辅助生殖技术中异常子宫内膜诊疗的中国专家共识

子宫内膜容受性是影响辅助生殖技术(ART)成功的主要因素之一。在ART中遇到的各种异常子宫内膜,将会对胚胎着床产生不利影响。目前国内外尚无统一的异常子宫内膜诊疗的专家共识和临床指南。为了让临床医师在实施ART过程中更好地诊治异常子宫内膜,国内相关领域专家参考国内外现有的医学研究结果,结合我国具体情况,编写了"辅助生殖技术中异常子宫内膜诊治的中国专家共识",以达到规范诊疗辅助生殖技术中异常子宫内膜患者的目的。     

宫腔镜在子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌中的诊治作用

子宫内膜增生是临床常见的妇科病变,具有一定的癌变倾向,被列为癌前病变,正确、及时地诊断和治疗对防止病变进展意义重大。子宫内膜癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,严重影响患者的生存质量和生命健康,对子宫内膜癌的早期诊断和及时治疗是提高患者生存预后的重要前提。近年来,宫腔镜在子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌诊治中的应用越来越广泛。本文就宫腔镜在子宫内膜增生和子宫内膜癌中的诊治作用做一综述。     

更年期功能性子宫出血80例致病因素分析

目的 对80例更年期功能性子宫出血患者的病理结果进行分析,观察更年期功血发病的相关因素,为临床治疗及诊断提供指导。方法 研究本院80例更年期功能性子宫出血患者,另选57例40岁以下育龄功血患者为育龄组,比较两组病理诊断结果差异,同时分析更年期功血患者年龄、出血时间、内膜厚度的相互关系。结果 功血高发人群为40岁以上围绝经期妇女。本次研究中,内膜单纯性增生、内膜复杂性增生、内膜不典型增生、内膜分泌反应不佳、内膜不规则脱卸分别为70.0%、5.0%、10.0%、13.75%、1.25%;增生期、单纯性增生、复杂型增生、不典型增生出血时间呈递增趋势,内膜厚度为相同变化趋势,但复杂型增生与不典型增生比较无显著差异;出血时间与子宫内膜厚度负相关,出血时间较长、子宫内膜厚度上升可作为子宫内膜复杂型或不典型增生的判断依据。结论 出血时间及子宫内膜厚度与更年期功能性子宫出血相关,出血时间越长可导致内膜厚度变小,是更年期功能性子宫出血病理进展的重要机制,同时内膜单纯性增生发生功血几率较高,需引起临床重视。     

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(曼月乐环)治疗子宫内膜增生的临床疗效分析

目的观察性研究左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释器(曼月乐)在子宫内膜增生治疗中的作用。方法收集2006年1月至2013年12月就诊于北京协和医院、使用曼月乐治疗子宫内膜增生的患者共42例,进行临床资料研究并进行随访。观察主要指标是上环后临床症状(阴道出血量)改善程度,以及带环3个月、6个月以及16个月子宫内膜病理逆转情况。结果曼月乐治疗子宫内膜增生病例共42例,其中子宫内膜增生不伴非典型性(EH)患者27例,子宫内膜不典型增生(AEH/EIN)患者15例。EH患者治疗前均有阴道出血多于月经1倍以上的症状,治疗后症状改善率为81.4%;而AEH/EIN患者治疗前有2例是因不育行诊刮时发现内膜病变,并无阴道出血增多症状,另13例患者症状改善率为84.6%,与EH患者比较,两者无显著性差异(P0.05)。所有中、重度AEH/EIN患者阴道出血多的症状全部得到改善。轻、中、重度AEH/EIN患者在随访3个月时病理逆转比例为50%、33.3%及67%;随访6个月时为75%、100%及67%;随访至16个月时,中、重度AEH/EIN全部病理逆转,而有一例轻度AEH/EIN患者病变持续,无一例病情进展患者。结论曼月乐环能改善子宫内膜增生患者阴道出血多的症状,使AEH/EIN患者内膜得到逆转,是除手术及口服药物以外治疗子宫内膜增生的另一可靠选择。     

剖宫产腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症30例临床分析

目的：探讨剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症的临床诊断及治疗情况。方法选取2005年10月～2012年8月经手术治疗腹部切口子宫内膜异位的患者30例,对30例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果30例腹部切口子宫内膜异位症患者4例病灶累及腹膜,5例累及肌层,14例累及腹肌前鞘。行异位病灶切除手术,手术效果良好,无复发。手术患者病灶均为一次手术切除,30例手术的患者完全治愈,治愈率100%。病理检查增生的结缔组织中可以见到子宫内膜腺体结构及间质细胞。符合子宫内膜异位症的诊断。术后23例患者随访1～3年,无复发病例。结论剖宫产手术是腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症最重要的医源性因素,应严格依照剖宫产手术适应证可降低剖宫产率,手术是唯一有效的治疗方法;规范手术操作是预防本病发生的关键。     

加减温经汤对子宫内膜单纯增生的治疗作用

目的:探讨温经汤在子宫内膜单纯增生中的治疗效果。方法:将108例子宫内膜单纯增生患者随机分为治疗组和对照组两组,每组54例,其中对照组54例患者给予炔诺酮治疗;治疗组54例患者给予温经汤加减治疗。治疗后3～6个月观察患者症状改善情况,记录用药前后月经或阴道出血情况,应用超声测量子宫内膜厚度,PBAC评分。结果:用药后两组患者的症状均不同程度缓解,其中治疗组治疗缓解率高于西药组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组患者治疗前后内膜显著增厚,对照组治疗前后内膜厚度改变不明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组对改善患者阴道出血情况有明显的作用,与西药组别比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:温经汤治疗子宫内膜单纯增生具有显著疗效,值得临床应用推广。     

宫腔粘连与子宫内膜容受性

宫腔粘连是临床常见的难治病,严重影响育龄期女性患者的身心健康及生育能力。子宫内膜容受性是影响胚胎着床的重要因素之一。宫腔粘连可以从形态学及分子生物学等方面影响子宫内膜容受性,其中形态学改变主要包括微观结构胞饮突的改变及超声下内膜相关参数的改变。现代医学已有不少提高宫腔粘连患者子宫内膜容受性的方法,但尚缺乏统一的治疗规范。     

减重手术改善肥胖女性子宫内膜病变预后

子宫内膜恶性病变是威胁女性健康的常见疾病。女性肥胖率逐年升高,肥胖既是发生子宫内膜恶性病变的独立危险因素,也是影响疾病预后的重要不利因素,减重已然成为子宫内膜恶性病变保留生育功能治疗中的重要组成部分。控制饮食、体育锻炼、药物等方法治疗肥胖症效果有限,部分患者需要行减重手术以达到和保持体重目标,其中袖状胃手术因不改变胃肠道正常解剖、手术难度低、并发症少等优点,已广泛应用于临床。本文针对1例年轻、未生育的子宫内膜不典型增生肥胖症患者,通过袖状胃减重手术达成减重和内膜逆转双重功效的病例进行讨论,并就体重与子宫内膜恶性病变保留生育功能治疗预后的关系进行文献复习。     

65例功能性子宫出血的宫内膜病理诊断分析

目的探讨功能性子宫出血患者的宫内膜组织的病理变化特点。方法回顾性分析65例功血患者的临床和病理资料。结果本组功血患者的宫内膜组织学表现,分别为子宫内膜不规则增生、增生期内膜伴出血、子宫内膜萎缩、内膜分泌低下,子宫内膜脱卸不全。结论功血患者不但子宫内膜的腺上皮细胞有着不同的变化,而且内膜间质细胞的变化及灶性分布病变也各有不同,病理诊断要二者结合。     

剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症临床分析

目的探讨剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症临床特点及治疗体会。方法对36例剖宫产术后腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症患者行病灶切除术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 36例患者手术切除均一次性成功。术后切口均一期愈合,痊愈出院。随访6个月~2年未见复发。结论剖宫产引起的腹壁切口子宫内膜异位症是一种医源性子宫内膜异位症。手术切除为最佳治疗方法。严格掌握剖宫产指征,减少剖宫产率,并规范剖宫产手术是预防子宫内膜种植的关键。     

Endometrial cancer and bariatric surgery: A scoping review

BackgroundEndometrial cancer is strongly associated with obesity, and weight reduction has been demonstrated to decrease risk and overall mortality. Bariatric surgery results in the most dramatic weight loss among morbidly obese individuals, and the impact of bariatric surgery on endometrial cancer requires further investigation.ObjectiveTo conduct a scoping review of the published literature of the effects of bariatric surgery on endometrial cancer, as risk reduction and potential adjunct to treatment.SettingUniversity Hospital, Canada.MethodsA comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted by an expert searcher and librarian to retrieve relevant articles discussing aspects of endometrial cancer or endometrial hyperplasia and bariatric surgery.ResultsAfter screening, 23 articles met inclusion for review. They were categorized into evidence for risk reduction of bariatric surgery on endometrial cancer, the impact of bariatric surgery on endometrial pathology, immunohistochemistry, metabolic profiles, and bariatric surgery as a potential adjunct to treatment in endometrial cancer.ConclusionThere is ample evidence demonstrating a risk reduction in women with obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m²) undergoing bariatric surgery for subsequent development of endometrial cancer. However, there is a paucity of data investigating its role as an adjunct for therapy. There is sufficient evidence to argue for the inclusion of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer as obesity-related conditions and the access to bariatric surgery should be broadened for affected individuals to reflect this.     

High rate of endometrial hyperplasia in renal transplanted women

A high rate of endometrial hyperplasia, an estrogen-dependent premalignant lesion of the endometrium, has been observed among female kidney allograft recipients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of endometrial abnormalities among renal transplanted women with abnormal uterine bleedings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis compared 45 renal transplanted women who underwent dilatation and curettage for abnormal uterine bleeding between January 1999 and September 2004 with 90 consecutive, nontransplanted, control patients who underwent dilatation and curettage for the same reason in 2004. RESULTS: Thirty-one cases (69%) of endometrial hyperplasia and one case (2%) of endometrial cancer were detected among the renal allograft recipients. The majority of transplant patients (28 cases, 62%) developed endometrial hyperplasia without atypia successfully treated with progestagens. There were 29 cases (32%) of hyperplasia without atypia, 2 cases (1%) of atypical hyperplasia, and 4 cases (4%) of endometrial cancer in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplanted women seem to have an extremely high risk of endometrial hyperplasia. The majority of cases may be successfully treated with progestagens. Immunocompromised renal graft recipients, however, show other risk factors for carcinogenesis. Thus, frequent clinical surveillance should be recommended in this group of patients, also because there is conflicting evidence with regard to the risk of progression to carcinoma among untreated patients.     

Operative treatment of endometrial hyperplasia in kidney graft recipients: report of seven cases

OBJECTIVES: The high rate of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with endometrial hyperplasia has been observed in women after kidney transplantation. The great majority of these premalignant lesions regress after conservative treatment, mostly with progestagens. There are cases, however, of persistent or recurrent hyperplasia requiring operative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report seven cases of endometrial hyperplasia in kidney graft recipients treated with hysterectomy after failure of conservative treatment. The presence of typical risk factors of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer were analyzed as well as their clinical courses and treatment methods. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 35 to 50 years (mean, 42.7). Among typical risk factors, we observed obesity, diabetes, arterial hypertension, and nulliparity in the study group. All patients reported abnormal uterine bleeding and developed anemia. Women underwent two to four dilatation and curettage procedures. Progestagens (medroxyprogesterone or lynesterol) were administered for 3 to 9 months. The initial treatment was ineffective in two cases; in the remaining five cases endometrial hyperplasia recurred within 3 to 12 months. Pathologic findings after hysterectomy in all patients confirmed non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: Hysterectomy is the treatment of last resort for premalignant endometrial lesions. It should be considered in all cases of recurrent or persistent endometrial hyperplasia. It may protect immunocompromised kidney graft recipients from heavy bleeding, severe anemia, and most of all, the of endometrial cancer development.     

Diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia: why is it so difficult to agree?

Current World Health Organization classification of endometrial hyperplasia is problematic because of poor diagnostic reproducibility. We sought to determine factors that cause diagnostic disagreement in a review of 2601 endometrial specimens. Blinded random specimens of normal endometrium, hyperplasias, and carcinoma were reviewed by 2 pathologists, with review by a third pathologist in cases with disagreement. All cases of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma were scored for degree of glandular crowding, architectural complexity, and cytologic atypia. Sample adequacy, hyperplasia volume, presence of metaplasia, or endometrial polyp were also scored. The overall kappa for agreement was 0.71, with a lower kappa of 0.36 when cases called "no hyperplasia" were excluded. The percent specific agreement was 90.3% for no hyperplasia, 31.1% for simple hyperplasia, 51.1% for complex hyperplasia, 49.8% for atypical hyperplasia, and 57.5% for adenocarcinoma. Cases categorized as "low volume hyperplasia" had more diagnostic disagreement than "high volume," (62% vs. 39%, P=0.003). Similarly, cases called "scant" had more diagnostic disagreement than "not scant" (65% vs. 57%, P=0.013). The histologic feature associated with the most diagnostic disagreement was cytologic atypia (P<0.0001). Architectural crowding, architectural complexity, or the presence of a polyp were all associated with diagnostic disagreement (P<0.0001). High diagnostic disagreement in endometrial hyperplasia is related to both sample adequacy and interpretation of histologic features present. Although obtaining additional tissue may increase diagnostic reproducibility, differences in interpretation of key histologic features like cytologic atypia remain major factors contributing to diagnostic disagreement.     

绝经后子宫内膜息肉68例临床分析

目的分析绝经后子宫内膜息肉的临床特点,探讨适宜的诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析2007年9月～2009年4月住院治疗的68例绝经后子宫内膜息肉的临床资料,均行B超检查,发现宫内病变63例(92.6%),均经宫腔镜检查并行宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉切除术。结果子宫内膜良性息肉63例(92.6%),子宫内膜息肉内非典型增生5例(7.4%);61例子宫内膜息肉经宫腔镜治疗后随访12～30个月无复发,7例术后行全子宫切除术(5例子宫内膜息肉内非典型增生,2例因其他病变)。结论①绝经后子宫内膜息肉以良性病变为主,但应警惕癌前病变可能,明确诊断需宫腔镜检查联合病理组织学诊断。②宫腔镜下息肉切除术是治疗绝经后子宫内膜息肉的常规方法 ,若发现癌前病变应尽快行全子宫切除术。     

窄带成像宫腔镜在诊断子宫内膜癌及内膜非典型增生中的价值

目的探讨窄带成像(narrow band imaging,NBI)宫腔镜在子宫内膜癌及内膜非典型增生诊断中的应用价值。方法 2009年6月～2011年6月,对189例异常子宫出血可疑子宫内膜病变患者行电子宫腔镜检查,对宫腔内膜依次使用白光和NBI模式进行分类和病灶性质的判断,以病理诊断作为金标准,比较两种观察模式对子宫内膜癌及内膜非典型增生诊断的作用。结果 189例共取子宫内膜病理标本334份,其中病理阳性病灶(包括子宫内膜癌及子宫内膜非典型增生)127份,阴性病灶(正常子宫内膜及内膜良性病变)207份。依照子宫内膜癌及子宫内膜非典型增生的宫腔镜下诊断特征:病灶增厚高出周边内膜、异型血管和(或)组织坏死致病灶表面毛糙不规则,NBI及白光宫腔镜对子宫内膜癌及内膜非典型增生诊断的准确率为93.7%(313/334)及84.7%(283/334)(χ2=14.010,P=0.000),敏感性为95.3%(121/127)及79.5%(101/127)(χ2=14.302,P=0.000),NBI模式均显著高于白光;二者诊断的特异性为92.8%(192/207)及87.9%(182/207)(χ2=2.767,P=0.096),差异无显著性。结论 NBI弥补了普通光宫腔镜对病变形态学识别的不足,可明显提高对子宫内膜癌及内膜非典型增生诊断的敏感性和准确率,NBI指导下的对宫腔内病变的定位活检具有良好的临床应用前景。     

术中获得性压力性损伤预防专家共识

目的 形成《术中获得性压力性损伤预防专家共识》,为预防手术患者术中获得性压力性损伤提供实践指导。 方法 通过文献检索,提取术中压力性损伤预防相关的证据和专家推荐意见,形成初稿,通过2轮专家咨询和4次线上会议进行修改和完善。 结果 术中获得性压力性损伤预防专家共识内容包括术中获得性压力性损伤风险因素与护理评估、评估工具选择、评估时机选择、风险界定与分级、分级预防措施和管理6个方面。 结论 该共识基于证据与指南,通过循证方法构建,操作性、实用性强,可为手术患者术中获得性压力性损伤预防和手术室护理管理提供理论依据和实践指导。     

子宫内膜增生的诊断进展

子宫内膜增生(EH)先后有多种病理组织学诊断标准,目前尚存在争议。宫腔镜检查、阴道超声、超声造影、分子生物学等技术在临床上已广泛应用,可作为EH诊断方法的选择。现就EH在上述领域的诊断进展进行综述。     

成人暴发性心肌炎护理策略专家共识

目的 形成成人暴发性心肌炎护理策略专家共识,旨在规范临床护理实践.方法 在查阅国内外文献并对关键知情人访谈的基础上,根据暴发性心肌炎疾病特点,制订成人暴发性心肌炎护理策略专家共识初稿,设计专家函询表,通过2轮德尔菲专家咨询和专家会议,结合客观证据和专家意见,对共识初稿进行修改完善,最终形成专家共识.结果 成人暴发性心肌...