Evaluation of left ventricular function during ejection

Several ejection indices of left ventricular performance are described. The most sensitive is the rate of change of power, especially when measured at the time of peak left ventricular wall tension. When measured at peak tension, the rate of change of power reflects force-velocity-length relations and, therefore, is theoretically appealing. The rate of change of power itself incorporates terms shown to be of functional significance. Among these is the rate of change of flow. This expression is more readily measured than the rate of change of power and can be approximated noninvasively by the measurement of blood acceleration.     

高血压无左室肥厚患者舒张功能改变的观察

目的：探讨高血压无左室肥厚患者舒张功能的改变。方法：高血压无左室肥厚患者、高血压伴左室肥厚患者与正常血压者各４０例,均进行超声心动图检查和动态血压检测。结果：高血压伴左室肥厚组、高血压无左室肥厚组与正常对照组比较,二尖瓣血流Ｅ峰、Ａ峰、Ｅ／Ａ比率、等容舒张时间及舒张早期减速度均有明显差异（Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜００１）,而高血压左室肥厚组与高血压无左室肥厚组两组间,则无明显差异（Ｐ＞００５）。３个组的左室射血分数（ＥＦ）无明显差异（Ｐ＞００５）。动态血压监测显示,高血压左室肥厚组与高血压无左室肥厚组２４ｈ平均收缩压和舒张压、白昼平均收缩压和舒张压、血压负荷有显著差异（Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而夜间平均收缩压、舒张压无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论：高血压患者在出现左室肥厚前可出现舒张功能异常,可能与夜间血压持续升高有关。     

小鼠病毒性心肌炎的心肌结构及左室功能变化的初步研究

目的:探讨病毒性心肌炎时的心肌结构与收缩力变化的关系。方法:建立病毒性心肌炎的动物模型,观测病毒损伤阶段和免疫损伤阶段心肌的超微结构和心肌收缩力改变。结果:病毒性心肌炎早期的心肌细胞的线粒体超微结构发生了变化,心肌细胞收缩力下降,左室压(LVP)为(14.2±0.8)kPa,dp/dt为(273.1±10.0)kPa/s,正常对照LVP为(17.1±0.7)kPa,dp/dt为(359.8±9.3)kPa/s,P＜0.01;后期心肌组织严重损害,不仅有线粒体溶解破坏,而且肌原纤维变细、减少等,并且心肌收缩力指标明显下降,LVP为(11.8±0.2)kPa,dp/dt为(209.5±6.9)kPa/s,与早期相比差异有显著,P＜0.01。结论:病毒性心肌炎早期,即病毒损伤期,造成心脏功能下降的原因主要是病毒引起心肌细胞的超微结构改变,特别是对线粒体的损伤,使心肌细胞供能障碍,心肌收缩力减小;病毒性心肌炎后期,免疫反应造成心肌组织损害较病毒直接损害更严重,造成心肌收缩力明显减小。     

Estimation of time-varying systolic properties of left ventricular mechanics

A simple model which represents a linear approximation of the pressurel volume/flow relationship extensively used for describing ventricular mechanics, especially in simulation studies, is developed. In this model, the left ventricle is represented by a pressure generator in series with viscous and elastic time-varying elements. Despite its simplicity, the model elucidates the intimate connections between some current approaches for characterising pulsatile ventricular behaviour. A conventional identification scheme was used to estimate viscous and elastic parameters from data measured in both isolated rabbit hearts and open-chest dogs. Their variations with preload and afterload are shown to reflect known local characteristics of the inherently nonlinear cardiac pump, which correspond also to relevant features at muscular level. These results, together with some recent experimental evidence, substantially support the finding that both viscosity and elastance vary with time in linear proportion to the isovolumic pressure.     

The effect of acute hypoxia on left ventricular function during exercise

The effect of acute hypoxia on the human left ventricular function during exercise was evaluated by 2D and Doppler echocardiography on 11 healthy male college students. Each subject completed 6-min moderate intensity (100 W) supine cycling exercises in normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. The concentration of inspired O₂ was adjusted to keep arterial hemoglobin O₂ concentration (SpO₂) at 88–92% during hypoxia. Doppler indices obtained were compared between normoxia and hypoxia. The left ventricular myocardial diastolic function was increased during exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia. The peak velocity of early filling wave increased at rest (P < 0.05) and during exercise (P < 0.05 at second minute, and P < 0.01 at sixth minute) in hypoxia. The heart rate (P < 0.01) and cardiac output (P < 0.001) were elevated markedly at rest during hypoxia. The left ventricular systolic function variables, such as stroke volume, ejection fraction, and end-systolic volume were relatively unaltered during hypoxia compared with normoxia. The results suggest that acute hypoxia increases the left ventricular myocardial diastolic function during moderate intensity supine cycling exercise without affecting the systolic function.     

间歇性低氧对左心室功能的损害及机制分析

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a direct consequence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), which results in left ventricular dysfunction, remodeling and myocardial cell injury. Understanding the mechanisms of OSAS is important for us to prevent and treat the cardiovascular complications in the clinical practices. We summarize the effects of IH on left ventricular function, and analyze the mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels, including oxidative stress, ion exchangers and inflammation. In addition, the effects of endothelin-1 and hypercapnia on IH-induced cardiac injury are discussed.     

改变在体兔左心室后负荷对其电生理参数的影响

目的：探讨改变在体兔左心室后负荷对室性心律失常发生情况及左心室电生理参数的影响。方法：改变左心室后负荷，观察室性心律失常发生情况，并测定左心室舒张阈值（ＶＤＴ），相对不应期（ＲＲＰ），有效不应期（ＥＲＰ）及其不应期离散和心室纤颤阈（ＶＦＴ）。结果：逐级增加左心室后负荷（ＡＢ级）可使左室空间ＲＲＰ，ＥＲＰ离散增加（Ｂ级，Ｐ＜００５），ＶＦＴ降低（Ｂ级，Ｐ＜００１）；各实验动物均出现室性心律失常（Ｂ级）；而逐级减小左室后负荷（ＣＤ级），心室电生理参数无变化（Ｐ＞００５），各实验动物亦无室性心律失常发生。结论：增加左心室后负荷诱发室性心律失常，与左室空间不应期离散增加有关。     

高血压性左室肥厚患者的校正QT间期离散度变化及临床意义

目的：研究高血压性左室肥厚患者的ＱＴｃｄｅ变化及临床意义。方法;采用１２导联心电图同步记录,超声检查一动态心电图监测５６例高血压患者的ＱＴｃｄ,心脏形态和心律失常。结果：高血压病组和对照组间ＱＴｃｄ差异非常显著,高血压伴ＬＶＨ组和室性心律失常组的ＱＴｃｄ均显著长于无伴ＬＶＨ组和或无ＶＡｓ组;ＬＶＨ组ＶＡｓ和复杂型心律失常发生率均显著高于无ＬＶＨ组。     

The effect of hormone replacement therapy on diastolic left ventricular function in hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on left ventricular diastolic function in a group of hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. Methods: Left ventricular diastolic function at rest was evaluated by M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in 19 postmenopausal women with normal blood pressure and 11 postmenopausal women with mild hypertension, before treatment and during 12 months of HRT. Transdermal estradiol was used in women with a surgical menopause and a sequential regimen of transdermal estradiol and peroral medroxyprogesterone acetate in women with a spontaneous menopause. The parameters assessed were: body mass index, heart rate, ejection fraction of the left ventricle (EF), septal (SW) and posterior wall (PW) dimensions, left ventricular end-systolic (LVsd) and end-diastolic (LVdd) dimensions and volumes (ESV, EDV), total diastolic time (DT), duration of the early (Ei) and of the late (Ai) filling phase, peak velocity of the early (E) and late mitral flow (A), A/E velocity ratio and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Quantitative data were analyzed using unpaired t-test, MANOVA and multiple regression analysis where appropriate. Results: Hypertensive postmenopausal women had significantly higher SW (P<0.05), PW (P<0.05), A/E (P<0.05) and A (P<0.001) than normotensive postmenopausal women, before therapy. After 12 months of HRT a significant decrease in SW, PW, LVsd, ESV and increase in EF, DT, Ei and E was observed in both hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. Heart rate slowed and systolic pressure decreased significantly only in normotensive postmenopausal women on HRT. Conclusion: HRT of 12 months' duration does not deteriorate left ventricular diastolic function of both hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. Improvement in some parameters of diastolic function could be partially explained by the decrease in heart rate and systolic pressure, induced by therapy.     

链霉素对兔左心室后负荷增加所致电生理变化的影响

目的:探讨左心室后负荷增加引起的心脏电生理变化及链霉素和维拉帕米对其的影响。方法:采用部分夹闭家兔升主动脉根部以增加左室后负荷的在体心脏模型,观察后负荷增加前后心肌相对不应期(RRP)、有效不应期(ERP)、单相动作电位时程(MAPD₉₀)和室颤阈(VFT)的变化,并比较了链霉素和维拉帕米对这些电生理参数变化的影响。结果:后负荷上升引起RRP、ERP和MAPD₉₀缩短,VFT下降(P<0.01);链霉素可有效抑制后负荷增加引起的心脏电生理变化;而维拉帕米除可提高VFT外(P<0.01),对后负荷增加引起RRP、ERP和MAPD90的缩短没有明显影响(P＞0.05)。结论:结果提示牵张激活性离子通道的活化可能参与后负荷增加引起的心脏电生理变化过程,且链霉素通过抑制这种离子通道的活化而发挥作用。     

超声微泡靶向递送aFGF对糖尿病心肌病的治疗作用及其机制研究

 目的：观察SonoVue超声微泡靶向递送酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）对糖尿病心肌病（DCM）大鼠左室舒缩功能的保护作用并初步探讨其机制。方法：24只健康雄性SD大鼠通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立DCM模型,再随机平均分成DCM组与aFGF治疗组。另选择正常对照组12只。aFGF治疗组经尾静脉注射SonoVue-aFGF溶液并同时给予心肌定点超声辐照。干预后4周对所有大鼠行心导管检查,测定左室收缩末压力(LVESP)、左室舒张末压力(LVEDP)和左室内压最大上升/下降速率(LV±dp/dtmax)。处死大鼠取心肌组织,免疫组织化学染色检测心肌微血管密度（MVD),改良Masson胶原染色法测定心肌胶原容积分数（CVF）,TUNEL法检测心肌组织凋亡指数（AI）。结果：干预后4周,aFGF治疗组大鼠LVESP和LV±dp/dtmax与DCM组比较明显增加（P<0.01）,LVEDP较DCM组明显减低（P<0.01）。aFGF治疗组MVD测值与DCM组比较明显增加（P<0.01）,而CVF及AI较DCM组明显减低（P<0.01）。结论: 超声微泡靶向递送aFGF可有效改善DCM大鼠的左心室功能,有望成为治疗DCM的新方法。     

中西药结合逆转高血压左心室肥厚及对左室功能的影响

目的：选择原发性高血压病1—2级合并左心室肥厚的60例患者,分为补阳还五汤合温胆汤和开博通组30例,对照组开博通组30例,治疗6个月。运用超声心动图（UCG）、测血压和临床观察等手段,观察上述治疗对临床症状改善、血压下降、左室肥厚的逆转和左室舒张功能的疗效与作用。结果：中西药疗法能有效地使血压下降,总有效率93．33％,从而有效地预防和减轻靶器官的损害;能有效地减少室间隔及左室后壁厚度,使心室腔径缩小,左室重量指数下降;随着左室肥厚的逆转,左室舒张功能明显改善,SV与CO显著增加且与LVMI的下降呈正相关;对临床症状的改善明显优于对照组。可见,通过中西药结合辨证治疗能改善与高血压病有关的各种血液动力学和神经体液调节机制,达到降压、逆转左室肥厚、改善左室功能的作用。     

一氧化氮合酶2抑制剂对大鼠心肌梗死后左心室形态及心功能的影响

目的：观察选择性一氧化氮合酶2（NOS2）抑制剂S-甲基硫脲（SMT）对心肌梗死（MI）后左心室形态学和血流动力学指标的影响，探讨NOS2在MI后心功能障碍形成过程中的作用。方法： 于大鼠冠状动脉结扎前30 min给予SMT灌胃，6周后测定左心室形态学和血流动力学指标、心肌NOS2表达量、血浆NO2-/NO3-水平、心肌纤维化程度。结果： MI后6周，心脏非梗死区NOS2表达量、血浆NO2-/NO3-水平、中心静脉压和左室舒张末压高于对照组。使用SMT可降低血浆NO2-/NO3-水平［(26.6±6.1） μmol/L vs （50.1±10.4） μmol/L, P＜0.01］，减少心肌梗死范围（36.0%±7.2% vs 42.6%±8.6%, P＜0.05），减轻心室扩张［LVD，（6.6±0.3） mm vs （7.2±0.3） mm, P＜0.01］，减小心肌细胞直径［(15.1±1.6） μm vs （16.9±2.3） μm, P＜0.05］，减轻心肌纤维化［CVF，4.1%±1.1% vs 5.7%±1.2%, P＜0.01］，降低中心静脉压［（0.9±0.3） mmHg vs （1.5±0.5） mmHg, P＜0.01］和左室舒张末压［（8.1±2.4） mmHg vs（13.4±3.1） mmHg, P＜0.01］，提高存活率（72.4% vs 39.3%, P＜0.05）。结论： 大鼠MI后，NOS2可能起促进心功能障碍形成的作用。抑制NOS2可以减轻心室重构，改善心功能。     

长期TCV116干预对心肌梗死后心室重塑及心功能的影响

目的:研究长期新型血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体阻断剂TCV116干预对心肌梗死(MI)后心肌重塑及心功能的影响。方法:通过结扎冠状动脉左前降支复制大鼠MI模型,1周后将大鼠随机分为:(1)MI对照组;(2)MITCV116治疗组(2mg.kg^-1·d^-1):另设假手术组及假手术TCV116组。22周后检测:(1)血流动力学参数如平均动脉压(MAP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、室内压最大上升和下降速率(dp／dt_max)和左室舒张末压(LVEDP)及心脏形态学指标如左室相对重量(LVW／BW)和左室腔相对面积(LVCA／BW);(2)室间隔存活心肌中β肌球蛋白重链(βMHC)、B型钠尿肽(BNP)、转化生长因子β₁(TGF-β₁)、I型和III型胶原(collagenI、III)基因的mRNA表达;(3)存活率。结果:MI对照组与MITCV116治疗组间总体MI范围无显著差异(34%±14％vs33%±13%,P>0.05)。MI对照组LVW／BW和LVCA／BW显著高于假手术组(P<0.01),βMHC、BNP、TGF-β₁、collagenI和III基因的mRAN表达显著大于假手术组(P<0.01);同时MAP、LVSP、dp／dt_max显著低于和LVEDP显著高于假手术组(P<0.01),也伴随着生存时间显著缩短(P<0.05)。TCV116治疗组,LVW／BW和LVCA／BW与MI对照组比无显著差异,βMHC、BNP、TGF-β₁、collagenI和III基因的mRNA表达低于MI对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);与此同时,MAP、LVSP、dp／dt_max显著高于及LVEDP显著低于MI对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),并伴随着生存时间的延长(P<0.05)。结论:长期血管紧张素II1型受体阻断剂干预能显著改善心肌梗死后大鼠心室重塑及心功能。     

低氧和低氧游泳大鼠心肌糖原含量与右室功能的变化

目的：观察慢性低氧及低氧游泳大鼠心肌糖原含量的变化，探讨其与右心舒缩功能升降的关系。方法：采用低压舱模拟海拔5000 m连续低氧及低氧游泳大鼠模型，用比色法测定其心肌糖原含量；用右心导管法经RM-6000生理多导记录仪记录右心舒缩功能指标。结果：大鼠心肌糖原含量在低氧早期即显著下降，随低氧时间的延长，呈较明显进一步下降的趋势，而右心功能则逐渐增强；低氧游泳组大鼠右心功能明显增强，其心肌糖原含量接近平原对照水平，显著高于单纯低氧组。结论：大鼠在低氧条件下适量作功（游泳），可能有利于机体的低氧适应。     

The effect of milrinone on the right ventricular function in patients with reduced right ventricular function undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

This investigation evaluated the effect of continuous milrinone infusion on right ventricular (RV) function during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCAB) surgery in patients with reduced RV function. Fifty patients scheduled for OPCAB, with thermodilution RV ejection fraction (RVEF) <35% after anesthesia induction, were randomly allocated to either milrinone (0.5 microg/kg/min) or control (saline) group. Hemodynamic variables and RV volumetric data measured by thermodilution method were collected as follows: after anesthesia induction (T1); 10 min after heart displacement for obtuse marginal artery anastomosis (T2); after pericardial closure (T3). Cardiac index and heart rate increased and systemic vascular resistance significantly decreased in milrinone group at T2. Initially lower RVEF of milrinone group was eventually comparable to control group after milrinone infusion. RVEF did not significantly change at T2 and T3 in both groups. RV end-diastolic volume in milrinone group consistently decreased from the baseline at T2 and T3. Continuous infusion of milrinone without a bolus demonstrated potentially beneficial effect on cardiac output and RV afterload in patients with reduced RV function during OPCAB. However, aggressive augmentation of intravascular volume seems to be necessary to maximize the effect of the milrinone in these patients.     

氟伐他汀对大鼠心肌梗死后心室重塑的影响

目的:探讨羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂氟伐他汀对SD大鼠心肌梗死后心室重塑的过程及心功能的影响。方法:SD大鼠冠状动脉前降支结扎形成心肌梗死,24h后存活的大鼠随机分成心肌梗死(AMI)对照组和氟伐他汀治疗组,治疗组予以氟伐他汀20mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃给药,对照组予以蒸馏水灌胃;另设假手术组。8周后进行心脏超声、血液动力学检测判定心脏功能和进行心脏形态学分析;同时检测血浆总胆固醇(Tch)、肌酐(Cr)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),NO₂^-/NO₃^-、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathioneperioxidase,GSH-PX)以及血浆、心肌脂质过氧化物(LPO)水平。结果:氟伐他汀组血浆Tch水平与AMI组比较没有显著性差异,平均主动脉压和心率差别无显著性,显著降低了左室舒张末压和减少了肺相对重量(P＜0.05);减少了右室相对重量、左室后壁厚度、肺相对重量和心肌纤维化(P＜0.05,P<0.01);降低了血浆和心肌的LPO的水平,抑制NO₂^-/NO₃^-的过度表达,增加了GSH-PX的表达(P＜0.05);血浆Cr和AST水平无显著差别(P＞0.05)。结论:氟伐他汀改善大鼠AMI后心室重塑,相对延缓心力衰竭的进展;氟伐他汀抗氧化机制可能参与这个过程。