雌性猪尿道壁纤维分布特点及其对控尿的潜在作用

目的研究雌性猪尿道壁的形态结构,分析其分布与控尿功能的关系。方法对尿道壁标本进行H-E和EVG染色后切片观察,并对3种纤维半定量测定和统计。结果雌性猪尿道壁主要由弹力纤维、胶原纤维、平滑肌纤维组成;同一水平段内层弹力纤维及胶原纤维含量显著高于外层,而外层平滑肌纤维含量显著高于外层。结论雌性猪控尿功能的实现与尿道组织结构和尿道壁纤维的分布特点相关。     

女性控尿相关功能解剖的研究进展

女性控尿相关解剖结构的研究经历了长期和曲折的过程,本文就尿道括约肌系统和尿道外支持系统的功能解剖以及衰老和阴道分娩对女性控尿的影响做一综述。     

影响前列腺癌根治术患者术后尿控相关因素分析

目的研究影响经耻骨后前列腺癌根治术治疗前列腺癌患者术后尿控的相关因素。方法对2009年5月-2012年1月来我院进行前列腺癌根治术的治疗的180例患者的资料进行回顾性分析,对术后尿控的情况进行随访,并记录临床特征,统计分析影响尿控的相关因素。结果在经耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中,若最大限度得保留尿道外括约肌,并保留神经血管束,在术后进行早期的功能锻炼以及其他的积极处理可以对尿控有很大帮助。术后4周,患者尿控率为15.9%,术后16周,患者尿控率达到95.7%。在术后4-12周期间,尿控恢复速度最快,而术中输血（P=0.016）、年龄的上升（P=0.017）以及做过经尿道前列腺电切术等对尿控具有明显的不良反应,在术前进行新辅助内分泌的治疗对尿控有很大帮助。结论患者手术时年龄、既往TURP、术中输血、术前进行新辅助内分泌的治疗在根治术后尿控中有重要的影响,临床须引起重视。     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术保留部分近端前列腺部尿道对术后早期尿控恢复的影响

目的：探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术保留部分近端前列腺部尿道对术后早期尿控恢复的影响,以期为该类疾病的治疗提供参考。方法：选取2013年4月~2015年9月在我院就诊的前列腺癌患者52例,其中28例患者行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术保留部分近端前列腺部尿道,设为治疗组,24例患者行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术非保留部分近端前列腺部尿道,设为对照组。比较两组患者围手术期临床参数和早期尿控基本正常例数。结果：治疗组患者手术时间、术中出血量、留置导尿管时间、切缘阳性、近期并发症、住院天数与对照组比较,无明显差异;治疗组0、14、30、90d尿控基本正常例数与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义。结论：腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术保留部分近端前列腺部尿道与非保留部分近端前列腺部尿道的临床效果相近,但能明显增加患者术后早期尿控的恢复,值得临床合理选用。     

根治性前列腺切除术后尿失禁的预防及干预

根治性前列腺切除术是男性压力性尿失禁最常见的原因。尿道括约肌、提肛肌、耻骨前列腺韧带、膀胱颈、盆内筋膜、神经血管束等多种解剖结构影响或可能影响尿失禁,了解盆底和尿道的解剖结构对获得满意的功能结果至关重要。为提高控尿率而实施的外科手术包括保留神经、膀胱颈或尿道长度、重建肌肉筋膜、保留耻骨前列腺韧带或保留精囊。围手术期(术前和术后)盆底肌肉训练可以缩短术后尿失禁时间,从而提高术后早期控尿率。     

雄犬功能尿道长度变化对尿动力学指标的影响

目的 评估功能尿道长度变化对尿道尿控的影响,探索预防前列腺根治术后尿失禁的新方法及其尿动力学依据.方法 16只雄犬分成功能尿缩短组(A组)和膀胱肌管替代功能尿道组(B组),进行静态尿道压力图检查.结果 A组在功能尿道逐步缩短时,尿动力指标逐渐下降,B组在用膀胱前壁肌管代替后尿道后,尿动力指标相应上升.两组在切除前列腺及远端2 cm尿道后与术前尿动力指标差异显著(P<0.05).结论 功能尿道的长度与尿道控尿能力成正比,膀胱前壁带蒂肌管功能尿道重建术是预防前列腺根治术后尿失禁可供选择的方法.     

后尿道假性憩室的诊断与治疗

目的探讨后尿道假性憩室病因、发病特点及有效诊治手段。方法对尿道膀胱镜与尿道造影检查确诊的9例患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均经尿道进行手术切除,比较手术前后平均膀胱剩余尿及最大尿流率。结果本组患者经尿道手术切除后平均膀胱剩余尿及最大尿流率与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论后尿道假性憩室致病因素与反复尿道扩张相关。膀胱尿道镜检查及尿道造影在诊断上具有实用价值。经尿道进行后尿道假性憩室切除疗效确切。     

保留膀胱颈近端尿道在前列腺癌根治术后尿控功能中的作用

目的探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中保留膀胱颈近端尿道的手术技巧、可行性及对术后尿控功能的作用。方法收集我院2015年8月—2017年1月行腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者43例,将其中成功保留膀胱颈近端尿道的患者24例分为观察组,未能保留膀胱颈近端尿道的19例患者为对照组。比较两组手术时间、出血量、手术切缘阳性率,使用国际尿控协会调查问卷评估比较拔除尿管后即刻、1个月、3个月时尿控率。结果 43例手术均顺利完成,未出现明显并发症,观察组与对照组手术时间、术中出血量、手术切缘阳性率、住院时间比较无明显差异[(123.64±23.45)min比(117.52±32.47)min、(110.35±98.77)mL比(131.43±78.35)mL、8.33%比5.26%、(4.25±2.32)天比(5.36±2.15)天,P均0.05]。保留膀胱颈近端尿道组在术后拔除尿管后即刻、术后1、3个月尿控功能恢复率显著高于对照组[79.17%(19/24)比42.11%(8/19)、87.50%(21/24)比68.42%(13/19)、95.83%(23/24)比78.95%(15/19),P均0.05]。结论腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中保留膀胱颈近端尿道安全可行,对术后尿控功能的早期恢复具有促进作用。     

前列腺根治术中尿控相关解剖结构保留与重建研究进展

前列腺根治术是局限性前列腺癌治疗的标准方法,随着对前列腺周围解剖组织认识的提升以及相关技术的发展与改进,患者在治疗中不仅重视肿瘤控制、并发症及切缘阳性率情况,同时更多地开始关注术后尿控、性功能等功能恢复情况.本文就前列腺周围与尿控相关的组织解剖更新内容、改善术后尿控相关改良手术技巧作一综述,以期为结构保留和功能恢复提供...     

尿道-膀胱颈免打结缝线双针连续吻合法在腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中的应用与疗效

目的:分析免打结缝线双针连续缝合法在腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术尿道-膀胱颈吻合中的应用、并发症及术后尿控率。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月-2017年4月我院泌尿外科共104例使用免打结缝线行双针连续缝合尿道-膀胱颈吻合的腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的资料。分析手术时间、吻合时间、导尿管留置时间、引流管留置时间、术后尿控率、尿道狭窄发生率等数据。结果:104例手术均顺利完成,无术中转开放病例,平均手术时间为(90. 80±24. 21)min。平均吻合时间为(16. 30±4. 56)min。术后留置导尿管平均时间为(12. 42±0. 16)d,平均引流管留置时间(3. 13±0. 29)d。共发生术后尿漏4例,尿道狭窄1例。术后3个月基本尿控率为78. 84%,完全尿控率65. 38%,术后6个月基本尿控率为93. 27%,完全尿控率为75. 00%;术后12个月基本尿控率为98. 10%,完全尿控率为91. 35%,永久性尿失禁发生率为0%。结论:在腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术中,免打结缝线双针连续缝合法吻合尿道-膀胱颈操作便捷且缩短吻合时间,术后尿漏、尿道狭窄、尿失禁等并发症的发生率低,尿控率高,是一种值得推广的吻合方式。     

常见实验动物前列腺部尿道张力调控受体的差异性及其药理学意义

近年来以尿道前列腺部为系统,进行治疗下尿路症状药物的研究越来越盛行,其中,以尿道α1受体的研究最多,对于其他受体文献则很少有报道。本文系统阐述了常见实验动物及人尿道前列腺部受体分布、功能和受体表达的调节等状况,对于寻找诊治下尿路症状的新药,深入理解下尿路症状发病机制,有重大意义。     

The artificial urinary sphincter. A new solution for incontinent patients.

Treatment of urinary incontinence with the artificial urinary sphincter has been available in centres such as London and Liverpool for a number of years. This service is now available in the department of urology of the Belfast City Hospital. Twelve patients have had successful implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence, and ten are now fully continent. One patient with Wegener's granulomatosis developed active disease in his urethra which has precluded activation of the device. One patient has had the device removed because of erosion into the urethra.     

Intercavernous Embedding of Bulboperineal Urethra in the Treatment of Male Urinary Incontinence after Prostate Operation

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可控性低压回肠代膀胱术

１９９２年２月～１９９４年４月，我们为８例因膀胱癌行膀胱全切除患者施行了可控性低压回肠代膀胱术。输尿管采用回肠折叠包埋式吻合，回肠袋与后尿道吻合。术后随访６个月，全部患者可自控排尿，无明显残余尿。膀胱造影未发现输尿管返流。术后肾功能正常，血电解质均在正常范围。     

Urethral pressure reflectometry. A method for simultaneous measurements of pressure and cross-sectional area in the female urethra

A novel technique for simultaneous measurements of pressure and cross-sectional area (CA) in the female urethra, denoted Urethral Pressure Reflectometry (UPR), was devised. A very thin and highly flexible polyurethane-bag was placed in the urethra. A pump applied increasing and decreasing pressures to the polyurethane-bag and thereby opened and closed the urethra. Sound waves were continually sent into the polyurethane-bag and the cross-sectional area (CA) of the bag (urethra) could be measured from the reflections with Acoustic Reflectometry. The CA of the bag was measured for each mm of the bag and 10 times per second. The examinations were performed with the women supine relaxing, supine squeezing, and standing relaxing. The examination provided measures of the opening pressure (the pressure exactly needed to open the urethra), the closing pressure (the pressure where the urethra closes again after dilation), the opening elastance (the resistance against dilation), the closing elastance (urethras ability to close again after dilation) and the hysteresis (the energy which dissipates when urethra is dilated). The examination was reliable both in vitro and in vivo. All the UPR parameters except the hysteresis were decreased in stress urinary incontinent (SUI) women compared to continent women. Thus the parameters seem to be relevant regarding SUI. UPR examination was performed before and after urethral bulking and from these examinations a mechanism of action of the bulking procedure was proposed. A randomised, double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over study demonstrated that UPR is valuable in developing and monitoring pharmacological treatments for SUI. Cases demonstrated that UPR has potential to sub-classify SUI in accordance to the patophysiology and establish pathological conditions i.e. a stricture.     

可控性肠代膀胱术的疗效观察

目的：探讨去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术、回肠可控膀胱术及回肠原位新膀胱术的临床疗效.方法：对14例患者采用去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术,8例采用回肠可控膀胱术,12例采用回肠原位新膀胱术,对3种术式的并发症、可控性、尿容量、排尿次数及间隔时间、肾功及肾积水情况进行对比分析. 结果：1例回肠可控膀胱术及2例回肠原位新膀胱术可控性差,但随容量增加及经肛门括约肌训练,溢尿逐渐消失,1例回肠原位新膀胱术患者发生漏尿,1个月后自愈.3例回肠原位新膀胱术患者发生排尿困难,经扩张后症状消失.术后半年,去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术容量平均400 ml左右,4 h导尿1次,最大容量700～1 200 ml;回肠可控膀胱术容量300～400 ml ,2.5～4 h导尿1次,最大容量400～1 000 ml左右;回肠原位新膀胱术容量250～300 ml左右,3～4 h排尿1次,最大容量300～400 ml.结论： 在严格选择适应证的基础上,应先选择回肠原位新膀胱术,有利于改善病人生活质量.其次可选择去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术,此术式可建立低压、大容量的储尿囊.     

Augmentation cystoplasty and/or continent urinary diversion. Review of eleven cases

Urinary incontinence secondary to neurogenic or malformafive bladders is a major problem influencing social insertion and has been totally transformed by bladder augmentation associated to continent urinary diversion as described by Mitroffanof. We present our experience in eleven cases and try to emphasize on three major points. Combining urinary continent diversion to bladder augmentation guarantees optimal urinary continence. Concomitant bladder neck closure is not necessary to obtain urinary continence; on the contrary, it eliminates a useful pop-off mechanism. Neocystoureterostomy is not requested for every refluxing ureter unless it could be realized on the original bladder.     

Reconstruction of urethral injuries

OBJECTIVES: To highlight the complexity of urethral injuries and to emphasise their prevention. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: Coast Province General Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Twenty two male patients operated between 1997 and 2007. RESULTS: Surgery for urethral injuries was done on 22 patients; 16 were of the posterior urethra, five bulbar urethra and one proximal penile urethra. The posterior urethral injuries were due to: pelvic fracture in 14, penetrating stick in one, and one animal injury by a buffalo. The bulbar urethral injuries were due to straddle injuries in four and one gunshot injury. The penile urethral injury was by compression of the subject by a motor vehicle against a wall. Anastomotic urethroplasty was performed in 20 patients, of whom 16 had complete recovery. Surgery for all bulbar and the penile urethral injuries was successful. Failure of repair with restenosis occurred in four patients with posterior urethral injuries. Bouginage was done in one patient who subsequently required no further treatment. Eventual total obliteration occurred in three patients. Reoperation was done in two of these with complete recovery in one and failure in the other who had two further urethroplasties, optical urethrotomy and is currently on clean intermittent self catheterisation. The fourth patient awaits reoperation. Sutureless membranous urethroplasty was done in two patients with posterior urethral injuries in whom sutures could not be inserted into the proximal prostatic urethra. One developed stenosis a year later, had optical urethrotomy and commenced on clean intermittent self catheterisation for a while, without further trouble. The other developed total obliteration. At repeat surgery enhanced scarring with urethral shortening were found and the operation was abandoned. The Mitrofanoff principle was applied with an appendicovesicostomy; one form of urinary diversion with a continent catheterisable conduit. On follow up, now nine years, the diversion is continent, has no catheterisation difficulties, and no urinary calculi. CONCLUSION: Urethral injuries are difficult to manage. A two pronged approach is advanced; prevention and competent repair. Surgeons managing these injuries are encouraged to acquire the needed reconstruction skills. Emphasis on prevention is paramount. Appropriate road, industrial and occupational safety measures should be enforced. Iatrogenic injuries can be avoided by due care during catheterisation and urethral instrumentation.     

升结肠在尿流改道中的应用

目的 评估升结肠在尿流改道中应用的疗效和安全性。方法 对68例全膀胱切除患者取用升结肠分别施行可控性回结肠膀胱术(42例)和升结肠原位膀胱术(26例)，并随访3～96个月。结果 膀胱肿瘤患者术后无局部复发，原位新膀胱组后尿道无肿瘤生长。两种术式贮尿囊造影均无输尿管反流。无肾积水，肾功能无恶化。术后6个月尿动力学检查，可控性回结肠膀胱术和升结肠原位膀胱术平均贮尿囊最大充盈压分别为3．2kPa和2．4kPa，平均容最分别为380mL和420mL；可控性回结肠膀胱术平均输出道最大压力为10。9kPa，原位膀胱术平均后尿道最大压为8．0lkPa。平均最大尿流率17．6ml／s。结论 取用升结肠建立的贮尿囊具有容量大、内压低、无反流、无代谢紊乱等优点。两种手术方式均可自由控制排尿，提高生活质量。