老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的致病菌与预后特点分析

目的分析老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌的分布和预后特点,以指导临床采取有效预防措施。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日期间南京医科大学附属苏州医院肾内科收治的72例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的临床资料;根据年龄分为老年组(≥65岁)和中青年组(<65岁),将老年组患者的基本临床特点、致病菌分布以及预后情况与中青年组相比较。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算患者生存率和技术生存率。 结果43例患者(老年组22例,中青年组21例)发生72例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(老年组38例次,中青年组34例次),共培养出58株致病菌,老年组31株(包括G^＋菌19株,G^－菌11株,真菌1株);中青年组27株(包括G^＋菌19株,G^－菌5株,真菌3株)。老年组的主要致病菌为G^＋菌(61.29%)。老年组的表皮葡萄球菌的发生率显著高于中青年组(29.03%与3.70%,P＝0.028)。老年组G^－菌和真菌的发生率与中青年组相比,差异无统计学意义。老年组腹膜炎的治疗转归(治愈率、拔管率、死亡率)与中青年组差异无统计学意义(P＝0.265,P＝0.066,P＝0.279)。Kaplan-Meier分析显示老年组的总体生存率并不低于中青年组(P＝0.282),而老年组的技术生存率显著高于中青年组(P＝0.007)。 结论老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的致病菌分布与中青年患者有所不同,与他们更容易出现接触污染有关。老年腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的总体预后并不比中青年患者差。     

Acute prognosis of critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis: the impact of the number of surgical revisions, and of the duration of surgical therapy

BackgroundDuration of surgical therapy and the number of surgical revisions performed to control the focus may be important prognostic variables. Association of such time-dependent therapies with survival, however, has not yet been studied.MethodsWe analyzed survival times of adult patients (n = 283) who were suffering from secondary peritonitis and associated organ failure. Cox-type additive hazard regression models were used to analyze associations of surgical variables with survival time.ResultsSeventy-two patients (25.4%) survived the period of excess mortality after intensive care unit admission. A total of 79.5% of the 283 patients required one or more surgical revisions. Besides the underlying disease and disease severity at intensive care unit admission, there was a nonlinear smoothed association between a poorer outcome and the duration of surgical therapy, and the number of surgical revisions. For the latter, hazard ratios increased sharply between 1 and 5 revisions, and remained largely constant later on.ConclusionsIn critically ill patients with peritonitis, a long therapy and the necessity for a high number of reoperations is related inversely to acute survival.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其易感因素分析

目的分析第四军医大学西京医院腹膜透析中心腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的易感因素、致病菌谱、药敏情况及预后。 方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院腹膜透析中心2013年7月至2015年6月持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者中腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(PDAP)患者及未发生腹膜炎的腹膜透析患者的透析龄(<1年组,1～3年组,>3年组)、文化程度(初中以下组、初中及初中以上组)、培训者工龄(<5年组,5～10年组,>10年组)及血清白蛋白水平等临床资料;同时分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者致病菌谱、药敏等临床资料及转归情况。 结果501例CAPD患者中,87例患者发生106例次腹膜炎,平均腹膜炎发生率为1次/66.8病人月。透析龄<1年组,1～3年组,>3年组的腹膜炎发生率分别为18.8%(21/112)、24.0%(56/233)、6.4%(10/156),三组间差异有统计学意义(χ²＝20.42,P<0.001);初中以下文化水平患者腹膜炎发生率(29.1%,59/203)显著高于初中及以上文化水平患者(12.4%,37/298)(χ²＝21.60, P<0.001);培训护士的工龄<5年,5～10年和>10年组,腹膜炎的发生率分别为25.4%(51/201)、15.4%(23/148)、8.6%(13/152),三组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝17.55,P<0.001)。腹膜炎患者的血清白蛋白水平[(26.89±5.16)g/L]显著低于非腹膜炎组[(34.58±6.27)g/L;t＝－8.8,P<0.001]。腹膜炎患者透出液病原菌培养阳性率为58.3%(56/96),革兰阳性菌比例为78.6%(44/56)。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌占45.5%(5/11)。头孢唑林钠、头孢他啶的经验用药有效率为65.9%(70/106)。表皮葡萄球菌感染共21例次,66.7%(14/21)复发,33.3%(7/21)拔管。 结论本中心的腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生率与患者透析龄、文化程度、培训者工龄及血清白蛋白水平密切相关。腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性菌为主,其中表皮葡萄球菌所占比例最高,且复发率和拔管率高。     

124株腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌及耐药性分析

目的探讨腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎（PDAP）致病菌的耐药性。方法回顾性分析2008年7月-2012年7月我院腹膜透析中心PDAP患者的临床资料及药敏结果。结果（1）203例次PDAP培养阳性率为59．1％,共培养出致病菌124株。124株致病菌中革兰阳性球菌68株,占54．8％;革兰阴性杆菌28株,占22．6％;革兰阳性杆菌12株,占9．7％;奈瑟茵属5株,占4．0％;真菌11株,占8．9%。其中耐药菌株54株,包括多药耐药菌50株,泛耐药菌4株,本中心PDAP患者尚未培养出全耐药菌。（2）药敏结果：对革兰阳性球菌敏感性较高的前3种药物为：利奈唑胺100％,莫西沙星95．8％,万古霉素95．2％。对革兰阴性杆菌敏感性较高的前3种药物为：阿米卡星85．7％,亚胺培南82．1％,左氧氟沙星75．0％。（3）转归：PDAP患者总治愈率为77．3％。结论PDAP致病菌耐药性的产生导致临床上可供选择的药物减少,临床医牛府采取多种措施延缓致病菌耐药件。     

Diverticular peritonitis. Clinical, prognosis and therapeutic aspects

The results of diagnosis and management of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis were studied retrospectively over a 10 years period. 23 patients underwent operation, 17 for generalized peritonitis and 6 for local peritonitis. The mean age of patients was 65.7 years. Diverticular disease were known previously in 5 patients (21%) and complicated (diverticulitis) in 2 patients (8.6%). Depending on the symptoms and the spreading of the peritonitis 4 types of the disease can be described: primary generalized peritonitis, secondary generalized peritonitis, progressive generalized peritonitis and local peritonitis. Hartman procedure was performed in 16 patients, and proximal colostomy with drainage in 6 patients, ideal resection in one. The over all mortality was 34.7%, 43% after resection, 16% after conservatrice procedure, depending on the clinical status, duration of symptoms, type of peritonitis, surgical procedure. Improved results will require early diagnosis, adapted surgical procedure, appropriate antibiotics therapy and extension of prophylactic segmentation colectomie after one acute diverticulitis.     

Epidemiology of CAPD-associated peritonitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci: comparison of strains isolated from hands, abdominal Tenckhoff catheter exit site and peritoneal fluid.

We identified twenty patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who suffered repeated episodes of peritonitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. We documented hand and exist-site coagulase-negative staphylococcus-associated peritonitis over a total period of 32 months, and compared hand and exit-site strains with strains isolated from dialysate fluid using three typing methods: biotyping using the API Staph kit plus antibiograms, immunoblotting using sera raised in rabbits to three standard strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 35S-methionine-labelled coagulase-negative staphylococcal profiles separated on sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualised by autoradiography (radioPAGE). In 5 of 84 episodes, strains isolated from skin were indistinguishable by all three typing methods from the dialysate strain. In a further two episodes, hand or exit-site isolates were indistinguishable by all three typing methods from the dialysate strain isolated in the subsequent, but not the same, episode. Thus in the majority of episodes, no inference of hand or exit-site origin of dialysate infection could be drawn.     

Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: incidence, clinical features and prognosis

Fungal peritonitis occurred in 17 patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of infection per 100 patient-dialysis months was 0.36 for patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis and 1.6 for patients on continuous ambulatory dialysis (p less than 0.005). Initial clinical findings included abdominal pain (76%), fever (59%), cloudy dialysate (76%) and poor dialysate outflow (6%). 15 patients received antibiotics within 4 weeks of developing peritonitis. All infections were caused by yeasts, with Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans as the most common species. 14 patients were unable to continue peritoneal dialysis due to persistent or relapsing infection or the development of complications. 2 of the 3 patients who were able to continue peritoneal dialysis were treated with catheter replacement, intraperitoneal miconazole and oral ketoconazole.     

Rare species of actinomyces as causative pathogens in breast abscess

Actinomyces species are commensal flora usually found in the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Primary actinomycosis of the breast is an unusual condition, where the most commonly isolated pathogen has been Actinomyces israelii. In recent years, other Actinomyces strains have been found associated with breast disease. We present the first reported cases of breast infection caused by the rare species, Actinomyces turicensis and Actinomyces radingae. Both infections displayed chronicity and abscess formation. In the first case, the infection was refractory to recurrent aspirations and initial antibiotic therapy. In the second case, aspiration and prolonged antibiotic therapy was required to overcome the chronic infection.     

Thymoma: Clinicopathologic features,therapy, and prognosis

We have treated 40 patients with thymoma. All the 18 with benign thymoma were treated with resection alone and none had a tumor recurrence or died from disease-related causes. Postoperative survival in this group ranged from 2 months to 14 years. Of the 22 patients with malignant thymoma, 2 underwent total resection, 10 partial resection and 10 were non-resectable. Fifteen of the 20 patients with non-resectable and partially excised thymomas were given radiotherapy. The cumulative 5- and 10-year survival rate of irradiation treated patients was 45.6%, and 34.4%, respectively. Of 6 non-irradiated patients, only one who underwent complete excision of tumors survived for more than 10 years, and 5 died within 3 years after treatment. Based on our findings we suggest that all patients with malignant thymoma, irrespective of the extent of surgical treatment, should be given postoperative irradiation.     

Aeromonas hydrophila as a causative organism in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: case report and review of the literature

Most episodes of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis could be attributed to a single organism, but in almost 10% of peritonitis episodes multiple organisms are identified. Polymicrobial peritonitis is often related to intra-abdominal pathology, and the prognosis may be poor. Aeromonas spp. have rarely been identified as the causative pathogen in PD-related peritonitis, and a very small number of cases has been reported in the literature. These rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganisms have been isolated from wastewater drainage systems, food, vegetables, and soil. Herein we report a case of polymicrobial peritonitis in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), due to a combination of Streptococcus viridans and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The patient was involved in gardening and was not compliant with her technique protocol. She did not wear a mask and omitted thorough hand washing. The patient was treated with i.p. vancomycin and ceftazidime and peritonitis was resolved. The patient's technique was reassessed, and she was retrained by our PD nurses.     

The Mannheim peritonitis index. An instrument for the intraoperative prognosis of peritonitis

Based on the experience with 1243 patients suffering from purulent peritonitis 255 patients of two surgical departments were studied prospectively in a cohort study. Lethality was 24%. For intraabdominal infection an index is established that allows for the first time to predict lethal outcome of the disease in the individual patient. For each index-score the expected mortality is given by a modern mathematical calculation. The 'Mannheim Peritonitis Index' includes only clinical risk-factors that are routinely documented pre- and intraoperatively. Methods of evaluation, validation and the comparison with other prognostic indices are presented.     

肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的病原学研究

目的 探讨肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)医院感染和社区感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况.方法 收集肝硬化合并SBP且腹水培养阳性的住院患者84例,将其分为社区感染组61例(72.6%)和医院感染组23例(27.4%),回顾性分析患者的临床资料,鉴定细菌并作药敏试验.采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 ...     

Etiology and therapy of peritonitis in childhood

The causes of peritonitis in childhood, particularly in infancy, were found to differ substantially from those in adult age. An overall account is given in this paper of general and differential diagnosis of extra-abdominal diseases which may be potentially mistaken for peritonitis. Clinical diagnosis is of crucial importance in childhood. Perforated appendicitis was the absolutely major cause of peritonitis in 119 children who received surgical treatment in the course of 18 years. An initial antibiotic combination of gentamicin with ampicillin, and metronidazole together with immune treatment have proved to be an effective therapeutic approach to this form of peritonitis.     

Recurrence of thymoma: clinicopathological features, therapy, and prognosis

Factors influencing the recurrence or persistence of thymoma after therapy were investigated in 127 patients with thymoma, including 75 with thymoma and myasthenia gravis. The rate of recurrence or persistence was 19% (24 of 127 patients) overall, 11% (8 of 75 patients) in myasthenic thymoma, and 31% (16 of 52 patients) in nonmyasthenic thymoma. The more advanced the clinical stage, the higher the rate of recurrence or persistence. The recurrence/persistence rate for patients with the same clinical stage was higher in those with nonmyasthenic thymoma (8% in Stage I, 11% in Stage II, 36% in Stage III, and 75% in Stage IV) than in those with myasthenic thymoma (0 in Stage I, 13% in Stage II, 18% in Stage III, and 20% in Stage IV). The prognosis for patients having subtotal resection of tumor was good in myasthenic thymoma (recurrence/persistence rate, 17%) in contrast with nonmyasthenic thymoma (recurrence/persistence rate, 78%). These results suggest that nonmyasthenic thymoma is more malignant than myasthenic thymoma. Postoperative radiotherapy was effective in preventing the recurrence or persistence of thymoma after therapy.     

Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: pathogenesis, prophylaxis, therapy, and prognosis

Although cyclosporine (CsA) therapy has improved the outcome of allotransplantation, drug-induced nephrotoxicity presents a potentially serious complication in a significant proportion of patients. The nephrotoxic injury, which may present acutely in the peritransplant period, subacutely in the first few months, or chronically, may be caused by toxic effects at various levels of the nephron: arteriole, glomerulus, and/or proximal tubule. The nephrotoxic picture of decreased glomerular filtration rate, impaired urea secretion, hyperkalemia, hypertension, and tubular dysfunction with preserved sodium reabsorption occurs not only in the renal allotransplant setting, wherein it obscures the diagnosis of rejection, but also in recipients of other grafts and patients under treatment for autoimmune disease. Because conversion from CsA to other immunosuppressive agents carries a high risk of rejection and allograft loss (or recrudescence of autoimmune disease), the present management strategy uses cautious CsA does reduction with concomitant institution of full-dose azathioprine (Aza) therapy. Definition of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that predict patients at risk for nephrotoxic complications may lead to new CsA dosing regimens yielding an improved therapeutic index.     

The characteristic of causative organisms and outcomes of peritonitis in younger and elderly peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To provide guide for prevention and cure of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis(PD) by comparing the causative organisms and clinical outcome of PD related peritonitis in younger and elderly patients in our center. Methods All patients who developed PD related peritonitis between January 2006 and December 2013 in Wuhan NO.1 hospital were included. According to their age, episodes were divided into younger patients group (＜65 years) and elderly patients group (≥65 years). The microbiology and clinical outcome of PD related peritonitis were compared, and the related risk factors of the treatment failure were analyzed. Results Three hundred and sixty - six episodes of peritonitis occurred in 258 patients during the study period. The overall rate of peritonitis was 1 episode in 76.8 patient-months. Elderly patients had higher incidence of peritonitis (1 episode every 56.4 months vs 1 episode every 88.7 months, P=0.001), higher incidence of fungus infection (9.6% vs 3.9%, P=0.026) and higher mortality ( 46.2% vs 14.0%, P=0.001) than that in younger patients. Cox regression analysis showed that longer duration of PD treatment and fungal peritonitis were both risk factors of the treatment failure. Conclusion Elderly patients had higher incidence of peritonitis, higher incidence of fungus infection and higher PD - related mortality than younger patients.