进展期胃癌合并门静脉高压症的外科处理

目的总结合并门静脉高压症的进展期胃癌手术治疗经验。方法本组14例胃癌患者中合并肝硬化13例,食管静脉曲张10例,上消化道出血5例,所有患者均存在不同程度的脾功能亢进。胃上部癌2例,中上部癌2例,下部癌10例。行根治性远端胃次全切除 脾切除术5例,根治性远端胃次全切除 贲门周围血管离断术2例,根治性远端胃次全切除 脾动脉结扎2例,全胃切除 贲门周围血管离断术2例,根治性上半胃切除 贲门周围血管离断术2例,远端胃大部切除术1例。结果手术后因创面渗血、空肠瘘、肝功能衰竭死亡各1例,发生左膈下脓肿、肝功能衰竭、大量腹水各1例,并发症发生率为43%,死亡率为21%。结论合并门静脉高压症的胃癌手术复杂,手术后并发症的发生率和死亡率明显升高,应引起重视。     

Comparison of Surgical Results of D2 Versus D3 Gastrectomy (Para-Aortic Lymph Node Dissection) for Advanced Gastric Carcinoma: A Multi-Institutional Study

Background Curative gastrectomy is a promising approach for the treatment of gastric cancer; however, the optimal extent of lymph node dissection for advanced cancer remains controversial. The aim of this multi-institutional study was to evaluate the feasibility of D3 gastrectomy (para-aortic lymph node dissection) for advanced gastric cancer. The surgical results of D2 and D3 gastrectomy (para-aortic lymph node dissection) were retrospectively compared. Methods A series of 580 advanced gastric cancer patients were registered between 1992 and 2000. Of these, 430 underwent D2 gastrectomy and 150 underwent D3 gastrectomy. Survival time, prognostic factors, postoperative morbidity/mortality, and pattern of recurrence were compared. Results There was no significant difference in survival time between D2 and D3 patients. However, the survival times of D3 patients with tumor diameters measuring 50 to 100 mm or with pN1 disease were significantly longer than those of the corresponding D2 patients. Analysis of the survival of patients with tumor diameters measuring 50 to 100 mm revealed that D3 gastrectomy conferred a survival advantage only to patients with pN2 disease. The incidence of lymphatic recurrence was lower in D3 patients with 50- to 100-mm tumors than in the corresponding D2 patients. Conclusions D3 gastrectomy might be beneficial in patients with advanced pN2 gastric cancer within the group with tumors measuring 50 to 100 mm. A randomized controlled trial of patients with 50- to 100-mm tumors should be performed to test the validity of this preliminary result.     

Selection of operative procedure for adenocarcinoma of the midstomach. Twenty years' experience with implications for future treatment strategy.

Pathoanatomic studies of the regional spread of adenocarcinoma of the middle one-third of the stomach suggested the need for extensive gastric and lymphatic resection. To seek evidence of improved results, a retrospective study was made of 213 patients curatively treated by three commonly used procedures: 1) radical high subtotal gastrectomy (SG, n = 39), 2) radical total gastrectomy (TG, n = 48), and 3) extended total gastrectomy (ETG, n = 126). The overall five-year survival rates were SG:10%, TG:16%, and ETG:19%. Advanced stage tumors (N2, N3, or M1) were highly lethal, irrespective of the type of resection. However, patients with early stage tumors (T1-4, N0 or N1) showed higher survival rates after more extensive resections (ETG:42% and TG: six of eight patients, versus SG:17%). The highest survival rate (93%) was observed in a subset of patients with early stage tumors electively treated by ETG; this was achieved despite the presence of metastasis to the juxtagastric (N1) lymph nodes or direct invasion of an adjacent organ in most of these patients. These observations confirm the merit of extensive resection for carcinoma of the midstomach.     

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??Surgical strategies for gastric cancer patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis?? A report of 65 patients GUO Feng-hua??MAO Xiang??WANG Jun??et al. Department of General Surgery??Huashan Hospital??Fudan University??Shanghai 200010, China
Corresponding author??WANG Zhi-ming??E-mail??wzm2973@163.com
Abstract Objective To analyze reasonable surgical strategies for gastric cancer patients with cirrhosis??especially for Child-Pugh Class B patients. Methods The clinical data of 65 patients with liver cirrhosis who had undergone radical gastrectomy between January 2001 and December 2013 in Huashan Hospital??Fudan University were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical outcome were followed up. Results Severe complications and postoperative mortality rate was 65.7% and 22.9% in Class B patients. The hepatic failure and perioperative mortality rate was 41.2% in D2 lymph node dissection group??5.5% in D1 lymph node dissection group. For Child-Pugh Class B patients with advanced gastric cancer??D2 lymph node dissection could not provide a longer survival than D1 lymph node dissection. Conclusion In gastric cancer patients with cirrhosis??D1 lymph node dissection is recommended for Child-Pugh Class B patients.     

Lymph node metastasis as a significant prognostic factor in early gastric cancer: Analysis of 1,136 early gastric cancers

Background: Gastric cancer is the most frquent cancer and the leading cause of death from cancer in Korea. Early gastric cancer has been defined as a gastric carcinoma confined to mucosa or submucosa, regardless of lymph node status, and has an excellent prognosis with a >90% 5-year survival rate. From 1974 to 1992, we encountered 7,606 cases of gastric cancer and performed 6,928 gastric resections. Among them, 1,136 cases were early gastric cancer (14.9% of all gastric cancer cases and 16.4% of resected gastric cancer cases). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1,136 cases of early gastric cancer was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of clinicopathologic features (sex, age, tumor location, gross type, histologic type, depth of invasion, status of lymph node metastasis, resection type). Lymph node metastasis was classified into three groups: N(n=0) for no lymph node metastasis; N(n=1–3) for one to three lymph node metastases; and N(n>3) for more than three lymph node metastases. All patients received radical total or subtotal gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. Results: In univariate and multivariate analysis of these nine factors, the only statistically significant prognostic factor was regional lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). The others had no statistically significant association with prognosis. Lymph node metastasis was present in 178 cases (15.7%). The factors associated with the lymph node metastasis were depth of invasion and gross type [protruding type (e.g., types I, IIa)]. One hundred twenty-five of these patients had one to three lymph node metastases, and 53 cases had more than three lymph node metastases. The difference in 5-year survival rates among these groups was statistically significant: 94.5% for N(n=0), 88.3% for N(n=1–3), and 77.3% for N(n>3). Conclusion: We propose that for early gastric cancer, lymph node dissection is necessary in addition to gastric resection, at least in patients with a high risk of lymph node metastasis.