Doppler in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler are being used routinely in the study of vascular structures of the abdomen, and more particularly the liver. Reports published in the literature to date have shown that all patients with hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis should be studied in the first stage of their illness and in follow-up by using Doppler techniques. With new ultrasound software and the latest generation of contrast agents, we can obtain a better and more complete vascular study of the liver, which previously could be achieved only with triple-phase CT. Therefore, hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, as well as their vascular complications, can be followed up more closely. The vascular complications include flow alterations in the hepatic artery and veins, portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, portosystemic shunts, and vascularization associated with liver tumors.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝炎后肝硬化脾肿大脾内血流的研究

目的　应用彩色多普勒检测脾内动、静脉血流参数 ,为肝硬化门静脉高压症的诊断与治疗提供依据。方法　肝硬化患者和正常对照组各 81例 ,检测脾动、静脉及其脾内分支。结果　正常对照组脾动脉及其脾内分支越接近末梢血流阻力指数越低 ,而肝硬化各组结果与其相反。肝硬化各组脾充血指数与正常对照组相比较有极显著性差异。结论　应用彩色多普勒检测脾动、静脉及其脾内分支血流参数对肝硬化门静脉高压症的诊断与治疗有重要的临床意义     

彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析和总结26例肝移植术后并发症的彩色多普勒超声检查资料,检测指标包括肝动脉及左右分支的峰值速度（HAPV）、阻力指数（RI）、加速度及加速时间,门静脉平均流速,肝实质及胆管回声。结果6例经手术或造影证实为血管并发症（肝动脉血栓形成1例,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉痉挛1例,门静脉狭窄2例）,彩色多普勒超声表现有肝动脉狭窄处的高速高阻血流并伴有湍流,而狭窄远端峰值速度〈40cm／s,RI〈0．5,加速时间〉0．08s,加速度〈300cm／s^2,1例肝动脉血栓形成肝门部无动脉血流信号;6例急性排斥反应,3例胆管结石并扩张。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

肝内“假平行管征”的超声研究

目的：研究肝内“假平行管征”的超声表现及其临床意义。方法：检查正常成人214例,观察肝右后下静脉（IRHV）的超声表现,统计其显示率,并对10例肝动脉分支扩张的患者进行彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒超声检查。结果：IRHV的显示率为24％,在第一肝门水平注入下腔静脉,和门静脉右后叶支相伴而行,形成“平等管征”。肝内扩张的肝动脉分支在二维超声上与伴行门静脉分支亦构成“平行管征”,但彩色多普勒显示双管内均有血流信号,频谱多普勒分别探测动脉血流频谱和静脉血流频谱。结论：认识IRHV和肝内扩张的肝动脉分支有助于鉴别真假“平行管征”,有助于阻塞性黄疸的鉴别诊断。     

二维及彩色多普勒超声对肝癌合并门静脉瘤栓的诊断

本文应用二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）探查了28例肝癌合并门脉瘤栓的患者。结果示：门脉瘤栓以主干、主干＋右支及主干＋左支＋右支最多见，分别为35．7％、25％及25％。多好发于弥漫型肝癌占53．6％。门脉内径明显增宽。CDFI探查有以下特点：门脉血流中断（42．9％）；腔内可见线状纤细的间断或斑点状血流信号（14％）；血流束变细或充盈缺损（28．6％）；瘤栓内探及动脉血流频谱（21．4％）；侧支循环血流（21．4％）；由肝门向肝内放射状扩张的动脉血流（89％）。二维超声及CDFI不但可以提高对门脉瘤栓的检出率，且对门脉阻塞程度的判断极有帮助。     

Splenic vascular malformations and portal hypertension in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: sonographic findings

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, or Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, is an autosomal dominant disorder in which a variety of vascular dysplasias occur throughout the organ systems. We report the gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Gray-scale sonographic examination revealed massive splenomegaly, multiple dilated intrasplenic vascular structures (some with adjacent punctate calcifications), an aneurysmal dilatation of the splenic vein, dilated intrahepatic portal branches, and marked atrophy of the right hepatic lobe. Color Doppler sonography showed dilatation of the truncus coeliacus and high-velocity flow in the splenic artery. There were significant aliasing in the splenic hilum and an abnormal, arterialized flow in intrasplenic branches of the splenic vein. The splenic vein was massively enlarged with increased flow velocity and contained an isolated aneurysmal dilatation in the hilum. There were multiple serpiginous retroperitoneal collateral vessels, and the left gastric vein was dilated with hepatofugal flow. The patient had portal hypertension that developed secondary to the increased portal flow.     

Sinistral portal hypertension associated with pancreatic pseudocysts - ultrasonography findings: A case report

BACKGROUNDSinistral portal hypertension associated with pancreatic pseudocysts is rare, often caused by extrinsic compression of splenic vein, the follow-up examinations by ultrasonography for early diagnosis are quietly necessary since haematemesis, a life-threatening condition. Few studies have reported the ultrasonography findings of sinistral portal hypertension.CASE SUMMARYA 52-year-old man presented with acute abdominal pain after drinking, steatorrhea, weight loss and accidentally melena in the past 2 mo. He underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in other hospital and diagnosed with pancreatic pseudocysts. Ultrasonography imaging, in our department, appeared as cystic heterogeneous hypoechoic area with the size of 4.7 cm × 3.8 cm that located posterior to the body and tail of pancreas, adjacent to splenic vein associated with thrombosis resulted from compression. Spleen incrassated to approximately 7.3 cm, but no dilation of main portal vein was presented. Color Doppler Flow Imaging demonstrated the formation of splenic venous collateral, nevertheless no significantly flow signals was observed in splenic vein. Pulsed Doppler revealed that the peak velocity of splenic venous collateral was 18.4 cm/s with continuous waveform. Laparotomy confirmed sinistral portal hypertension associated with pancreatic pseudocysts, subsequently distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy and partial gastrectomy was performed.CONCLUSIONIt’s important clinically to know the ultrasound appearance of sinistral portal hypertension associated with pancreatic pseudocysts for sonographer and physician.     

彩超诊断门脉癌栓

目的　观察肝癌门脉癌栓的超声影像特征。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声对 44例肝癌合并门脉癌栓的患者进行二维及彩色多普勒图像观察。结果　门脉癌栓好发于门脉主干、主干及右支 ,主干及左右支 ;弥漫型、巨块型肝癌多见 ,其中 11例门脉癌栓呈海绵样变。肝动脉扩张明显。结论　二维超声及彩色多普勒超声不但有利于门脉癌栓的检出 ,还有利于弥漫型肝癌的诊断     

超声检查附脐静脉开放腹壁静脉曲张在门静脉高压临床分型的意义

目的应用彩色多普勒超声对门静脉高压附脐静脉开放和腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环进行研究,确定门脉高压分型。方法超声检查86例肝硬化门静脉高压、13例布加综合征及6例门静脉主干、脾静脉血栓3组门静脉高压患者的腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环吻合情况及血流方向。结果肝硬化门静脉高压组腹壁静脉曲张在脐以上血流流向头端,而脐以下血流流向腹端。布加综合征合并下腔静脉阻塞组,血流均流向上胸端。门静脉主干、脾静脉血栓未见脐静脉开放及腹壁静脉曲张。结论应用彩色多普勒超声判断附脐静脉开放和腹壁静脉曲张门腔之间侧支循环的情况,可明确血管阻塞部位、程度、范围,为肝前、肝内及肝后门静脉高压分型的诊断提供有效依据,对临床制定合理治疗方案具有指导意义。     

Doppler evaluation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are becoming an increasingly popular technique for the treatment of portal hypertension and its complications. However, to maintain patency, revisions are periodically required to treat stenosis and thrombosis. At many centers, Doppler sonography is used for routine follow-up. A variety of hemodynamic parameters, including main portal vein velocity, maximum stent velocity, minimum stent velocity, velocity gradient in the stent, temporal changes in stent velocity, flow direction in the intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins, and pulsatility of flow in the stent can be used. Many studies have confirmed that Doppler sonography is a valuable, noninvasive means of detecting stent malfunction, although the criteria vary somewhat at different institutions.     

Thrombosis of the portal venous system

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare cause of portal hypertension. Its diagnosis has been facilitated by improvements in imaging techniques, in particular Doppler sonography. The prevalence is about 1% in the general population, but much higher rates are observed in patients with hepatic cirrhosis (7%, range 0.6–17%), particularly those who also have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (35%). The most common causes of PVT are myeloproliferative disorders, deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins, prothrombotic gene mutations, cirrhosis with portal hypertension, and HCC. Its development often requires the presence of two or more risk factors (local and/or systemic), e.g., a genetically determined thrombophilic state plus an infectious episode or abdominal surgery. It is clinically useful to distinguish between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic forms. Portal vein thrombosis is also traditionally classified as acute or chronic, but this distinction is often difficult. Color Doppler ultrasound is the first-line imaging study for diagnosis of PVT; magnetic resonance angiography and CT angiography are valid alternatives. The main complications are ischemic intestinal necrosis (in acute PVT) and esophageal varices (in chronic cases); the natural history of the latter differs depending on whether or not the thrombosis is associated with cirrhosis. The treatment of choice for PVT has never been adequately investigated. It is currently based on the use of anticoagulants associated, in some cases, with thrombolytics, but experience with the latter agents is too limited to draw any definite conclusions. In chronic thrombosis (even forms associated with cirrhosis), anticoagulant therapy is recommended and possibly, beta-blockers as well. Naturally, treatment of the underlying pathology is essential.     

Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of complications in patients with portal hypertension

This review focuses on ultrasonography (US) to diagnose patients with complications in portal hypertension. Clinicians first use US to evaluate patients with suspected portal hypertension, because US is quick, simple, and radiation free. US is necessary for grading and performing paracentesis for ascites. Doppler US-based detection of reverse splanchnic vein flow or the presence of a spontaneous portosystemic shunt is highly specific in patients with cirrhosis. Since it is important to estimate spleen size in patients with portal hypertension, spleen size is usually measured by US. Spleen volume can be more accurately measured with 3D-US. Estimation of viable residual splenic volume after partial splenic embolization should be limited to cases with total splenic volume less than 1000 ml. Portal vein thrombosis is often detected during the US examination performed when symptoms first appear or during the follow-up. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is an excellent noninvasive screening test in patients with pulmonary portal hypertension who can undergo it. By measuring the maximum and minimum diastolic blood flow velocities in the renal arteries using renal color Doppler US, the pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI) can be calculated. The PI and RI in cirrhotic patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects and patients with chronic hepatitis, and showed a significant positive correlation with the Child–Pugh Score. In conclusion, US is an essential tool for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with portal hypertension.

     

脉冲多普勒超声对29例肝癌合并门脉瘤栓患者肝动脉血流测定

本文应用超声多普勒对36例原发性肝癌，29例原发性肝癌合并门脉瘤栓及20例正常人的肝总动脉内径及最大血流速度进行测定，结果示：肝总动脉内径：正常人0．387±0．07cm，原发性肝癌0．525±0．02cm，合并门脉瘤栓0．706±0．06cm。最大血流速度；正常人91．05±24．89cm/s，原发性肝癌159．25±42cm／s，合并门脉瘤栓者203．66±61．26cm／s。统计学处理，差别显著（P＜0．01）。提示原发性肝癌合并门脉瘤栓时，由于门静脉血流受阻，肝动脉血流量明显代偿性增强。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法146例肝移植患者,术后应用彩色多普勒超声常规检查移植肝、胆道、血管及胸腹腔情况,测量血流参数（收缩期峰值流速、阻力指数等）,胆管直径,并与其他影像学检查相对比。结果超声检查提示肝移植术后胆道并发症23例,包括胆漏1例,胆管狭窄22例,其中合并胆管结石17例,合并肝内胆淤积或肝脓肿10例;血管并发症7例,包括肝动脉血栓5例,肝动脉血栓合并门静脉血栓1例,下腔静脉血栓1例。另外,探及肝周血肿18例,以及肝癌移植术后复发7例。结论彩色多普勒超声为肝移植术后并发症的诊断提供了重要的依据,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Repeated pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis leads to intractable gastric variceal bleeding: A case report and review

Gastric varices(GV) are one of the most common complications for patients with portal hypertension. Currently, histoacryl injection is recommended as the initial treatment for bleeding of GV, and this injection has been confirmed to be highly effective for most patients in many studies. However, this treatment might be ineffective for some types of GV, such as splenic vein thrombosis-related localized portal hypertension(also called left-sided, sinistral, or regional portal hypertension). Herein, we report a case of repeated pancreatitis-induced complete splenic vein thrombosis that led to intractable gastric variceal bleeding, which was treated by splenectomy. We present detailed radiological and pathological data and blood rheology analysis(the splenic artery- after a short gastric vein or stomach vein- gastric coronary vein- portal vein). The pathophysiology can be explained by the abnormal direction of blood flow in this patient. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case for which detailed patho-logy and blood rheology data are available.     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植血管并发症中的应用价值

目的 确定彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在肝移植血管并发症中应用价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对26例肝移植病例(7例小儿部分肝移植及19例成人肝移植)进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，重点观察受体术后至少180d内肝血流动力学各项参数及肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果 26例肝移植病例，术后CDFI及时发现肝动脉狭窄(HAS)1例及肝动脉血栓(HAT)1例，经过血管造影证实。发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄2例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，血流灌注恢复正常。结论 应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，对于术后早期发现肝脏血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症具有较高的敏感性和特异性，提高了手术的成功率和患者的生存率。     

Doppler sonographic findings in children with idiopathic portal vein cavernous deformity and variceal hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the flow patterns in the portal vascular territory in children with portal vein cavernous deformity. METHODS: The study included 12 children (age 4-10 years) with hematemesis, melena, or both in whom B-mode gray scale sonography revealed small anechoic spaces replacing the site of the portal vein. The portal vein cavernous deformity was present either alone (in 8 patients) or with congenital hepatic fibrosis (in 4). Doppler sonography (color and spectral) was performed to assess the flow in the portal vascular territory, splenic vein, intrasplenic veins, and abdominal collaterals. RESULTS: Doppler sonography confirmed the venous flow waveform in the cavernous portal vein in all children with normal flow direction in the few intrahepatic portal vein branches and also in the intrahepatic veins. Splenomegaly was present in all. The intrasplenic veins were dilated in all but had normal flow direction except in 2 with spontaneous trans-splenic shunts. Gallbladder varices were shown in 4 patients, and perisplenic collaterals were shown in 3. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is a valuable noninvasive imaging technique for assessment of the portal hemodynamic profile in patients with portal vein cavernous deformity, which can affect subsequent treatment decision making. Trans-splenic shunts are uncommon, but this Doppler sonographic report documents such shunts in children with portal hypertension.     

应用多普勒超声观测胎儿肝内门脉系统的血流改变

目的　应用多普勒超声测出胎儿时期肝内门脉系统的血流参数。方法　应用EUB 5 65A型彩色多普勒诊断仪检测 5 0例胎儿门脉主干、门脉右支、门脉左支囊部及静脉导管和 5 0例胎儿脐静脉的平均血流速度及流量。结果　各血管血流速度的顺序是静脉导管 >脐静脉 >门脉主干及其左、右支 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血流量的顺序是脐静脉 >门脉左支 >门脉主干>静脉导管 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　多普勒超声是评价胎儿门静脉系统血流的最佳方法     

肝移植术后肝实质缺血性损伤的多层CT诊断及病因学分析

目的探讨移植术后肝实质缺血性损伤的多层CT表现及CT诊断价值。方法多层CT检查发现43例肝动脉或门静脉狭窄或血栓,其中23例接受血管造影（DSA）检查,17例经病理组织学或随访复查诊断肝实质缺血或梗死。分析肝实质缺血或梗死的CT表现;并以DSA为对照分析CTA的病因学诊断价值。结果所有肝实质缺血或梗死区位于肝包膜下,平扫呈片状或楔形低密度灶,增强后缺血区强化减低,梗死区不强化,相应部位肝动脉或门静脉分支稀少、纤细或不强化。所有肝实质缺血或梗死患者CTA均发现不同程度血管病变,其中肝动脉病变占70.59%,门静脉病变5.88%,肝动脉合并门静脉病变23.53%,缺血性损伤分布与血管病变部位有关。以DSA为对照,CTA诊断肝动脉主干及门静脉狭窄和血栓的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均为100%;诊断肝动脉分支病变上述值分别为100%、80.00%、72.73%、100%。结论多层CT动态增强结合CTA不仅能正确诊断移植肝缺血性损伤,还能准确评价导致移植肝缺血的血管病变,肝动脉病变为移植肝缺血性损伤的主要原因。     

Color Doppler sonographic evaluation of spontaneous portosystemic shunts and inversion of portal venous flow in patients with cirrhosis

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of color Doppler sonography in the detection of spontaneous portosystemic shunts and abnormal blood flow direction in the portal vein in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Patients were 67 men and 42 women (mean age, 53 +/- 14 years) with cirrhosis confirmed by liver biopsy. All patients underwent abdominal gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic evaluations to detect the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts and to analyze portal vein blood flow direction. RESULTS: Spontaneous portosystemic shunts were found in 41 patients (38%), most often as splenorenal shunts (21%) and patent umbilical veins (14%). Less frequent were gastric collaterals, gallbladder varices, collaterals to thrombotic portal veins, mesoiliac shunts, and portorenal shunts to the right kidney. The presence of shunts was associated with that of esophageal varices (p < 0.01), ascites (p < 0.01), and inversion of portal flow (p < 0. 001) but not with splenomegaly. The direction of portal venous flow was normal (hepatopetal) in 80 patients (73%), hepatofugal in 10 (9%), and bidirectional in 7 (6%); 12 patients (11%) had partial portal vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Portosystemic shunts and the direction of portal venous flow are important features in the sonographic diagnosis of portal hypertension.