老年人社区非医疗照料需求调查

目的 了解老年人对社区非医疗照料的需求，更好地开展社区卫生服务。方法 采用分层抽样并进行入户调查的方法，对北京市城区(宣武区)、城乡结合部(海淀温泉)及郊区农村(通州)的2487名60岁及以上老年人进行了调查。结果 老年人对社区服务需求率为城区51．4％、城乡结合部36．7％和郊区农村14．1％。照料内容需求排在前三位的是提供娱乐场所、提供非医疗应急帮助及心理慰藉，城区老年人的需求率高于乡镇地区和农村老年人。老年人对社区服务总体满意度为41．5％。结论 应尽快建立并完善社区非医疗照料服务，尤其应针对目前老年人的需求和经济状况，开展一些老年人需要的且能接受的社区照料服务。     

长春市城乡社区老年人健康状况与护理需求分析

目的调查长春市城乡社区老年人口的健康状况和护理需求,为疾病的预防及社区卫生服务提供决策性依据。方法分层整群随机抽取位于长春市不同地区（城区、城乡结合部、农村）60岁以上的老年人群560人。调查内容包括人口学资料、身体健康状况、经济状况、护理需求四部分。比较三地社区老年人的健康状况、经济状况与护理需求情况的差异。结果老年人慢性病患病率较高为77.14%,慢性病患病率前五位的依次为：心脏病、高血压、关节炎、脑血管病和呼吸系统疾病。其影响因素与老年人居住地理环境和日常的饮食行为习惯有关。结论随着人口老龄化,老年人慢性病患病率有所增加,社区护理服务需求量加大。大力开展社区卫生服务,倡导健康老龄化是社区护理工作者的主要任务。     

浙江省社区人群降压药物应用现状调查分析

目的 分析浙江省社区人群降压药物应用现状，及与高血压控制率的相关性。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法，抽取城市、农村15岁以上居民共12062人进行病史、家族史、生活方式、膳食结构及2周内高血压服药情况调查，并测量血压。结果 1、浙江省社区人群高血压患病率为33．4％、服药率为44．9％、控制率为9．3％，城市明显高于农村。2、1级高血压中服药者血压水平明显低于未服药者，2、3级高血压中服药者收缩压(SBP)水平与未服药者比较有显著性差异，舒张压(DBP)水平无显著性差异。3、高血压治疗以单用1种降压药及国产复方制剂降压药为主。单一用药者多服用二氢吡啶类短效钙拮抗剂，复方制剂中城市人群多服用珍菊降压片和北京降压0号，农村人群多服用复方降压片。4、降压效果以长效、复方制剂类降压药较好。结论 1、浙江省城乡居民中高血压最常服用药物为价廉的国产短效二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂和国产复方制剂降压药。2、血压控制率低的主要原因与服药率低、联合用药及服长效制剂者较少有关。     

北京市社区老年患者疾病谱的变化研究

目的 了解北京市社区老年人慢性病患病率情况,明确社区慢性病谱10年来的变化趋势,为慢性病的早期预防提供思路.方法 调查北京3类地区:城区(宣武区)、郊区农村(大兴区)和山区农村(怀柔区)3 257名55岁以上老年人慢性病患病情况.结果 社区老年人前5位慢性病为:高血压、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障及慢性支气管炎(慢支).女性在高血压、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障、糖尿病、青光眼、肿瘤的患病率均高于男性(均P＜0.001);而男性在慢支、脑卒中、溃疡病、肝病的患病率上高于女性(均P＜0.001).城区与农村在慢性病患病率顺位上基本一致.结论 社区老年人患病率呈增长趋势的有:高血压、脑卒中、冠心病、骨关节病、白内障、糖尿病;10年来各慢性病在城乡均有增长趋势,农村增长更显著.当前老年慢性病的防治重点为心、脑血管疾病.     

广州市城乡结合部老年人高血压患病情况调查

2003年，我们对广州市东面城乡结合部石牌社区老年人高血压现在患病及其相关的情况进行调查，现报告如下。     

九江农村地区老年人高血压患病状况及卫生需求的调查

目的了解九江地区农村老年人高血压患病状况及卫生需求。方法对入选的60岁以上的1145例农民进行姓名、性别、年龄、职业、文化程度、家族史、体重指数(BM I)、吸烟、饮酒、嗜盐等情况调查。结果农民高血压患病率为30.1%,其发生与吸烟、饮酒、超重、缺乏运动、食盐摄入过量有关,居民高血压防治知识获得的途径主要为广播与电视。结论高血压已经成为老年农民主要的健康问题之一;农村老年人卫生需求与供应不成比例,建立健全农村社区卫生服务是一条可行之路。     

北京市部分地区老年人神经系统疾病患病率及生活活动能力…

目的 调查老年人神经系统疾病及有关因素，为制定相应的防治措施提供依据。 方法 采用问卷访问和体格检查相结合的方法，对北京市城区、平原、山区的１７５５名老年人进行调访。 结果 ４０．３％的老年人患有神经系统疾病。脑血管病患病率为２１．４％，高血压为所有脑血管病的重要因素，肥胖（或超重）和冠心病分别为脑梗塞和短暂性脑缺血的相对独立的因素；锥体外系疾病患病率为４．０％ 结论 老年人神经系统疾病患病率逐年     

北京市城乡社区卫生服务中心高血压防治现状的对比研究

目的了解北京市城乡社区卫生服务中心的高血压防治现状,为有针对性地指导其开展高血压防治工作提供参考.方法在北京市城乡分别抽取2个社区,对主要在社区卫生服务中心就诊的高血压患者(下称社区就诊患者)进行抽样问卷调查.共调查780人,用于本研究分析的资料完整者共761人.血压、身高和体重等指标均采用国际标准化方法进行测量.结果 (1)血压控制率目前北京市社区就诊患者的血压控制率(血压<140/90 mm Hg,1 mm Hg＝0.133 kPa)城乡分别为47.4%和24.6%,农村显著低于城市.(2)相关知识知晓率社区就诊患者对高血压诊断标准的知晓率城乡分别为30.4%和8.2%;对发病危险因素的知晓率(除精神紧张外)不超过20%;对冠心病和脑卒中以外的其他高血压主要并发症很少知晓.(3)检出途径出现高血压相关症状或发生了严重并发症后到医院检查时发现的高血压城乡分别为60%和70%.(4)药物治疗情况城乡社区就诊患者95%均接受药物治疗,治疗药物均以钙拮抗剂和复方制剂为主,利尿剂使用比例极低.(5)非药物治疗情况社区就诊患者接受非药物治疗的比例城乡分别为71.6%和26.6%.农村患者自述医生曾为其提供过非药物治疗建议的比例约12%,显著低于城市患者.(6)患者随访情况城乡分别只有2.1%和3.6%,社区就诊患者的随诊是医生要求的.结论北京市城乡社区卫生服务中心在高血压的检出、治疗、随访管理和健康教育的各环节均存在很大不足,亟待加强和改善.     

上海市城乡老年人慢性病现况调查

目的：了解影响上海市城乡老年人健康和生存质量的几种常见慢性的现况。方法：按名单入户调查自报慢性病的患病情况。结果：老年人慢性病总患病率为60．3％,其中男性患病率59．4％,女性61．9％,女性高于男性。城区老年人慢性病总患病率为66．5％,明显高于农村（53．9％）,且城区女性高于男性,农村两性之间差异无显著性。城市老年人慢性病患病率由高到低前6位依次为高血压、白内障、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、冠心病、其他心脏病、糖尿病、其患病分别为33．6％、18．3％、11．9％、9．1％、7．9％、5．9％,农村老年人患病率由高到低依次为高血压慢性阻塞性肺疾病、白内障、耳聋、其他心脏病、骨畸形及骨质疏权症,其患病率依次为20．9％、15．2％、7．0％、5．7％、4．3％、4．2％。结论城乡之间慢性病分布现状和特点差异有显著性,针对不同情况应采取不同的预防措施,以提高老年人的健康水平和生存质量。     

番禺社区人群6年高血压综合防治效果评价

目的 探索经济迅速发展的珠江三角洲地区农村社区人群防治高血压的持续有效的途径和措施。方法 主要采用全人群策略和高危人群策略。措施包括：①高血压社区综合防治三级防治网的建立；②高血压抽样调查、全社区高血压病人检出及高危人群管理；③社区健康教育及基层医务人员培训。结果 全社区高血压健康知识有所提高，社区人群高血压治疗率和控制率分别从81．4％和44．8％提高到83．2％和46％，高血压患病率呈逐步下降的趋势，从1996年的11．4％下降至2000年的7．1％。结论 通过全人群策略和高危人群策略的高血压社区综合防治，在番禺社区切实可行，卓有成效。     

Epidemiological characteristics of hyperhomocysteinemia and H-type hypertension in the elderly in Beijing,China

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis-related diseases, and H-type hypertension (HHT) is becoming a major health-care concern in China. We assessed the prevalence of HHcy and HHT in the elderly in a retrospective study based on data obtained from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. This cross-sectional study comprised 1460 people in the general population (638 males and 822 females) aged ≥60 years dwelling in an urban district, a suburb, and an outer suburb of Beijing in 2012. Statistical sampling techniques included cluster, stratification, and random selection. Basic information and physical examination data were collected by trained staff, and the levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) were measured. Our results showed that the mean concentration of plasma Hcy was 21.3 μmol/L in the elderly population (24.2 μmol/L for males and 19.0 μmol/L for females; 22.5 μmol/L for rural residents and 20.4 μmol/L for urban residents); 74.4% of the subjects were considered to have HHcy (86.2% of males and 63.8% of females; 75.8% of rural and 73.0% of urban residents), and 50.2% were considered to have HHT (55.2% of males and 45.7% of females; 51.8% of rural and 48.8% of urban residents). Our study findings indicated that the prevalence of HHcy and HHT was high among elderly persons in Beijing.     

地区差异与老年人幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性

目的了解北京地区老年人群中幽门螺杆菌（Hp）的感染状况和地区差异。方法采用随机抽样人户问卷调查的方法，调查北京不同地区（城区、郊区、山区）60岁及以上的老人2006例，应用免疫印迹法检测血清Hp-IgG抗体。结果山区老人Hp的感染率为91．1％。城区为82．6％，郊区为77．2％，山区明显高于城区和郊区（P〈0．001）。结论北京城区、郊区和山区老年人群中的Hp感染率存在着显著差异，但地理因素不是决定性因素。     

我国七城市社区老年人高血压患病调查

目的抽样调查我国部分城市社区老年人高血压的流行现状及主要相关因素，以制订合理的防治对策。方法选择７个脑卒中高发城市（北京、上海、哈尔滨、长春、郑州、长沙、银川），按统一标准，测量社区人群中９５９７名老年人的血压，并对一些相关危险因素进行问卷调查。结果７个城市合计确诊高血压患病率为２６．４％，临界高血压患病率１４．１％。其中北京确诊高血压患病率高达３２．２％。女性确诊高血压高于男性，纯收缩期高血压亦明显高于男性（Ｐ值＜０．０１）。分析相关因素显示，体重指数与高血压密切相关。结论高血压是危害老年人健康的主要疾病之一，需进一步加强宣传教育力度     

北京房山社区人群心血管病综合防治研究

目的探索我国农村人群心血管病综合防治经验，初步总结一套有推广价值的综合防治方案。方法采用全人群与高危人群结合的防治策略，研究社区范围包括５个乡，１０万以上人口。干预方式和主要措施：（１）在卫生保健服务和社区组织体系基础上建立健全三级防治网。（２）健康教育和健康促进。（３）基层心血管病防治人员的培训。（４）高血压检出、随访和管理。结果基线调查和复查分别于１９９１～１９９２年度和１９９５年完成，通过３年干预，干预区人群知识、态度和行为得分明显高于对照区，干预区人群态度和行为向有利于心血管病防治方向改变。干预区高血压患者血压测量率和管理率分别明显高于对照区（Ｐ＜０．０１）。与对照区相比，干预区人群收缩压净下降１．２ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５），但体重和体重指数略有升高。干预区脑卒中发病率下降１３．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；脑卒中死亡率下降了１２．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对照区正相反，脑卒中发病率和死亡率均有所上升。结论心血管病综合防治方法与措施可行，初步取得预防和降低脑卒中发病和死亡的效果。     

北京城乡老年人高血压现状调查

目的了解北京城乡老年人高血压的现状。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选取北京地区年龄≥60岁的老年人2277例进行血压测量及相关资料的收集。结果 2277例老年人中,高血压患者1275例,北京地区老年人高血压患病率为56.0%,知晓率为57.7%,治疗率为56.2%,治疗后控制率为36.4%。结论高血压患病率高,但知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低,必须积极采取有效的措施以降低高血压的患病率,提高知晓率、治疗率和控制率。     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Chinese Qiang population

Our aim is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension among the Chinese Qiang population. From September 2012 to March 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural communities of the Qiang population using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 2676 people aged above 20 years were enrolled in the analysis. Standardized mercury sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure twice after a 10-minute seated rest, and the average blood pressure was obtained. The hypertension prevalence among the population aged above 20 years was 13.9%, and age-standardized prevalence was 12.3%. Male and female prevalence of hypertension, as well as the prevalence in urban and rural areas, all increased with age. There were no significant differences between males and females and between urban and rural residents. Among hypertensive patients, 44.2% were aware of their hypertension, 38.0% were undergoing antihypertensive treatment, but only 10.5% achieved blood pressure control. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of hypertension included age, low income, overweight and obesity, family history of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese Qiang adults is significantly lower than the national level. Awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension were low in the Qiang population. Thus, hypertension-related health knowledge should be more aggressively delivered to improve public awareness and the capacity of community health services should be strengthened.     

Gender and rural-urban differences in reported health status by older people in Bangladesh

The study aims to (i) describe regional variation and gender differences in health status of older people (60 years and older) in Bangladesh, indicated by self-reported health problems and functional ability; (ii) explore influence of socio-economic factors on health status of older people. In a cross-sectional study in rural and urban Bangladesh, 696 older persons were asked about their health problems and ability to manage activities of daily living (ADL). More than 95% of older people reported health problems. Approximately 80% of elderly women in both the regions reported having four or more health problems compared with 42% and 63% elderly men in the urban and rural regions, respectively. More women (urban: 55%; rural: 36%) than men (urban: 32%; rural: 22%) also reported difficulties with ADL. Irrespective of age, sex and area of residence, those reporting greater number of health problems were more likely to report difficulty with at least one ADL task. Reporting pattern of specific health problems varied between urban and rural regions. Socio-economic indicators were found to have little influence on reporting of health problems, particularly in the rural region. Observed regional difference may be related to the influence of social and environmental factors, and level of awareness concerning certain health conditions.     

宁波市1162人的血压调查报告

目的　了解宁波市城乡高血压患病情况及影响因素。方法　随机抽取城市、农村各 2个点进行血压、血糖、血脂、体重指数及病史等项目检测。结果　宁波市高血压总患病粗率为 34 77% ,标化患病率为19 98% (按照 1982年全国人口普查统计数据标化 ,下同 )。城市高血压患病率 35 4 4 % ,标化患病率为18 0 5 % ,农村高血压患病率为 34 12 % ,标化患病率为 2 1 4 9% ;6 0岁以上老年人高血压患病率为 6 2 72 % ,标化患病率为 6 0 17% ,单纯收缩期高血压占老年患病人数的 5 1 4 2 % ;高血压知晓率 5 0 0 % ,治疗率 4 3 1% ,控制率 8 9% ;体重指数≥ 2 4 ;高血压患病率明显增高 ;高血压患者中 12 92 %血糖异常 ,5 3 2 3%血脂异常 ,7 4 9%尿酸异常。结论　宁波市城乡高血压患病率呈快速增长趋势 ,与其生活方式的改变、体重超重、饮酒、摄钠过多及家族史等因素有关。高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率不理想 ,尤其是农村 ,必须尽快采取干预措施。     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among adults in Beijing, China

Hypertension is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to determine the up-to-date prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, and their related influencing factors in adults in Beijing, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008. A total of 5760 adults aged 18-79 years were selected from the general population. Data from a standardized questionnaire, physical examination, and blood sample were obtained. The prevalence of hypertension was 35.5% (41.8% in men, 30.9% in women) and increased with age in both sexes. The prevalence was similarly high in urban (35.6%) and in rural (34.9%) areas. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were independently associated with hypertension. Participants with diabetes and/or dyslipidemia had higher prevalence of hypertension than their counterparts. Among hypertensive patients, 42.5% were aware of the diagnosis, 35.9% received treatment, and 11.8% had hypertension control. Awareness and treatment of hypertension were low in men, young people, and rural residents. Control of hypertension was lower in older people and those with lower educational attainment. High waist circumference (central obesity) resulted in low control of hypertension (odds ratio = 0.45). Our findings underscore the urgent need to develop a comprehensive health strategy for the prevention, detection, and control of hypertension to avert the cardiovascular disease epidemic in Beijing.     

老年人临界高血压患病率及其影响因素的主成份分析

采用随机抽样方法对北京城乡960名60岁及以上老年人临界高血压进行了流行病学调查。结果表明,城市老年人临界高血压总标化患病率为22.08％,农村为24.48％,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。进一步应用主成份分析法对患病率的影响因素进行综合分析,提示吸烟和体重与城乡老年人临界高血压呈正相关;性别和劳动强度因素的影响在城乡之间的分布是不同的。