门脉海绵样变的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的：研究彩色多普勒在门脉海绵样变诊断中的应用,提高诊断的正确性。方法：对35例门静脉海绵燕变进行了彩色多普勒检查,先用两维图像显示肝门部结构、门脉主干及分支,以及周围侧枝血管回声,再用彩色多普勒显示血流方向、颜色。结果：根据形态学及超声表现可将门脉海绵样变分为三型：I型为肝外型;Ⅱ型为肝内型;Ⅲ型为肝内肝外型。门脉海绵样变的二维超声主要表现为：肝内外门静脉分支及主干狭窄或部分狭窄、闭塞,在其周围形成蜂窝状无回声区,门脉管壁回声增强,增厚,彩色多普勒超声显示血流呈红蓝相间,频谱多普勒显示门静脉血流呈毛刺状,为低速、平坦的血流流速曲线。结论：彩色多普勒血流显像对门脉海绵样变的诊断具有很高的准确性,是诊断门脉海绵样变的重要手段。     

Portal vein hemodynamics in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Paralleling the rise in the incidence of obesity and diabetes worldwide, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is being increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. Doppler sonography is used as a diagnostic method in the non-invasive assessment of the hemodynamics of hepatic vascular flow in liver diseases. We investigated the effects of fatty infiltration in the liver on the Doppler flow hemodynamics of the portal vein. Doppler sonography of the liver and portal vein was performed in 60 subjects with NAFLD and 20 healthy volunteers (control). The patients were grouped into mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), and severe (grade 3) according to sonographic appearance of hepatosteatosis (n = 20 for each group). The vein pulsatility index (VPI), mean flow velocity (MFV), peak maximum velocity (V(max)), and peak minimum velocity (V(min)) of the portal vein were significantly lower in patients with NAFLD than those of the controls (p < 0.001). The VPI was 0.20 in the patients and 0.31 in the control. The MFV was 12.3 cm/sec in the patients and 16.5 cm/sec in the control group. The portal vein flow was found to be decreased as the grade of fatty infiltration increased for VPI (r = -0.946, p < 0.001), MFV (r = -0.951, p < 0.001). The alteration in Doppler waveform pattern of portal vein with fatty liver population suggests reduced vascular compliance in the liver.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断累及肝脏的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症

目的探讨遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症患者累及肝脏时的彩色多普勒超声表现.方法用二维及彩色多普勒超声观察6例经临床明确诊断的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症患者的肝脏及肝内外血管的走行及分布.结果 6例患者均表现为肝固有动脉纡曲扩张伴血流速度增快,5例同时伴有肝内动脉纡曲扩张;2例发现肝内动脉-静脉瘘,3例发现肝内动脉-门脉瘘;2例合并有肝硬化,其中1例同时合并有血管瘤.结论肝内外动脉纡曲扩张伴血流速度增快为累及肝脏的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症的主要超声特点,彩色多普勒超声在此病的筛查、诊断及追踪观察等方面具有重要作用.     

二维和彩色多普勒超声诊断门静脉海绵样变性的价值与体会

目的探讨门静脉海绵样变性的二维彩色多普勒超声的声像图特征及诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析52例门静脉海绵样变性患者使用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪观察门静脉的血流情况，受累静脉的形态、血流性质和方向。 结果门静脉海绵样变性的二维超声具有特征性声像，结合彩色多普勒超声可以更加明确诊断。 结论二维和彩色多普勒超声是诊断门静脉海绵样变性的首选的无创检查手段，具有十分重要的临床应用价值。     

肝硬化门静脉高压时脾、胃-肾静脉分流的超声诊断

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流的彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）表现及其在诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流的21例CDFI图像特征。结果（1）自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流声像图特点是脾、胃区与左肾之间异常走行的迂曲管道,频谱多普勒示其内血流为类似门静脉样频谱,动态观察可见其与左肾静脉相通;（2）在分流支较为粗大时可有间接的声像图表现：肝侧脾静脉内为离肝血流信号;左肾静脉内径增宽、血流速度增快及频谱形态改变。结论门静脉高压时自发性脾、胃-肾静脉分流具有典型的CDFI图像,可作为超声诊断的重要依据。     

Vascular and biliary abnormalities mimicking cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: role of color Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the sonographic and color Doppler features of tumorlike biliary and venous changes in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). METHODS: The sonographic studies of 24 patients with CTPV were reviewed. Sonographic evaluation of the biliary system included measurement of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary duct caliber changes and common bile duct (CBD) wall thickening and character. Color Doppler features of the portoportal collateral circulation at various locations (intrahepatic, periportal, gallbladder, pancreatic, and gastric regions) were carefully evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary abnormalities were detected in 13 (54%) of 24 patients with CTPV. All 13 patients (100%) had intrahepatic biliary dilatation; 11 patients (85%) had CBD abnormalities: diffuse CBD wall thickening causing diffuse narrowing of the true lumen in 7 (54%) and CBD dilatation proximal to the focal area of narrowing due to pericholedochal compressing venous collaterals in 4 (30%). A tumorlike solid mass appeared on the gray scale images of 2 patients (8%): 1 at the porta hepatis and the other at the pancreatic head level. Color Doppler imaging evaluation showed venous-type flow, suggesting a bulk of varicosities. CONCLUSIONS: Portoportal collaterals in patients with CTPV may alter the biliary and venous systems, causing biliary wall thickening, stenosis, intrahepatic and extrahepatic dilatation, and pseudotumors. Detailed sonographic and color Doppler imaging assessment can show and facilitate the correct diagnosis of those changes, thus avoiding the need for a more invasive modality such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or a more expensive investigation such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.     

二维和彩色多普勒超声对门静脉海绵样变性的诊断

目的探讨二维和彩色多普勒超声对门静脉海绵样变性（CTPV）的价值及临床意义。方法回顾性分析18例经手术或血管造影证实的CTPV的超声表现及特征。结果二维超声可见门静脉闭塞，腔内栓子，闭塞门静脉周围侧支呈条状或蜂窝状无回声区。彩色多普勒超声显示闭塞门静脉内无或仅边缘部见少量血流信号，蜂窝状无回声区见少量暗淡血流信号。结论门静脉海绵样变性（cTPV）的二维及彩色多普勒超声具有特征性声像图表现，对CTPV的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值，对临床制定治疗方案具有实用意义。     

Visualization of blood flow in hepatic vessels and hepatocellular carcinoma using B-flow sonography

PURPOSE: A B-flow sonographic technique was recently developed to provide direct visualization of blood flow with gray-scale sonography. Compared with color Doppler sonography, B-flow imaging has wideband resolution and a high frame rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of B-flow sonography for visualizing blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vascularity in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with liver cirrhosis, including 15 with HCC, were studied by B-flow and color Doppler sonography. Blood-flow detection rates in portal veins and hepatic arteries and tumor vascularity in HCC were analyzed, and the 2 methods were compared. RESULTS: Using B-flow, blood flow was visualized in the portal vein in 23 (92%) of 25 patients and was visualized in the hepatic artery separately from the portal vein in 9 (36%) of 25 patients. The blood-flow signals were visualized only within vessels, never "bleeding" outside the vessel's lumen. Blood flow in the portal vein was observed with color Doppler sonography in all 25 patients, but the hepatic artery was never clearly separated from the portal vein. Vascularity within the HCC tumor was detected in 9 (60%) of 15 nodules with B-flow imaging, and fine arteries flowing into the tumor were observed in 6 nodules. Color Doppler sonography detected blood flow in 13 (87%) of the 15 HCC nodules. CONCLUSIONS: Blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vessels of HCC were visualized with B-flow sonography. B-flow sonography is a potentially useful technique for the evaluation of liver vascularity and intratumoral vessels.     

Portal vein aneurysm: report of six cases and review of the literature

Portal vein aneurysm is very rare, and its relation to portal hypertension has been emphasized. We report six cases of portal vein aneurysm (five extrahepatic and one intrahepatic). All patients were asymptomatic and had no signs suggestive of portal hypertension; the lesion was incidentally detected by ultrasound. Color Doppler sonography showed a constant hepatopetal flow along the aneurysmal wall, which immediately led to the diagnosis. We stress the usefulness of color Doppler sonography for studying the hemodynamics of this vascular anomaly and briefly review the literature. Received: 29 December 1995/Accepted: 14 February 1996     

Doppler sonographic findings in children with idiopathic portal vein cavernous deformity and variceal hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the flow patterns in the portal vascular territory in children with portal vein cavernous deformity. METHODS: The study included 12 children (age 4-10 years) with hematemesis, melena, or both in whom B-mode gray scale sonography revealed small anechoic spaces replacing the site of the portal vein. The portal vein cavernous deformity was present either alone (in 8 patients) or with congenital hepatic fibrosis (in 4). Doppler sonography (color and spectral) was performed to assess the flow in the portal vascular territory, splenic vein, intrasplenic veins, and abdominal collaterals. RESULTS: Doppler sonography confirmed the venous flow waveform in the cavernous portal vein in all children with normal flow direction in the few intrahepatic portal vein branches and also in the intrahepatic veins. Splenomegaly was present in all. The intrasplenic veins were dilated in all but had normal flow direction except in 2 with spontaneous trans-splenic shunts. Gallbladder varices were shown in 4 patients, and perisplenic collaterals were shown in 3. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is a valuable noninvasive imaging technique for assessment of the portal hemodynamic profile in patients with portal vein cavernous deformity, which can affect subsequent treatment decision making. Trans-splenic shunts are uncommon, but this Doppler sonographic report documents such shunts in children with portal hypertension.     

Color Doppler sonographic signs of respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow

PURPOSE: The role of respiration in modulating blood flow in the portal vein is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of respiration-dependent periodic hepatofugal portal venous blood flow as detected on color Doppler sonography. METHODS: Within 1 year, we identified 13 patients with respiration-dependent reversal of blood flow in the portal vein that was diagnosed on color Doppler sonography. This phenomenon was investigated by color Doppler sonographic examination of the portal venous flow during both mid-inspiration breath-holding and a respiratory cycle including deep inspiration; evaluation of hepatic vein Doppler waveforms as normal (triphasic) or decreased (flattened); and echocardiographic examination to determine the presence or absence of tricuspid regurgitation. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 53 years (range, 26-87 years). Seven of the 13 patients had heart disease (tricuspid regurgitation) with or without liver disease, 3 had liver disease without heart disease, and 3 had other diseases with no evidence of heart or liver disease. On Doppler sonography, 10 of the 13 patients had increased portal venous pulsatility (7 of the 10 had tricuspid regurgitation; the other 3 did not); the remaining 3 patients had neither increased pulsatility nor tricuspid regurgitation. Sonographic follow-up within 4 weeks in 4 of the 13 patients revealed loss of the respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow. CONCLUSIONS: Respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow is a rare finding associated with periodic portal hypertension in patients with right heart insufficiency and liver disease. Its clinical significance is unclear. Among our patients, its occurrence was predominantly associated with an increased venous pulsatility index due to tricuspid regurgitation or venous outflow obstruction. Further study is needed to investigate whether periodic respiration-dependent hepatofugal portal flow is predictive of the occurrence of continuous flow reversal.     

自然组织谐波及彩色多普勒显像对肝癌门脉癌栓海绵样变的诊断

目的 评价自然组织谐波显像及彩色多普勒技术在诊断肝癌门脉癌栓并发门脉海绵样变性中的应用价值。方法 患者１９例,应用二维是、彩色、能量、频谱多普勒检测肝癌病变的部位、内部回声,重点观察门静脉癌栓的分布、形态、大小、回声、门脉血流阻塞程度及邻近组织结构、血管分布情况。结果 自然组织谐波成像能清晰显示门脉海绵样变性,门脉癌阻塞部位周围结构紊乱,呈蜂窝样或迂曲管状结构。彩色多普勒显示病变区呈蓝红相间的彩色     

Splenic artery aneurysm: value of color Doppler and the limitation of gray-scale ultrasonography

Background: To reevaluate the advantages and limitations of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of splenic artery (Sp-A) aneurysm. Methods: We reviewed the gray-scale and color Doppler sonograms of five cases with Sp-A aneurysm (four patients with portal hypertension and one patient without portal hypertension). Color Doppler sonography was performed in all five patients, and power Doppler sonography was performed in three. Results: Gray-scale sonography failed to detect the aneurysm in four of five cases because of a surrounding splenorenal (Sp-R) shunt in three patients and marked calcification of the aneurysmal wall in one patient. Pulsed Doppler sonography showed a slightly turbulent pulsatile flow along the aneurysmal wall, which immediately led to the diagnosis in four cases, including the three cases with Sp-R shunt. In one case, color Doppler sonography failed to detect the aneurysm because of a markedly calcified aneurysmal wall, although power Doppler sonography could visualize the aneurysm. Conclusions: Gray-scale sonography is not a useful diagnostic tool for Sp-A aneurysm. Clinicians should use color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of the splenic hilus in patients with Sp-R shunt to find a small Sp-A aneurysm. The addition of power Doppler sonography is helpful in visualizing calcified Sp-A aneurysms.     

Value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis. METHODS: Abdominal sonographic and liver Doppler studies were performed in 3 groups: 36 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 63 patients with cirrhosis, and 30 control subjects with no evidence of liver disease. A series of Doppler indices of hepatic vascularity, including portal vein velocity, portal vein pulsatility score, flow volume of the portal vein, resistive and pulsatility indices of the hepatic artery, modified hepatic index, hepatic vascular index, waveform of the hepatic vein, and focal acceleration of flow, were measured and correlated with liver and spleen size, portal and splenic vein diameter, and presence of ascites and collateral vessels. These indices were compared across the 3 study groups and within the patient groups with respect to presence of inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis, as determined by histologic evaluation. RESULTS: The most useful indices were portal vein velocity, the modified hepatic index, and nontriphasic flow in the hepatic vein, which were helpful in distinguishing patients from control subjects. Hepatic vascular and modified hepatic indices were useful for differential diagnosis of cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis. However, all measurements were limited in their ability to determine the severity of chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is sensitive to hemodynamic alterations resulting from inflammation and fibrosis, and if sonography is the study of choice to follow the progression of hepatitis, it will not be adequate without Doppler imaging. Doppler sonography has high diagnostic accuracy in cirrhosis despite some false-positive conditions. However, it has a limited role in clinical grading.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病门脉系统血流动力学变化的实验研究

目的 研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)大鼠门静脉系统血流动力学改变.方法 将64只大鼠随机分为对照组和模型组,模型组动物通过高脂饮食建立非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠模型,应用超声多普勒技术测量不同时期门静脉(PV)及脾静脉(SPV)血流动力学指标,并与病理检查结果相比较.结果 8周时对照组与模型组脂变积分有明显差异(P＜0.05),12、16、22周模型组均有明显的脂肪变,12周模型组开始出现PV内径增宽,流速减慢.PV内径与脂变积分呈正相关,PV流速、SPV流速与之呈负相关.门静脉流量无统计学差异.结论 超高频多普勒超声町以较敏感地检测NAFLD大鼠不同时期PV系统血流动力学变化.     

肝内“假平行管征”的超声研究

目的：研究肝内“假平行管征”的超声表现及其临床意义。方法：检查正常成人214例,观察肝右后下静脉（IRHV）的超声表现,统计其显示率,并对10例肝动脉分支扩张的患者进行彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒超声检查。结果：IRHV的显示率为24％,在第一肝门水平注入下腔静脉,和门静脉右后叶支相伴而行,形成“平等管征”。肝内扩张的肝动脉分支在二维超声上与伴行门静脉分支亦构成“平行管征”,但彩色多普勒显示双管内均有血流信号,频谱多普勒分别探测动脉血流频谱和静脉血流频谱。结论：认识IRHV和肝内扩张的肝动脉分支有助于鉴别真假“平行管征”,有助于阻塞性黄疸的鉴别诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声评价大鼠肝纤维化分期

目的探讨常规二维超声及CDFI评价大鼠肝纤维化分期的价值。方法选取80只健康Wistar大鼠,建立肝纤维化模型,应用二维超声及CDFI测量大鼠门静脉内径及血流速度、脾脏厚度及长度,对测量结果与大鼠肝纤维化病理分期进行相关性分析。结果大鼠门静脉内径在S4与S0、S1、S2、S3之间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),S1与S3、S2与S0的差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);门静脉血流速度S0与S4的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各期肝纤维化中,脾脏厚度及长度差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。门静脉内径与肝纤维化病理分期呈正相关(r=0.77,P<0.001),门静脉血流速度与肝纤维化分期呈负相关性(r=-0.29,P<0.05)。脾脏厚度及长度与肝纤维化分期无明显相关性。结论常规二维超声及CDFI可通过检测大鼠门静脉内径及血流速度,简便、无创、客观地评价肝纤维化进程。     

彩超诊断累及肝脏的遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对累及肝脏的遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症(HHT)的诊断价值.方法 观察5例临床确诊的 HHT累及肝脏患者的超声表现. 结果 5例患者均表现为肝固有动脉及肝内动脉分支明显增宽伴走行纡曲、扩张,血流速度增快;1例发现肝内动-静脉瘘,1例合并有肝硬化. 结论 彩超为诊断遗传性、出血性毛细血管扩张症(HHT)提供一种新的检查方法,具有重要临床价值.     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者门静脉血流参数的变化

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声预测肝硬化门静脉高压症(cirrhotic portal hypertension)患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的应用价值.方法 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者81例,根据有无出血史分为出血组(36例),非出血组(45例).应用彩色多普勒超声分别检测两组的门静脉(pv)和脾静脉(sv)内径(Dpv、Dsv)、血流动力学参数并进行对比分析.结果 门静脉和脾静脉的内径、血流速度(Vpv、Vsv)及脾静脉的血流量(Qsv)在两组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但门静脉血流量(Qpv)在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声检测肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉和脾静脉内径及血流动力学参数,对预测肝硬化门静脉高压时食管静脉曲张破裂出血是有价值的.     

Portal hypertension in children and young adults: sonographic and color Doppler findings

Portal hypertension is a relatively uncommon pathologic condition in children and young adults in contrast with older adults. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of sonography and color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of portal hypertension in children and young patients and to evaluate the sonographic pattern of each disease. We reviewed 25 such patients who were younger than 30 years old and obtained the following sonographic findings: (1) liver cirrhosis: (a) multiple intrahepatic venovenous shunts in patients with primary Budd-Chiari syndrome and (b) intrahepatic vascular narrowing and nodular coarse parenchymal texture, with multiple very-high-echo spots along the portal vein in patients with Wilson disease; (2) congenital hepatic fibrosis: marked and developed collaterals, wide periportal echogenic band, and a heterogeneous parenchymal texture comprised of multiple high echoes but without portal thrombus; and (3) extrahepatic portal thrombosis: invisible portal lumen except as an echogenic band. Sonography and color Doppler sonography are very useful in diagnosing these portal hypertensive diseases. However, there are no specific sonographic findings, and the role of sonography is limited to follow-up observation of associated secondary hepatobiliary changes in patients with congenital biliary atresia. Received: 1 May 1995/Accepted: 24 June 1995