Functional recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a longitudinal perspective

Hopper DM, Strauss GR, Boyle JJ, Bell J. Functional recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a longitudinal perspective.

Objective

To evaluate functional hop performance in subjects with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft during 12, 18, 26, 39, and 52 weeks.

Design

A longitudinal comparative study.

Setting

University research laboratory.

Participants

Patients (N=19) were evaluated at 12, 18, 26, 39, and 52 weeks after ACL reconstruction surgery.

Intervention

Testing on 5 separate occasions.

Main Outcome Measures

The Cincinnati Knee Rating System and analog scales, the 6-meter timed hop, crossover hop, stair hop, and vertical hop, and limb symmetry indices.

Results

The uninjured and injured legs and test order were randomized. There was a significant test occasion main effect for both the Cincinnati and analog scores (P=.001). Subjective rating scores improved over the 5 testing occasions. For all 4 hop tests, test occasion and limb main effects were significant (P=.001). Paired t test comparisons at each testing occasion indicated a significant difference between the reconstructed and uninjured limb (P<.05). Furthermore, significant test occasion main effects were noted for limb symmetry indices for the 4 hop tests (P=.001). Using a score of greater than or equal to 85% as a criterion for normative limb symmetry, normative scores were recorded in the 6-m timed hop at the week 18 test occasion, the stair hop and vertical hop at the week 26 test occasion, and the crossover hop at the week 39 test occasion.

Conclusions

These hop tests showed different levels of imposed demands on the knee that could be used to assess functional recovery and readiness to resume sport.     

Gait retraining after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of 2 gait retraining protocols on the gait patterns of patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN: Randomized control, repeated-measures design. SETTING: Private orthopedic center and research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction, randomly subdivided into 2 groups (group 1, n=8; group 2, n=8), and a healthy control group of 8 subjects. INTERVENTION: The 16 subjects with ACL reconstruction were randomly assigned to 2 different gait retraining protocols over a 6-week training interval: (1). a protocol using a predicted stride frequency calculated from the resonant frequency of a force-driven harmonic oscillator (FDHO) model or (2). a protocol using the preferred stride frequency (PSF). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait analyses examining the lower-extremity kinematic, kinetic, and energetic gait patterns of each group. RESULTS: Gait retraining with the FDHO model showed improvements in lower-extremity positions, hip and knee extensor angular impulse, and work parameters. Gait retraining with the PSF demonstrated no statistical improvements. The FDHO training protocol facilitated a greater midstance knee range of motion (ROM) and greater rates of improvement for midstance ROM, hip extensor angular impulse, and concentric hip extensor work. CONCLUSIONS: Gait retraining with the resonant frequency of an FDHO model facilitated a greater recovery of gait function compared with training with the PSF.     

关节镜下双股半腱肌移植前交叉韧带重建术后的康复

目的　探讨关节镜下双股半腱肌移植重建术前交叉韧带 (anteriorcruciateligament ,ACL)手术后配套的康复治疗计划及其在临床康复中的可行性。方法　研究设康复组患者 3 4例 ,对照组 2 1例。术后康复计划实施程序分 3个周期。Ⅰ期 :保护性康复期 ;Ⅱ期 :康复训练准备期 ;Ⅲ期 :抗阻力肌力强化训练期。结果　康复组除 2名 5 0岁以上女性患者关节活动度 (ROM )屈曲受限约 2 0°外 ,其余全部恢复正常。ROM达正常平均 8周 ,全部患者关节稳定性好。同期对比对照组显示 :ROM恢复迟缓 ,肌肉萎缩明显 ,关节达到正常ROM平均为 16周 ,8名患者屈曲受限 2 0° ,χ2 检验二组资料P <0 .0 1。结论　康复计划的实施可有效地防止术后并发症 ,是保证膝关节功能康复的重要措施。该项技术的应用与普及 ,有助于ACL术后康复水平的提高     

膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者的一站式个性化单束重建术治疗策略研究

目的 探讨膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者的一站式个性化单束重建术治疗策略.方法 前瞻性选取2019年1月至2020年6月北华大学附属医院收治的膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者101例,按随机数字表法分为试验组(51例)和对照组(50例).2组均根据术前精确测量其股骨骨性解剖参数及半月板损伤类型制定前交叉韧带单束解剖重建术方案,其中试...     

镜下前交叉韧带重建术中止血带应用的探讨

随着人们运动意识水平的增强和社会交通的快速发展,关节损伤患者的数量也大幅增加,而前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤是关节损伤中最常见的韧带损伤.目前治疗ACL损伤的标准手术方式是在关节镜下使用止血带进行前交叉韧带重建手术(ACLR),在ACLR中使用止血带可以减少患者出血,为术者提供一个清晰的手术视野,可为手术提供极大的便利,但...     

本体感觉训练在膝前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的应用

目的探讨本体感觉训练在前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的作用。方法将前交叉韧带重建术后患者42例按病区分为本体感觉促进组(26例)和对照组(16例),对照组应用一般康复训练方法,本体感觉促进组应用一般康复训练方法和本体感觉强化训练。术后6个月进行患者位置觉测定、膝关节功能评分及关节稳定性检查。结果在被动角度重现测试中,本体感觉促进组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.10±1.38)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.76±1.93)°,两侧膝比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.85±1.55)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.56±1.72)°,患侧膝的总平均偏差显著大于健侧(P<0.01)。本体感觉促进组的Lysholm评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患侧膝Lanchman和Pivotshift检查均为阴性。结论前交叉韧带重建术后应用强化本体感觉训练能促进下肢功能的恢复。     

膝关节前交叉韧带的MRI三维成像研究

目的 探讨MRI三维成像技术(M3D/cube T2WI)在膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)正常显示和损伤诊断的价值.方法 选取30例正常自愿者(对照组)及11例ACL损伤病例(损伤组),在GE 1.5 T磁共振分别行MRI常规膝关节矢状面T1WI、FSE压脂T2WI(f...     

Functional measurement of knee joint position sense after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: To examine for differences in joint position sense (JPS) between knees with reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) and uninjured knees by using a functional weight-bearing measurement method. DESIGN: Two-way repeated-measures in a convenience sample. SETTING: An Australian university rehabilitation laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nine subjects presenting at 12 to 16 months after unilateral ACL reconstruction using the semitendinosus/gracilis graft who were recruited from 2 orthopedic surgeons. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: JPS of the reconstructed and uninjured knees was examined by using the Peak Motus motion measurement system to record target joint angles and to calculate reproduced angles after limb movement into flexion and extension, performed in a weight-bearing position. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in JPS between reconstructed and uninjured knees (P=.68) or between the flexion and extension tasks (P=.47). CONCLUSION: There was no deficit in knee JPS 12 to 16 months after ACL reconstruction, as measured by a functional weight-bearing method. Further studies should examine the clinical utility of the method as a way to evaluate functional aspects of knee joint proprioception.     

Association between knee function and kinesiophobia 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

[Purpose] Kinesiophobia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been identified as an inhibitor of return to sports. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between kinesiophobia and knee function 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when the patient intends to return to sports. [Participants and Methods] A total of 66 patients who underwent primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (mean age 17.3 ± 2.6 years, 17 males and 49 females, Tegner activity score ≥7) were included in the study. The 11-item version of Tampa scale of kinesiophobia was used to evaluate kinesiophobia 6 months postoperatively. Knee function was evaluated with knee extension muscle strength, tibial anterior displacement, heel buttock distance, heel height difference, anterior knee pain score, and single-leg hop test. The relationship between Tampa scale of kinesiophobia, patient characteristics, and knee function was investigated. [Results] A low Anterior knee pain score and low single-leg hop test, male gender, and age were significant factors associated with kinesiophobia. [Conclusion] Kinesiophobia was associated with a low anterior knee pain score and low single-leg hop test 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients with a low single-leg hop test score or severe pain may need rehabilitation to reduce kinesiophobia.     

A systematic review of bracing following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Objectives

To determine whether the use of a postoperative knee brace following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) affects clinical outcomes.

Data sources

The electronic databases AMED, Cinahl, Cochrane database, Embase, Medline (via Ovid), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Pubmed were searched from their inception to August 2006. A manual search of pertinent specialist journals and the reference lists of identified articles was also performed.

Review methods

All English-language, human subject, controlled clinical trials that compared the effects of wearing a knee brace with not wearing a brace for 1 day to 3 months following ACL reconstruction were included. Two reviewers extracted the data independently from the included studies, and assessed the methodological quality of the literature using the PEDro scoring system.

Results

Seven papers comprising of 390 ACL reconstructions were included. There were no significant longer-term differences in outcomes between patients who wore knee braces and those who did not. The methodological assessment of the literature revealed a number of limitations, including not blinding assessors, not performing a power calculation to determine the sample size, and not concealing subject allocation.

Conclusions

There appeared to be no significant longer-term differences in clinical outcomes between patients who wore postoperative knee braces and those who did not. Areas for further study are suggested, most notably to assess this topic using more rigorous randomised controlled trial methodologies.     

三结合康复护理模式在前交叉韧带重建术后患者中的应用

目的:探讨三结合康复护理模式在前交叉韧带重建术后患者中的应用效果。方法:选取20例行前交叉韧带重建术患者,将其随机等分为观察组和对照组,对照组术后给予常规护理,观察组采用三结合康复护理,比较两组患者治疗前后Lysholm膝关节评分。结果:观察组患者术后8周及术后9个月Lysholm膝关节评分均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:合理、高效的术后康复护理能最大程度的恢复膝关节功能。     

Recent advances following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: rehabilitation perspectives

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament are common. Surgical reconstruction is more prevalent than ever. This review article discusses treatment of the patient following surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Various phases of rehabilitation are discussed with emphasis on early return of passive motion, early weight bearing, bracing, kinetic chain exercises, neuromuscular electrical stimulation and accelerated rehabilitation. Although evidence exists for the treatment of the surgically reconstructed cruciate ligament, more is needed to better define specific timeframes for advancement. Evidence exists that many of these young individuals are not fully returning to unlimited high level activities. This review article presents some of the latest evidence regarding anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in an attempt to help the busy clinician understand and relate basic and clinical research to rehabilitation of a patient following reconstruction.     

A biomechanical comparison of anterior cruciate ligament suspensory fixation devices in a porcine cadaver model

Background

Suspensory fixation use during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has increased due to ease of use and high pullout strength. We hypothesize that there are no significant differences in biomechanical performance among four types of suspensory fixation devices: Stryker VersiTomic G-Lok, Smith & Nephew Endobutton, Biomet ToggleLoc, and Arthrex RetroButton.

Methods

Forty fresh frozen porcine femurs and flexor digitorum profundus tendons were obtained. Each tendon graft was sized to 8.5 mm or 9.0 mm. Ten of each device were used to fix the grafts in the femur at the 2 o'clock (left) or 10 o'clock (right) position. The graft–femur complex was secured to a servohydraulic test machine in line with the femoral tunnel. The graft was cyclically loaded from 50 to 250 N for 1000 cycles at 1 Hz then loaded to failure at 20 mm/min. Actuator load and displacement were recorded. Data were analyzed with multiple one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests. Bonferroni correction was applied resulting in P ≤ 0.005 considered statistically significant for ANOVA, P ≤ 0.05 for Tukey.

Findings

There were no significant differences in cyclic displacement among any of the groups (P = 0.43). The only significant difference in failure properties is the Endobutton exhibited at least 50% greater displacement at failure than the other three devices.

Interpretation

Suspensory femoral soft tissue fixation devices are biomechanically similar with respect to failure load but differ in failure displacement. However, there was no significant difference in displacement after cyclic loading. All four fixation devices should withstand the forces associated with daily activities without failure.     

MRI在膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂的应用价值

目的:探讨膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂患者行MRI检测的临床价值。方法:以2019年1月至2020年1月我院经关节镜确诊的膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂患者64例为研究对象,所选患者均行MRI检查。以关节镜检查为金标准,分析MRI检查膝关节前交叉韧带的准确性。结果:以关节镜为金标准,提示MRI检测完全撕裂灵敏度明显高于部分撕裂,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:MRI检测膝关节前交叉韧带完全撕裂准确性较高,临床价值大,可以作为该病无创检查的首选。     

前交叉韧带重建过程中韧带末端缝合固定的生物力学特征

背景：自体肌腱移植中,末端缝合的最终拉力强度是手术成功的重要组成部分,若想增加固定强度,应从改进缝合材料强度和增加缝线数目着手,但缝合针数过多,裸露线头太多,影响腱骨愈合。
　　目的：通过生物力学测试,探讨前交叉韧带重建中韧带末端采用双锁边缝合固定的最少的必要缝合针数,以减少缝线裸露。
　　方法：①体外生物力学实验：将12条带髌骨的髌韧带标本分为2组,对其末端分别采用Krackow双锁边缝合法缝合3针、5针,缝合材料为强生肌腱缝线,对样本分别进行拉伸力学检测以比较强度,探讨最佳的缝合针数和方法。②临床应用：根据体外实验结果,将改良的Krackow双锁边缝合法临床应用于125例关节镜下前交叉韧带重建中,其中采用3针固定62例,采用5针固定63例。
　　结果与结论：双锁边缝合法缝合3针,缝合点固定强度达到100 N以上,5针固定强度达到110 N,两者的固定强度差别不大,但均超过缝线材料的破坏强度;且将第1针贯穿韧带缝合,不降低固定强度。125例平均随访6.4个月,无论3针固定还是5针固定均取得良好效果,患者满意率达99%,未见早期或晚期缝线断裂松脱。提示：双锁边缝合法缝合3针能达到满意的固定强度,固定可靠且能减少缝线裸露;第1针贯穿韧带,可减少缝线裸露但不降低固定强度。     

三维CT对前交叉韧带重建术后早期效果的评价

目的 探讨三维CT评价膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后早期效果的技术要点和临床应用价值.方法 关节镜下行前交叉韧带重建术患者22例,术后1至10天行多层螺旋CT扫描,并行三维重建,观察骨隧道、移植物、内固定物、关节腔及周围软组织等显示情况.结果 三维CT显示移植物形态连续完整、密度均匀,关节腔内有少量气体、液体及点片状高密度影,周围软组织有不同程度肿胀.骨隧道管径(10.02±1.26) mm,管径均匀20例,边缘光滑19例,开口位置准确20例;内固定物位置准确19例.结论 三维CT能清晰显示膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后移植物形态、骨隧道情况和内固定物位置,为临床提供重要信息,可以成为膝关节前交叉韧带重建术后早期随访的重要方法.     

超声对急性膝关节前交叉韧带断裂的诊断价值

目的 评价高分辨力超声对急性膝关节前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）断裂的诊断价值。方法 采用７．５ＭＨｚ线阵探头,对３３例临床拟诊急性ＡＣＬ断裂患者术前行超声检查,并与关节镜手术结果比较。结果 超声诊断符合者３１例,假阴性２例,诊断正确率９３．３％。结论 高分辨力超声对急性ＡＣＬ断裂的诊断简便、无创、准确,具有较高的临床实用价值。     

重建前交叉韧带移植物生长的MR信号改变初步研究

目的探讨术后生长良好的重建前交叉韧带(ACL)移植物MR信号改变过程。方法选取48例ACL重建患者,Lysholm平均积分由术前54分升至术后83.5分,总结其术后4～22个月重建ACL移植物的MR信号改变。扫描序列包括SE T_1WI、GE T_2WI和STIR序列。结果 4～9个月内大部分重建ACL信号增高,术后12～22个月大部分重建ACL信号降低,与正常韧带相仿。结论生长良好的重建ACL移植物,术后MR信号呈现由高到低的变化过程,1年后信号与正常韧带相仿。     

关节镜下双束双隧道重建前交叉韧带术患者的序贯式健康教育

目的:探讨序贯式健康教育在行关节镜下双束双隧道重建前交叉韧带术患者中的应用效果。方法:将46例行关节镜下双束双隧道重建前交叉韧带术患者随机分为对照组和观察组,各23例。对照组采用传统的入院、术前、术后、出院前阶段教育方法;观察组对患者从入院到出院采取序贯式健康教育,即根据疾病的特点制定序贯式健康教育表,按照统一标准实施健康教育。比较两组患者健康教育知晓情况及对护士工作满意情况比较。结果:两组患者对疾病治疗、护理、康复知识的知晓率及对护士工作的满意度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对行关节镜下双束双隧道重建前交叉韧带术患者采用序贯式健康教育可提高相关知识的知晓率,增强患者的遵医行为,强化康复能力和自查能力,进而提高了治疗效果及对护士工作的满意度。