螺旋藻中营养成分检测及其生物学活性研究

目的:研究螺旋藻(Spirulina)中各种营养成分含量及其生物学活性。方法:用化学分析方法测定螺旋藻中各种营养成分的含量,并进行统计学分析。结果:螺旋藻中含有丰富蛋白质、核酸、粗纤维、脂肪、碳水化合物、叶绿素、胡萝卜素、藻蓝素、维生素及人体所必需的微量元素、重金属元素等多种矿物质和各种脂肪酸等,蛋白质中含有多种重要酶类,其中最重要的是超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性高,脂肪含量低。结论:螺旋藻具有多种生物学活性物质,其作为均衡蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素、胡萝卜素、藻蓝素、维生素及人体所必需的微量元素、重金属元素等多种矿物质和各种脂肪酸的特色资源,对人体健康具有保健作用,在营养学上有较好的研究价值与保健功效,具有广阔开发应用前景。     

茼蒿营养成分分析及评价

目的:为进一步了解茼蒿营养成分,对该植物的营养成分进行了分析与评价,为提高该植物利用度提供科学依据。方法:采用高效液相色谱测定纤维素、碳水化合物、维生素类及β-胡萝卜素。原子吸收分光度计测定矿物元素,用荧光分光光度计测定硒含量。结果:测得茼蒿植物13种营养成分;矿物元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、P、Se 10种。结论:通过所测定的成分表明,茼蒿植物是一种营养丰富的食用蔬菜,有较好的利用价值。     

食品卫生

041 8 5 5　上海设施蔬菜主要品种污染物含量调查评估/沈根祥…∥上海环境科学 2 0 0 2 ,2 1 (8) 475～477通过对上海郊区单栋大棚、连栋大棚和现代化智能温室生产的叶菜类和茄果类设施蔬菜的主要品种污染物(农药和硝酸盐)含量抽样调查,并以附近大田蔬菜作为对照,分析结果发现,上海郊区设施蔬菜农药和硝酸盐的污染物含量普遍高于大地蔬菜,且超标状况比较严重。究其因,设施蔬菜生产较常规大田蔬菜生产农药与化肥使用水平高,而且在封闭环境条件下污染物降解速度慢,容易残留或积累超标。图0表4参50 41 85 6　吸光光度法测定碘酸钾的研究/王…     

哈尔滨河运国境口岸候船厅、售票厅空气卫生状况调查与分析

本文报道了对哈尔滨内河港国境口岸候船厅，售票厅等公共场所空气卫生状况的调查监测结果。根据测定结果表明，两厅的温度、湿度、风速、噪声，照度、CO、CO2及细菌总菌总数全部符合国家规定的GB9672—88标准．     

食物中粗纤维与膳食纤维含量的比较

作者测定了北京市34种常见食物的粗纤维与中性洗涤剂纤维含量,并对两者进行了比较。结果表明,所有样品中,粗纤维含量均低于中性洗涤剂纤维。粗纤维与中性洗涤剂纤维含量的百分比值介于13.04～65.63之间,蔬菜最高,干豆类、水果次之,谷类最低。某些食物中,粗纤维与中性洗涤剂纤维含量有很好的相关,得到回归方程:(?)=0.4230+1.2425x(蔬菜、水果的鲜样)和(?)=0.0456+4.6161x(谷类),认为可以根据粗纤维的含量预测食物中性洗剂纤维的含量。     

广州地铁五号线车站空气质量状况调查与分析

目的了解广州地铁五号线车站空气质量现状,为地铁卫生管理和疾病预防控制等工作的开展提供科学依据及合理建议。方法对广州地铁五号线全线24个车站的站台、站厅各取5个点进行监测。监测指标包括温度、相对湿度、风速、照度、噪声、一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、甲醛、空气细菌总数。结果 21个车站噪声监测均值超过卫生标准(超标率为87.50%)。3个车站甲醛监测均值超过卫生标准(超标率为12.50%)。站台CO2的监测均值高于站厅,相对湿度、PM10、照度低于站厅(P<0.05)。换乘车站CO2、甲醛、空气细菌总数、照度的监测均值高于非换乘车站,风速低于非换乘车站(P<0.05)。高架车站温度、CO、PM10的监测均值高于站厅,CO2、甲醛低于站厅(P<0.05)。结论噪声、甲醛是地铁需要重视的空气卫生学问题。换乘车站是地铁改善空气的重点场所。适当增加新风供给、加强新风过滤,对提高地铁空气质量有积极意义。     

蔬菜颜色与营养

科学家通过对各类蔬菜营养成分的分析研究,发现蔬菜的营养价值与蔬菜颜色有一定关系。 绿色蔬菜 绿色蔬菜含有大量的叶绿素,而叶绿素是制造“红血”的重要原料。常食绿色蔬菜对人体非常有益,大大减少了患贫血症的可能性。 绿色蔬菜是享有“生命元素”称号的食物,也是钙的最佳来源。有的蔬菜含钙量或所含钙质的吸收与利用率均超过牛奶。如每100克荷兰芹含钙200毫克,每100克萝卜含钙190毫克,均超过每100克牛奶中钙(130毫克)的含量。     

不同产地黄花菜中的营养成分的差别及不同加工过程的影响

黄花菜具有较高的营养价值,在中国传统中是药食两用的蔬菜。本实验对比不同产地黄花菜中的可溶性蛋白、总糖、总黄酮、游离氨基酸、秋水仙碱含量的差别及不同加工过程对营养成分的影响。结果表明*产地的黄花菜营养成分最佳;晒干法及蒸制法过程中可溶性蛋白、总黄酮、秋水仙碱含量减少,总糖、含量变化不大,游离氨基酸含量增多;腌制法过程中总糖含量明显增加,秋水仙碱含量减少,其它营养成分含量变化不大。     

电子计算机终端作业职业危害因素探讨

本文对长期从事VDT作业人员进行了调查，调查内容包括工作场所的微小气候（气温、相对显度、风速、气压）、照明、噪声、空气离子、CO2和细菌总数、还对57名VDT作业者和49名对照者进行了健康检查。结果表明，VDT作业场所噪声强度、空气中阳离子浓度较对照组高，照度低于标准，阴离子浓度比对照组，VDT作业者主诉（头痛、头晕、记忆力减退、眼晴疲劳、关节酸痛、胸闷，力较对照组多。血小板中5－羟色胺含量较对照组明显增高，主要的职业危害因素有离子浓度改变，持续较高的噪声和较低的照度。     

南京机场候机厅空气卫生状况调查

本文报道了对南京机场国际国内候机厅等公共场所空气卫生状况的调查监测结果．根据测定，两厅的照度、噪声、温湿度和细菌总数符合国家卫生标准，但国际厅客满时风速略低于国家标准，CO，CO2含量超过国家标准，国时厅风速则未达到国家标准。作者对此提出了改进措施．     

Factors affecting vegetable growers' exposure to fungal bioaerosols and airborne dust

We have quantified vegetable growers' exposure to fungal bioaerosol components including (1→3)-β-d-glucan (β-glucan), total fungal spores, and culturable fungal units. Furthermore, we have evaluated factors that might affect vegetable growers' exposure to fungal bioaerosols and airborne dust. Investigated environments included greenhouses producing cucumbers and tomatoes, open fields producing cabbage, broccoli, and celery, and packing facilities. Measurements were performed at different times during the growth season and during execution of different work tasks. Bioaerosols were collected with personal and stationary filter samplers. Selected fungal species (Beauveria spp., Trichoderma spp., Penicillium olsonii, and Penicillium brevicompactum) were identified using different polymerase chain reaction-based methods and sequencing. We found that the factors (i) work task, (ii) crop, including growth stage of handled plant material, and (iii) open field versus greenhouse significantly affected the workers' exposure to bioaerosols. Packing of vegetables and working in open fields caused significantly lower exposure to bioaerosols, e.g. mesophilic fungi and dust, than harvesting in greenhouses and clearing of senescent greenhouse plants. Also removing strings in cucumber greenhouses caused a lower exposure to bioaerosols than harvest of cucumbers while removal of old plants caused the highest exposure. In general, the exposure was higher in greenhouses than in open fields. The exposures to β-glucan during harvest and clearing of senescent greenhouse plants were very high (median values ranging between 50 and 1500 ng m(-3)) compared to exposures reported from other occupational environments. In conclusion, vegetable growers' exposure to bioaerosols was related to the environment, in which they worked, the investigated work tasks, and the vegetable crop.     

Exposure to pesticides and heavy work in greenhouses during pregnancy: does it effect birth weight?

Objectives: Work in greenhouses is performed in warm microclimate during the most time of the year, involves usually moderately intense or heavy work. The working conditions in greenhouses might involve also indirect exposure to pesticides resulting from contact with pesticide-treated flowers and vegetables. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the work in greenhouse during pregnancy adversely influenced infant birth weight and, if so, which of the two main potential hazards typical for such environment (heavy physical work or exposure to pesticides) played the major role in this process. Methods: The list of 14 major greenhouses (each above 5 ha) growing vegetables (cucumbers and tomatoes) was obtained from the Polish Chamber of Horticulture. Between January 2001 and December 2003, 460 women at the age below 45 years, married or who lived with a partner and who had been working for a period of at least 2 years in greenhouses in Poland were asked to participate in the project. We classified pregnancies of women working in, and out of, greenhouses on the basis of energy expenditure during mothers work into three groups: A (200–700 kcal/shift); B (701–1000 kcal/shift); and C (1001–1200 kcal/shift). Information about application of pesticides in 1997–2001 was received from persons responsible for chemical protection in each examined greenhouse. Trade names of pesticides, names and amounts of the active ingredients, type of cultivation and its area were abstracted from pesticide application registers run by each greenhouse operator. Pesticides were classified as reproductive and developmental (RD) toxins according to Pan American Pesticide Database classification. Results: The mean birth weight of infants whose mothers worked in greenhouse during pregnancy (work expenditure >1000 kcal/shift) was 177 g lower than that of those whose mothers worked out of greenhouse (light work <700 kcal/shift) (p = 0.05). Mothers who during work in greenhouse were potentially exposed to RD pesticides, delivered infants with birth weight lower by about 70 g. than infants mothers not working at places where pesticides RD were applied, but these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results indicate that infants of mothers performing heavy work inside greenhouse during pregnancy had lower mean birth weight than infants of mothers working out of greenhouse. No similar effects of current exposure to pesticides was observed.     

Risk from Winter Vegetables and Pulses Produced in Arsenic Endemic Areas of Nadia District: Field Study Comparison With Market Basket Survey

Arsenic contaminated groundwater uses for irrigation potentially lead the incidence of arsenic into food chain. In present study we examined total arsenic concentrations in 32 types of vegetables and 7 types of pulses. Range of total arsenic concentration in edible parts of vegetables collected from grown fields was 0.114–0.910 mg/kg. Highest arsenic values were in spinach 0.910 mg/kg. Vegetable samples were grouped into leafy, non-leafy-fruity, root-tubers. 18 common types of vegetables and pulses were collected through market basket survey, total arsenic were approximately 100 mg lower than those observed for the vegetables collected from the fields.     

Effects of fluoride emissions on two tropical grasses: Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum cv. Colonião

In order to detect early effects of plant contamination by fluoride emission on two tropical grasses, Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum, previously cultivated under greenhouse conditions, were exposed to a single source of fluoride emission at a station at 1.1 km from an aluminum smelter in Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. Controls were placed at a reference station 78km from the fluoride source. During an 8-day period of exposure leaf injury, ionic permeability, photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrates and fluoride contents were evaluated. Plants at the Ouro Preto station showed an increase in fluoride content, leaf injury and ionic permeability. Symptoms of injury by fluoride exposure were visible after 3-4 days in both species. High electrolyte leakage and correlation coefficients between the total ionic permeability and the fluoride content in leaves indicate a fluoride effect on the structural and/or functional integrity of the cellular membranes. Leaf fluoride injuries were quite different in the two species. In C. gayana necroses were limited to the leaf tips, while in P. maximum damages were observed in the whole leaf, suggesting a higher susceptibility of this latter species to fluoride. Nonetheless, neither grass showed statistical differences with respect to photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll content in leaves without any apparent fluoride injury. Plants at the Ouro Preto station showed a significant decrease in reducing sugar content between 3 and 5 days of exposure to fluoride, but thereafter reducing sugar content increased reaching the content of control plants. Fluoride exposed plants also showed a remarkable starch content reduction, remaining always much lower than those at the reference station.     

Effect of Cultivar and Harvest Date on Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2) Content of Selected Vegetables Grown Under Open Field and Greenhouse Conditions in Jordan

Two cultivars each of spinach, lettuce, cabbage, squash, and cauliflowers, as well as one cultivar of parsley were grown in open fields. In addition, two cultivars each of squash, cucumber, and tomatoes were grown in polypropylene-covered greenhouses. The effects of cultivar and harvest date on the nitrate and nitrite content of the edible parts of these vegetables were studied. Harvest date was found to have a significant effect (P≤0.05) on the nitrate content of the open-field-grown spinach, cabbage, and squash, and the nitrite content of the open-field-grown spinach, lettuce, and cabbage. Late-harvested vegetables had the lowest nitrate levels, while the pattern of their nitrite content was irregular with respect to the dates that gave highest nitrite levels in each vegetable. Harvest date had no significant effect on either nitrate or nitrite content of the greenhouse-grown vegetables.Cultivar had a significant effect (P≤0.05) only on the nitrate content of the greenhouse-grown tomatoes and squash, while it had no effect on either the nitrate or the nitrite content of all other vegetables irrespective of their cultivation method, although their levels in the greenhouse-grown vegetables were higher than those grown in open fields. Nitrate levels in these vegetables were generally low (lowest average of 0.13 mg 100 g⁻¹in open-field-grown cauliflower, and highest of 4.77 mg 100 g⁻¹in greenhouse-grown squash). Nitrite levels, on the other hand, were similar to those reported elsewhere in the world, ranging from non-detectable levels in open-field-grown cauliflower, to a maximum level of 0.43 mg 100 g⁻¹in greenhouse-grown squash.A highly significant, although low, positive correlation (r=0.55, P≤0.01, n=108) was found between nitrate and nitrite contents of the greenhouse-grown vegetables, compared to a non-significant, and much lower correlation between the two variables in the open-field-grown vegetables.     

Nutrients and Antinutrients in Peanut Greens

The use of young peanut leaves as a green vegetable will increase utilization of the plant and reduce production wastes that will have to be recycled in an enclosed environment such as the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) of a space station. In CELSS, plant wastes have to be transformed into an edible or reusable form or into a compact and possibly lighter form for eventual return to earth. Young leaves from an improved Spanish variety and Georgia Red grown in greenhouse beds and from Georgia Red grown using a nutrient film technique were analyzed to determine the nutritional quality of the peanut greens, including protein, fat, ash, total dietary fiber, mineral (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn), vitamin (ascorbic acid, carotene, and thiamine), oxalic and tannic acid, and trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor content. Although differences in the nutrient and antinutrient concentrations due to variety and production method were observed, the levels were similar to those of other leafy vegetables. Oxalic and tannic acid concentrations were reduced by blanching. Compared to those of collard greens, the sensory evaluation ratings of peanut greens for appearance, tenderness, and acceptability were lower, but they were similar for flavor.     

德阳活动板房住宅室内空气卫生状况监测分析

目的探讨德阳活动板房住宅室内空气卫生状况,为灾后卫生防病提供科学依据。方法各县（市、区）随机选取大、中、小板房区,按梅花状或对角线方法,抽取住宅活动板房住户80户,未倒塌居住户31户,室外对照点8个,监测室内空气温度、湿度、风速、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数指标,随机对其中的12户板房居住户增测室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯指标。结果12户活动板房室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯结果均低于仪器检出下限,各监测点其他监测指标均值,活动板房住宅室内甲醛（0.03mg/m^3）略高于未倒塌房（0.01mg/m^3）,室内温度高于室外对照,室内风速低于室外对照;未倒塌房的风速低于室外对照,而二氧化碳高于室外对照,差异均有统计学意义。住宅活动板房、未倒塌房监测合格率分别为38.75%、45.16%,不合格指标主要是可吸入颗粒物,其次是空气细菌总数。结论降低室内空气中可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数,加强室内空气卫生监测工作,是灾后活动板房卫生防病的重要工作。     

Estimation of per capita crude and dietary fiber supply in 38 countries

Per capita availability of crude and dietary fiber was estimated from 1972-74 FAO Food Disappearance Tables and factors derived from data on the fiber composition of foods. Total dietary and crude fiber, as well as dietary fiber from total cereals, wheat, rice, maize, other cereals, roots and tubers, pulses, vegetables, and fruits, was calculated for 38 countries. Total dietary fiber correlated highly with total crude fiber (r = 0.92). Cereals were the major source of fiber for most countries. With a few exceptions the estimated total dietary fiber and dietary fiber from cereals appear to be in reasonable agreement with other values obtained by a variety of methods for a number of developed countries. The reasons for some of the discrepancies found and the need for additional, more precise information on dietary fiber intake are discussed.     

Determination of Vitamin C, b-carotene and Riboflavin Contents in Five Green Vegetables Organically and Conventionally Grown

As consumer interest in organically grown vegetables is increasing in Malaysia, there is a need to answer whether the vegetables are more nutritious than those conventionally grown. This study investigates commercially available vegetables grown organically and conventionally, purchased from retailers to analyse β-carotene, vitamin C and riboflavin contents. Five types of green vegetables were selected, namely Chinese mustard (sawi) (Brassica juncea), Chinese kale (kai-lan) (Brassica alboglabra), lettuce (daun salad) (Lactuca sativa), spinach (bayam putih) (Amaranthus viridis) and swamp cabbage (kangkung) (Ipomoea aquatica). For vitamin analysis, a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify β -carotene, vitamin C and riboflavin. The findings showed that not all of the organically grown vegetables were higher in vitamins than that conventionally grown. This study found that only swamp cabbage grown organically was highest in β -carotene, vitamin C and riboflavin contents among the entire samples studied. The various nutrients in organically grown vegetables need to be analysed for the generation of a database on nutritional value which is important for future research.