预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释联合应用于颅脑外科手术的临床研究

目的 探讨在颅脑外科手术中联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释的安全性和临床效果。方法 63例病人随机分为预贮式自体输血组(A组31例)和联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释组(B组32例)。两组在采血前、术前即刻放血前、放血后、回输自体血后、术后第1天分别测定Hb、Hct、Pt及PT、APTT、FIB，监测MAP、CVP、SpO2、HR，两组出血量、输异体血量。结果 A、B组Hb、Hct术中降低，与术前比较有显著性差异(P＜0．05)，回输自体血后回升。A、B两组PT、APTT术中延长，FIB和Pt未见明显改变。两组术中血流动力学稳定。A组采血量明显少于B组(P＜0．05)，输异体血量明显多于B组（P＜0．05)。结论 联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释有明显节血效应，对血液生理学影响小，血流动力学稳定。     

急性等容血液稀释在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产手术中的应用

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产手术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法将52例需剖宫产终止妊娠的完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的产妇随机双盲分为三组:A组在术前进行ANH,B组在术前进行急性高容血液稀释(AHH),C组术前无特殊处理。记录三组产妇术中总出血量、异体血输注例数、术前、术后2h血常规及三组新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气。结果 A、B组产妇急性血液稀释后血气分析差异无统计学意义。A组输注异体血例数明显少于B、C组(P0.05),术后2 h产妇Hb、Hct、Plt明显高于B、C组(P0.05),B、C组差异无统计学意义;三组新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分和脐动脉血气分析差异无统计学意义。结论 ANH自体输血对孕妇及胎儿均无不良影响,是一种安全、有效的输血方式。     

重组人促红细胞生成素在储存式自体输血中的应用

目的评价重组人促红细胞生成素在储存式自体输血患者中应用的临床价值。方法选择我院需行术前储存式自体输血的患者60例,随机均分为促红细胞生成素组(A组)与非促红细胞生成素组(B组)。A组术前10 d起隔日皮下注射重组人促红素150 U/kg,用至术后第5天;B组未用促红素。分别于术前7 d和术前3 d采集自体血。记录两组患者第1次采血前、术前1 h、术后第1天、第5天的红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(Hct)值,记录患者的失血量。结果与第1次采血前比较,术前1 h、术后第1天、第5天两组RBC、Hb、Hct明显降低(P0.05)。与B组比较,术后第1天、第5天A组RBC、Hb和Hct明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。A组术后的贫血程度明显轻于B组,术后贫血恢复快于B组。整个围术期无一例发生自体血回输及使用重组人促红细胞生成素后发生血粘度增高或血栓形成等并发症。结论重组人促红细胞生成素应用于储存式自体输血,可有效促进患者自身红细胞的生成,明显改善采血后患者术中及术后的贫血状况,有效减少异体血的需求,是一种安全有效的血液保护用药。     

血液稀释联合控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的 探讨急性血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)对减少脊柱手术患者术中失血的效果.方法 将42例脊柱手术患者随机均分为观察组和对照组.观察组于全麻诱导后采用AHH和CH;对照组麻醉后常规输注复方乳酸钠.比较两组术中失血量、输血量、尿量以及术前、术毕、术后第1、7天的Hb和Hct值.结果 观察组术中失血量、输血量显著少于对照组,尿量显著多于对照组(均P＜0.01);两组术后不同时段Hb和Hct值显著低于术前(均P＜0.01),但组间比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05).结论 AHH联合CH能减少患者术中出血和输血,且对Hb和Hct无显著影响.     

急性等容血液稀释自体输血在颅脑手术中的应用

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)自体输血在颅脑手术中的临床应用价值。方法选取2018年6月至2020年6月期间在本院进行颅脑手术的62例患者进行研究。按照随机数表法分为对照组(31例)、研究组(31例)。对照组患者在颅脑手术中采用异体输血,研究组换患者在颅脑手术中采用ANH自体输血。对比分析两组患者在输血前及术后1小时的血流动力学指标[心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)],血气分析指标[酸碱度(PH)、(PaCO2)、氧饱和度(SpO2)],血液稀释指标[血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞比积(Hct)]及凝血指标[血小板(PLT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)]的变化,并评估ANH自体输血的效果。结果输血前,研究组Hb、Hct水平明显低于对照组;手术后1小时,研究组Hb、Hct水平较输血前升高且明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。输血前,研究组PLT、APTT、FIB水平明显低于对照组,PT水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);手术后1小时,研究组PT、FIB水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);手术后1小时,两组PLT、APTT相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ANH自体输血在颅脑手术中的临床应用,能降低对患者血流动力学、及凝血指标影响,有效帮助患者补充血容量。     

Rh(D)阴性血型病人剖宫产术中成分式自体输血的安全性

目的 评价Rh(D)阴性血型病人剖宫产术中成分式自体输血的安全性.方法 拟行剖宫产术的Rh(D)阴性血型病人30例,年龄20～35岁,体重50～80 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液7 ml/kg后经桡动脉采血,采血速率60～80 ml/min,采血同时静脉输注与采血等速率的6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4.采集的自体血经2个循环的直接法分离为富含血小板血浆、贫血小板血浆和浓缩红细胞,每个循环以分离出红细胞后15 s时停止采血.出血量≥全身血容量的20%时立即回输自体血;出血量<全身血容量20%者,在缝合子宫后回输,依次回输富含血小板血浆、输贫血小板血浆和输浓缩红细胞.监测母体生命体征指标和胎儿心率.记录自体血采集过程中低血压和心动过速的发生情况.分别于采血前(基础状态)、采血结束时、自体血回输前和术后24 h时采集外周静脉血样,测定Hb、Hct、Plt、PT、APTT、INR和Fib.胎儿娩出后采集脐动脉血样,进行血气分析.于胎儿娩出后1、5min时行Apgar评分.记录术中出血量和异体输血情况.结果 自体血采集过程中未见低血压和心动过速的发生,胎儿HR维持在正常范围.与基础状态比较,其他时点SpO2、Hb、Hct、Plt、PT、APTT、INR和Fib差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).脐动脉血pH值、BE和乳酸浓度均在正常范围内.胎儿娩出后1、5 min时Apgar评分分别为(9.0±0.8)、(9.2±0.8)分;术中出血量(405±28)ml,所有病人未输注异体血.结论 Rh(D)阴性血型病人剖宫产术中成分式自体输血的安全性良好.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the safety of autologous blood component transfusion during cesarean section in patients with Rh (D)-negative blood group.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of Rh (D)-negative blood group, aged 20-35 yr, weighing 50-80 kg, undergoing elective cesarean section, were enrolled in this study.After lactated Ringer' s solution 7 ml/kg was infused, blood was obtained from radial artery at a rate of 60-80ml/min, and blood volume was maintained by simultaneous infusion of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 at the same rate. The collected blood was subjected to two cycles of autologous blood component separation. Blood collecting during each cycle was stopped 15 s after red blood cells were separated. The autologous blood was infused when the blood loss≥20% of blood volume. The autologous blood was infused after suture of the uterus when the blood loss < 20% of blood volume. The parameters of maternal vital signs and fetal heart rate were monitored. Hypotension and tachycardia were recorded during autologous blood collecting. SpO2 was monitored routinely. Venous blood samples were taken before blood collecting (baseline), at the end of blood collecting, before autologous blood transfusion, 24 h after operation for determination of Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and Fib. Umbilical arterial blood samples were obtained after delivery for blood gas analysis. Apgar score was recorded at 1 and 5 min after birth. Blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion were also recorded. Results No hypotension and tachycardia occurred during the process of blood collecting and the fetal heart rate was within the normal range. Compared with the baseline value, there were no significant differences in SpO2 , Hb, Hct, Plt, PT, APTT, INR and FIB value at the other time points. The pH value and concentrations of base excess and lactate were within the normal range.The Apgar score was (9.0 ±0.8) and (9.2 ± 0.8) at 1 and 5 min after birth respectively. The blood loss during operation was (405 ± 28) ml and no patients received homologous blood transfusion. Conclusion The safety of autologous blood component transfusion is good during cesarean section in Rh (D)-negative blood group patients.     

稀释性自身输血在肝包虫病患者手术中的临床应用

目的探讨稀释性自身输血在肝包虫病患者肝叶切除术中的应用效果。方法选择符合纳入标准的30例肝包虫病患者,术中实施稀释性自身输血,观察不同时点血流动力学、机体内环境的改变以及各系统功能的变化。结果 1采血前后及自身输血前后,患者的平均动脉压、中心静脉压、心率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),而采血后血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞比容(Hct)均明显下降(P0.05),钠离子、钾离子、氯离子均明显低于采血前(P0.05),酸碱度、碱剩余均有降低(P0.05),自体血回输后各离子水平恢复至正常范围。2术后1 d时患者血谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及肌酐、血肌钙蛋白I较术前均升高(P0.05),Hb、Hct、血小板均有降低(P0.05);凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间均有延长(P0.05),差异有统计学意义;但术后7 d时,上述指标均恢复至正常范围。结论稀释性自身输血用于肝包虫病手术患者中安全、可行、节约用血。     

三种输血方式对骨科手术患者术中输血的效果比较

目的 探讨三种输血方式在骨科手术患者术中输血中的临床应用效果。方法 回顾性选定2020年1月到2023年1月在本院收治的行骨科手术的患者99例作为研究对象。根据不同输血方式分为三组，每组各33例，其中A组采用急性等容性血液稀释（ANH）联合术中自体回收式输血方式，B组采用自体回收式输血方式，C组采用异体输血方式。比较三组血常规[血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞计数（RBC）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血小板计数（PLT）]；比较两组凝血功能状况[凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分激活凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）]；比较三组输血不良反应发生情况。结果 术前，三组患者血常规比较无明显差异（P>0.05），术后，三组患者Hb、RBC、HCT、PLT均降低，且术后各指标组间比较A组>B组>C组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术前，三组患者凝血功能比较无明显差异（P>0.05），术后，三组患者PT、APTT、FIB均提升，但术后PT、APTT组间比较A组明显小于B、C组（P<0.05）;B、C组两组PT、APTT比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A...     

类风湿关节炎手术后自体引流血回输技术的应用

目的评价类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者手术后自体引流血回输的作用和使用安全性。方法93例RA患者随机分为两组。实验组(53例)术后使用自体引流血回输装置,对照组(40例)使用负压吸引瓶。记录引流量、回输血量及输血不良反应。结果实验组平均回输引流血759ml,其中6例平均输入库血165ml;对照组平均术后输库血824ml。两组患者手术前后的血红蛋白差异无显著性。两组中接受异体输血的患者有7例出现输血不良反应:荨麻疹4例(实验组2例,对照组2例),寒战、高热反应3例(均为对照组)。结论自体引流血回输是RA患者术后安全有效的输血方法。在术前没有自体血储备的情况下,该技术减少了输注库血的机会,避免血液传播疾病的发生。     

稀释式自体输血在骨科手术中的应用

目的 探讨稀释式自体输血在骨科择期手术中的应用。方法 选择１９例骨科择期手术需要输血的患者，术前采集处体血液，同时输入等量的血浆代用品血定安（Ｇｅｌｏｆｕｓｉｎｅ）和５００ｍｌ乳酸林格液，采血４００￣６００ｍｌ，手术结束前回输。观察采血前后及术后患者血液动力学、血液有形成分，凝血功能等方面的变化。结果 １９例患者均安全，顺利完成手术，无不良反应。结论 稀释式自体输血可以满足骨科择期手术的需要。     

Acute normovolemic hemodilution for radical prostatectomy: Can it replace preoperative autologous blood transfusion?

BACKGROUND: Although preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) is accepted as a standard of care for radical prostatectomy, it is costly, time-consuming and has risks associated with blood storage. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is reported to be less expensive and to preserve blood components more effectively than PAD. In the present study, the efficacy and safety of these two autologous blood-collection techniques were compared. METHODS: The study included 16 consecutive patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy. The first eight patients underwent conventional preoperative autologous blood donation of 400 mL 1 week before the operation (PAD group) and the second eight patients underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution followed by immediate operation (ANH group). All blood collected was transfused in the perioperative period. Preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels in these two groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no differences in preoperative hematocrit, time of operation or operative blood loss between the two groups. In the ANH group, 1080 +/- 160 mL of blood were collected. The postoperative hematocrit level did not differ significantly between the groups. No patient in either group received allogeneic blood transfusion or experienced an adverse event directly related to blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: The two blood-conservation strategies resulted in similar postoperative hematologic outcomes. Given its advantages, which include lower cost, lower risk and higher convenience, ANH is one of the procedures that may replace conventional PAD for use in radical prostatectomy.     

急性等容血液稀释用于心血管外科血液保护的效果

目的 比较急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合术中血液回收与单纯术中血液回收用于心血管外科血液保护的临床效果。方法 将术前血红蛋白Hb≥130g/L的心血管外科成年病人140例随机分成两组:A+C组,ANH联合术中血液回收(ANH量 8～12ml/kg,n=70);C组,术中单纯血液回收(n=70)。分别记录两组病人术前及术后24h血红蛋白(Hb)、血球压积(HCT)、血小板(PLT);回收血量;体外循环(CPB)总转流时间;术后24h引流量;全血用量;血浆用量;悬浮红细胞用量;冷沉淀用量;血小板用量和总住院时间。结果 两组病人一般情况无显著差异,术前各实验室指标无显著差异;A+C组术中血液回收量(581.8±28.2)ml少于C组(785.4±43.8)ml,有显著差异(P<0.001);A+C组术后24hHb(122.2±18.8)g/l高于C组(112.3±15.6)g/l,有显著差异(P<0.01),HCT(35.2±5.5)高于C组(33.2±4.5),亦有显著差异(P<0.05);A+C组全血用量(81.7±23.0)ml少于C组(217.4±35.7)ml,有显著差异(P<0.01)A+C组有15例,C组有6例未输异体血;两组间CPB时间、总住院时间及其它血制品用量无显著差异。结论ANH联合术中血液回收比较术中单纯血液回收用于心血管外科血液保护可减少异体血需要及用量,值得推广。     

脊柱手术患者急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压及自体血液回收的效应

目的 评价脊柱手术患者急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压及自体血液回收的效应.方法 择期行脊柱手术患者30例,随机分为2组(n=15):控制性降压联合自体血液同收组(Ⅰ组)和AHH联合控制性降压及自体血液回收组(Ⅱ组),Ⅱ组手术前输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4(10 mi/kg)和复方乳酸钠林格氏液10 ml/kg,速率为30 ml/min.2组均在手术开始后静脉输注尼卡地平行控制性降压,速率为1.0～6.0 μg·kg-1·min-1,在lO～15min使MAP降至65～70mm Hg,直至脊柱内固定安器安装完毕.2组术中均行自体血液回收,于脊柱内固定器安装完毕后回输.术中持续监测血液动力学参数,记录术中异体输血情况、尿最及术后引流量、异体输血量.不良反应的发生情况.结果 2组术中HR和CVP均保持稳定.与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中异体输血免除率升高,异体输血量减少(PO.05),尿量增多(P0.05).2组均末见心、脑、肾功能异常的发生.结论 脊柱手术患考AHH联合控制性降压及自体血液回收可减免异体输血.     

Blood transfusion risks and alternative strategies in pediatric patients

Although the safety of the blood supply has been greatly improved, there still remain both infectious and noninfectious risks to the patient. The incidence of noninfectious transfusion reactions is greater than that of infectious complications. Furthermore, the mortality associated with noninfectious risks is significantly higher. In fact, noninfectious risks account for 87-100% of fatal complications of transfusions. It is concerning to note that the majority of pediatric reports relate to human error such as overtransfusion and lack of knowledge of special requirements in the neonatal age group. The second most frequent category is acute transfusion reactions, majority of which are allergic in nature. It is estimated that the incidence of adverse outcome is 18:100,000 red blood cells issued for children aged less than 18 years and 37:100,000 for infants. The comparable adult incidence is 13:100,000. In order to decrease the risks associated with transfusion of blood products, various blood-conservation strategies can be utilized. Modalities such as acute normovolemic hemodilution, hypervolemic hemodilution, deliberate hypotension, antifibrinolytics, intraoperative blood salvage, and autologous blood donation are discussed and the pediatric literature is reviewed. A discussion of transfusion triggers, and algorithms as well as current research into alternatives to blood transfusions concludes this review.     

Influence of intraoperative fluid volume on cardiopulmonary bypass hematocrit and blood transfusions in coronary artery bypass surgery

A hematocrit (Hct) of less than 25% during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and transfusion of homologous packed red blood cells (PRBC) are each associated with an increased probability of adverse events in cardiac surgery. Although the CPB circuit is a major contributor to hemodilution intravenous (IV) fluid volume may also significantly influence the level of hemodilution. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of asanguinous IV fluid volume on CPB Hct and intraoperative PRBC transfusion. After Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective chart review of 90 adult patients that had undergone an elective, isolated CABG with CPB was conducted. Regression analysis was used to determine if pre-CPB fluid volume was associated with the lowest CPB Hct and the incidence of an intraoperative PRBC transfusion. In separate multivariate analyses, higher pre-CPB fluid volume was associated with lower minimum CPB Hct (p < .0001), and higher minimum CPB Hct was associated with a decreased probability of PRBC transfusion (p < .0001). Compared to patients that received <1600 mL (n = 55) of pre-CPB fluid, those that received >1600 mL (n = 35) had a decreased mean low CPB Hct (22.4% vs 25.6%, p < .0001), an increased incidence of a CPB Hct <25% (74% vs. 38%, p = .0008) and PRBC transfusion (60% vs. 16%, p < .0001), and increased median PRBC units transfused (2.0 vs 1.0, p = .1446) despite no significant difference in gender, age, patient size, baseline Hct, or CPB prime volume. Patients that received a PRBC transfusion (n = 30) received a significantly higher volume of pre-CPB fluid than nontransfused patients (1800 vs. 1350 mL, p = .0039). These findings suggest that pre-CPB fluid volume can significantly contribute to hemodilutional anemia in cardiac surgery. Optimizing pre-CPB volume may preserve baseline Hct and help limit intraoperative hemodilution.     

预储自体血和血液稀释回输法在骨科手术中的应用

目的 介绍采用术前预储自体血输血法和血液稀释回输法进行自体输血的初步经验。方法 对45例骨科手术病人采用自体输血技术，方法包括术前预储自体血输血法13例，血液稀释输血法32例，其中观察血液稀释输血组病人术前、术中、术后血液动力学、有形成分和凝血功能变化。结果 术前预储自体血输血组中8例(61．54％)未输异体血，另5例加输异体血；血液稀释输血组中21例(65．63％)未输异体血，另ll例加输异体血，两组都顺利完成手术，无不良反应，其用血量较以往同类手术显著减少。血液稀释输血组术中、术后血液动力学稳定，有形成分和凝血功能虽有变化，但仍在正常范围。结论 在骨科手术采用术前预储自体血输血和血液稀释回输法是安全、可行的方法。     

Recombinant human erythropoietin in preoperative autologous blood donation did not influence the haemoglobin recovery after surgery

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human erythropoietin in combination with preoperative autologous blood donation is an established regime for avoiding allogenic blood transfusions. The aim of the study was to determine endogenous erythropoietin production and haemoglobin recovery after preoperative autologous blood donation and surgery, with or without recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients having total hip joint replacement surgery were randomised to receive either autologous blood transfusion (control group) or autologous transfusion plus preoperative recombinant human erythropoietin treatment (EPO group). Haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythropoietin and reticulocyte concentrations were repeatedly analysed, before, during, and after surgery. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups regarding haemoglobin, haematocrit, and erythropoietin, but the reticulocyte count increased significantly more in the EPO group. There was no difference in the requirement for allogeneic blood transfusions between the groups. The baseline haemoglobin was >13 g dL-1 in all but four patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with normal preoperative haemoglobin levels, recombinant human erythropoietin treatment did not improve haemoglobin levels, or reduce the need for allogenic blood transfusion. There were no differences in serum erythropoietin concentrations between the groups. We question whether recombinant human erythropoietin treatment facilitates preoperative autologous blood donation in patients with normal haemoglobin levels.     

Sonoclot评价术中自体和异体输血对老年人凝血功能的影响

目的观察老年患者术中回收式自体输血前后凝血参数的变化。方法24例择期手术的老年患者随机分为回收式自体输血组(观察组)或异体输血组(对照组)。观察组12例,回输经血液回收仪洗涤处理的自体血;对照组12例,输异体浓缩红细胞。分别取术前、输血前和输血后的静脉血,测定血常规、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),同时Sonoclot仪测定血凝曲线的各项指标。结果两组术前、输血前和输血后Hb、血小板计数(Plt)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、APTT及PT水平变化趋势相似。观察组的血块凝结速率(CR)值自体血回输前与手术前相比变化明显(P<0.05),但与对照组比差异无统计学意义。两组间Sonoclot仪其他各项指标在各测定点差异也无统计学意义。结论术中回收式自体输血与异体输血相比对老年人凝血功能的影响差异无统计学意义。