腹膜透析和血液透析患者与正常人群体液状况的比较

目的　比较并分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)及血液透析 (HD)患者的体液状况。方法　通过无创性方法 (Xitron 42 0 0生物电阻抗分析仪 )分别测定 45例CAPD患者、44例HD患者和 46例正常人的细胞外液 (ECW )、细胞内液 (ICW )和总体液量 (TBW ) ,用标准体重 (身高 -10 5 )进行标准化后比较。结果　CAPD组标准化细胞外液 (nECW )比HD透析前、HD透析后及对照组均高。HD透析前组nECW比对照组高 ,但透析后组与其比较无显著性差异。HD透析前与透析后组的标准化细胞内液 (nICW )没有显著变化 ,但是与CAPD组及对照组比较均有显著性差异 ;而CAPD组与对照组间比较 ,无显著性差异。在体液分布 (ECW /TBW )上 ,各组间比较均有显著性差异。CAPD组与HD组患者间干体重比较无显著性差异 ;CAPD组患者体重与干体重之差为 ( 2 .6± 2 .4)kg ,与HD透析前组比较差异无显著性 ,而与HD透析后组 [( 0 .3± 2 .5 )kg ]比较 ,有显著性差异。结论　慢性腹膜透析患者普遍存在比血液透析患者更严重的容量超负荷。而腹透患者体液过多的原因可能与其过多水分摄入有关     

腹膜清除效能与腹膜透析患者营养状况的关系

目的　回顾性分析腹膜清除效能与腹膜透析患者营养状况之间的关系。方法　选 取本院99例310例次行腹膜透析患者的随访资料,分别计算各例次的腹膜清除效能指标:腹膜尿 素Kt/v和腹膜Ccr。以蛋白呈现率(nPNA)、白蛋白、瘦体重百分比(%LBM)及主观综合评价法评 估营养状况;根据总尿素Kt/v分组,分析腹膜清除效能与营养状况间之的相关性。结果　A组 (Kt/v<1.7)的腹膜Kt/v、Ccr与白蛋白、%LBM、nPNA呈正相关;B组(1.7≤Kt/v≤2.0)腹膜Kt/ v、Ccr与白蛋白呈负相关;C组(Kt/v>2.0)腹膜Kt/v、Ccr与nPNA、%LMB呈正相关。结论　腹膜 清除效能与腹透患者营养状况之间在一定范围内呈负相关性,过高的腹膜清除对腹透患者的营养 状态并无益处。     

Localization and extent of peritoneal calcification in three uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal calcification in three patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was reviewed, and the relation between the localization and extent of calcium deposits detected by abdominal computed tomography (CT) and clinical signs was evaluated. Case 1 was a 48-year-old man with abdominal pain, hemoperitoneum and secondary hyperparathyroidism after receiving CAPD for seven years. An abdominal CT revealed linear peritoneal calcification in the pelvic cavity and liver surface, and his symptoms resolved after switching to hemodialysis. His clinical course and pathological findings were compatible with those in progressive calcifying peritonitis. Case 2 was a 26-year-old man presenting with abdominal pain, vomiting and fullness two years after switching to hemodialysis, because of uncontrolled overhydration following 13 years of CAPD. Plaque-like calcification outlining the small intestine and parietal peritoneum was noted on CT. Case 3 was a 59-year-old man who had abdominal distention, vomiting and diarrhea three months after switching to hemodialysis due to loss of peritoneal function following 10 years of CAPD. CT revealed diffuse sheet-like calcification surrounding the bowel and mesentery, adherent dilated bowel loops and ascites. These CT findings suggested the existence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) in cases 2 and 3. Findings from our three patients indicate that peritoneal calcification is not always accompanied by EPS; however, monitoring peritoneal calcification and other findings by abdominal CT, even after cessation of CAPD, is crucial to maintain vigilance on whether the subclinical signs, which are temporally diagnosed as progressive calcifying peritonitis, advance to EPS.     

两种不同腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的临床应用

目的分析两种腹膜透析导管拔除术在老年腹膜透析患者中的应用情况。方法采用回顾性队列研究的方法, 收集2010年8月至2020年5月于山西医科大学第二医院腹膜透析中心移除腹膜透析导管的107例老年腹透患者的临床资料, 分为外科开放式拔管组(外科组)和"pull"技术拔管组(pull组), 比较两组性别、年龄、原发病、透析龄、拔管原因及术前相关化验等指标, 观察两组手术时间、术后住院时间、手术疼痛程度及术后并发症等相关情况。结果外科组的手术时间[(71.2±13.4)min和(19.3±5.6)min, t=16.933, P<0.01]、术后住院时间[(9.5±1.8)d和(2.2±0.5)d, t=10.988, P<0.01]和术中疼痛评分[(4.4±1.6)分和(1.4±1.1)分, t=6.909, P<0.01]及术后24 h的疼痛评分[(3.7±1.4)分和(0.5±0.3)分, t=9.995, P<0.01]均高于pull组, 两组术后并发症发生率(6.8%和5.0%, χ2=0.037, P>0.05)差异无统计学意义。结论外科开放式手术法和...     

Low-dose subcutaneous erythropoietin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

We evaluated changes in hematocrit in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) before and after the administration of erythropoietin (EPO). Thirty-five patients were evaluated at the beginning of treatment with CAPD and after an average of 3.5 years on CAPD; mean hematocrit (Hct) rose from 25.4 +/- 5.4% to 28.1 +/- 6.7% (P less than 0.001). In the period before EPO administration 11 patients required a total of 44 transfusions (one patient needed 23 transfusions). Fifteen patients were started on subcutaneous erythropoietin 3,000 units 3 times a week and were followed for a mean period of 6.3 months. Hct rose from 23.8 +/- 1.8% to 25.2 +/- 2.4% (P less than 0.01) within the first 2 weeks and up to 27.5 +/- 3.7% (P less than 0.01) in the fourth week. By the eighth week the target Hct (30 to 35%) was reached. During the next 5 months the EPO doses were adjusted to each patient's needs ranging between 2,000 U per week to 4,000 U 3 times per week. Mild hypertension was the only side effect seen in some of the patients. In conclusion low dose subcutaneous EPO is effective in managing the anemia of patients on CAPD with only minor side effects.     

腹带加压预防腹膜透析患者术后并发症的临床观察

目的探讨腹带加压对腹膜透析患者伤口拆线时间、伤口渗液、出血及隧道口炎、导管移位发生率的影响,为防治腹膜透析并发症提供新的治疗方法。方法根据腹膜透析术后是否采用腹部伤口腹带加压,将患者分为腹膜透析插管后3个月内腹带加压组(A组)和未使用腹带加压对照组(B组),观察两组患者的伤口拆线时间、伤口渗液、出血及透析管相关隧道口炎、导管移位的发生率。结果 (1)A组平均拆线时间为(11.2±0.8)d,B组平均拆线时间为(13.4±0.7)d,两组比较有统计学差异(P0.01)。(2)术后A组有1例患者发生伤口渗血,而B组有8例患者出现伤口渗血,明显高于A组(P0.05);术后A组有1例隧道口炎发生,而B组有7例患者在术后3个月发生隧道口炎,与A组比较有统计学差异(P0.05),两组患者予以规范抗感染治疗后均治愈。(3)A组有1例患者在术后第2天出现管周渗液,发生率为2.94%;B组有1例患者在术后第1天出现管周渗液,发生率为3.03%,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。(4)A组有1例患者出现导管移位,发生率为2.94%;B组有1例患者出现导管移位,发生率为3.03%,两组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论腹带加压可缩短手术后拆线时间,可减少术后腹部伤口渗血及隧道口炎的发生率,极大地减少了术后并发症的发生,可促进患者早日康复,能有效延长腹膜透析患者的透析时间和治疗效果,减少腹透早期退出率,提高患者生活质量。     

残余肾功能状态对腹膜透析效能的影响

目的:前瞻性观察终末期肾衰(ESRF)患者在腹膜透析(PD)治疗后残余肾功能(RRF)对透析效能及相关临床指标之间的影响。方法:所有患者按残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)水平将其分为A组(GFR0~2ml/min)、B组(GFR2·1~4ml/min)和C组(GFR>4ml/min)。每3个月进行一次临床随访,全面评估患者的全身情况及透析状态,包括血压、身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)、尿量(UV)、残余肾肌酐清除率(Ccr)、每周总尿素氮表现率(Kt/Vtotal)、每周肌酐总清除率(WCcrtotal)、蛋白氮呈现率(nPNA)、残余肾尿素及Ccr。对比观察不同RRF状态患者透析状况和部分临床及生化指标变化。尿量<100ml/d或Ccr<1·0ml/min视为无尿。结果:三组不同残肾状态患者Kt/vtotal和Ccr分别为1·75±0·35、2·07±0·54、2·46±0·50和53·4±11·2、66·6±11·2、97·6±22·1(L/Wks),各组之间差异非常显著(P<0·001)。三组不同残余肾Kt/v和Ccr分别占总体kt/v的12·4%、27%、45·7%及总体Ccr的18·3%、47·3%和65·3%,三组间相比差异亦显著(P<0·01)。此外,三组间高血压发生率、心胸比例及左心室肥厚(LVH)亦存在一定差异,C组心脏增大的病例明显低于A、B两组。RRF状态与透析效能呈正相关。本组患者除2例在透析治疗时即无尿,128例患者中有31例(24·2%)发生无尿,其中原发病为血管炎综合征及糖尿病肾病各占4例和7例,其无尿发生率分别占本病种的66·7%及25·9%;另20例无尿患者为肾小球肾炎或其它疾病,占此类疾病的20·6%。此外,发生无尿患者中有5例(16·1%)透析时尿量<300ml/d。结论:PD患者的残余肾仍然是清除体内代谢产物的重要途径,同时也影响血压及心血管系统并发症。     

Diaphragmatic function in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

We investigated 8 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for diaphragmatic strength and the neuromechanical efficiency of the diaphragm while the abdomen was filled with dialysate and while it was empty. Maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi_max) served as parameter for diaphragmatic strength; diaphragmatic efficiency was assessed by simultaneously monitoring transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi) during room-air breathing and hyperoxic CO₂-rebreathing. After instilling dialysate, Pdi_max increased from 76.7 ± 12.1 cmH₂O to 92.2 ± 16.3 cmH₂O (P < 0.05). While the slopes of the regression lines relating minute ventilation (VE) to arterial CO₂ tension, and the change in VE for a given change in Pdi during hypercapnic rebreathing were similar in both states, the slope of EMGdi vs Pdi was significantly steeper when the abdomen was filled (P < 0.05). The increase in Pdi_max observed in the filled state may suggest an adaptive rightward shift in the diaphragm's force-length relationship in CAPD patients, although this mechanism is insufficient to prevent a reduction of neuromechanical efficiency of the diaphragm. Offprint requests to: T. Wanke     

Subdural hematoma in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis developed a subdural hematoma. This problem is common among hemodialysis patients but is rare in patients on peritoneal dialysis, possibly because peritoneal dialysis offers protective advantages, including the lack of anticoagulation, better control of hypertension and milder fluid shifts leading to diminished changes in brain volume. Recently described changes in vascular structures in polycystic kidney disease may contribute to the risk of subdural hematoma in these patients.     

老年持续性腹膜透析患者外周血及腹膜透析流出液辅助性T淋巴细胞亚群分析

目的观察老年维持性腹膜透析患者外周血及腹膜透析流出液中辅助性T细胞亚群的分布情况。方法选取长海医院腹膜透析中心60岁及以上稳定透析16例患者为研究对象（老年实验组）,同一中心稳定透析且一般营养状态、合并症匹配的60岁以下患者16例为对照（对照组）,取外周血及腹膜透析流出液为标本,分离单个核细胞,流式细胞术检测Thelp1、Thelp2、Thelp17及调节性T细胞比例。结果老年实验组外周血中,Th1、Th17细胞比例均降低,分别为（34．2±14．5）％和（1．9±0．6）％,与对照组（38．1±10．7）％,（4．3±2．1）％比较略有降低,但没有统计学意义;Th2、Treg细胞比例咀显升高,分别为（3．2±1．5）％相比于（1．9±1．2）％（P=-0．033）,（7．3±2．9）％相比于（4．3±2．1）％（P=0．028）,差异均有统计学意义。腹膜透析流出液情况类似,除Th2无统计学意义外,Th1、Th17、Treg细胞亚群在老年组中比例分别为（24．2±11．8）％、（3．2±1．8）％和（8．2±4．3）％,对照组为（30．7±19．2）％、（6．7±2．9）％和（5．9±3．9）％,同比变化明显,P值分别为0．031、0．047和O．022,均有统计学意义。结论老年长期连续性不卧床腹膜透析患者机体细胞免疫功能明显下降、宿主免疫功能紊乱,需要通过更细致的营养、疾病评估以明确是否同年龄因素相关。     

A case report of Mycobacterium abscessus peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient

Peritonitis due to nontuberculous mycobacterium in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is rare. However, when it occurs, PD catheter removal is required in most cases because of resistance to antibiotic therapy. We report a case of Mycobacterium abscessus peritonitis subsequent to tunnel infection after PD catheter-replacement surgery. The patient underwent this surgery as her tunnel infection had not resolved following the usual 3 month course of antibiotic therapy. After surgery, tunnel infection of the second catheter and peritonitis occurred. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were detected on acid-fast stain from both the old and new exit-site drainage and the peritoneal effluent. The mycobacteria were identified as M. abscessus. Removal of the new catheter and surgical excision of the previous catheter tunnel were performed and multiple antibiotics were started. After 3 months the postsurgical wounds had healed completely. This case demonstrates the importance of further evaluation of unidentified PD catheter-related infections, including an examination for nontuberculous mycobacterium.     

糖尿病肾病与非糖尿病肾病患者应用葡萄糖透析液进行持续性非卧床腹膜透析的全天血糖谱比较

目的研究持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者全天血糖谱的变化规律。方法选取2009年4月至2011年12月在中山大学附属第一医院腹膜透析中心行腹膜透析的终末期肾病患者28例,其中15例为2型糖尿病肾病患者（DN组）,13例为非糖尿病肾病患者（NDN组）。另设健康对照组12名,为同期来我院门诊体格检查各项指标均正常者。应用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）对3组进行连续72h的动态血糖监测,分析各组动态血糖参数特点。用多元协方差分析控制组问基线差异,并处理血红蛋白对HbAlc的影响效应。结果与正常对照组相比,NDN组〉11．1mmol／L血糖百分比（胛）明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义[（1％（0～5％）比0,P〈0．05],且〉7．8mmol／L曲线下面积（AUC）、〉11．1AUC、平均血糖水平的标准差（SDBG）、血糖最大值（MAX）、日内最大血糖波动幅度（LAGE）均有升高趋势（P值介于0．056～0．094）。而DN组上述指标则更高。此外DN组平均血糖水平（MBG）、24hAUC、透析相关指标如腹膜透析时血糖、透析后MAX也明显高于NDN组[（9．4±2．5）比（6．4±1．3）mmol／L,（7．0±2．7）比（4．2±1．3）mmol·L-1·d-1,透析时血糖（8．6±2．8）比（6．2±1．4）mmoL／L,透析后MAX（11．5±2．6）比（8．5±2．4）mmol／L]（均P〈0．05）。糖化血红蛋白〈7％的DN组患者的血糖指标如MBG、24hAUC、〉7．8AUC及PT、〉11．1PT,腹膜透析相关指标如透析后MAX也较NDN组显著升高（t值为1．808～3．627,均P〈0．05）。DN组的夜间低血糖检出率明显高于NDN组及正常对照组。在DN患者中,使用2．5％葡萄糖透析液与1．5％透析液的患者相比,各项血糖指标均有升高趋势（均P〉0．05）。结论CAPD时葡萄糖腹膜透析液可影响患者的血糖稳态,对DN患者的影响更为明显。     

Energy intake in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis

Objectives. To compare patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with those on haemodialysis (HD) regarding food composition and energy intake.
Design. Prospective food recording during 5 consecutive days.
Setting. Nephrology section at a University hospital.
Subjects. Fifteen patients on CAPD and 15 patients on HD, matched for age, gender, duration of dialysis and body mass index (BMI).
Main outcome measures. Percentage macronutrient energy composition, with and without inclusion of transperitoneal glucose uptake. Daily energy intake, both total and from the different macronutrients.
Results. The percentage contribution of the dietary macronutrients to the energy intake was about the same in the two dialysis groups, although the actual energy intake in CAPD patients was lower from all three macronutrients ( P =0.02–0.04). The mean intraperitoneal glucose load in CAPD patients was 159 g day^-1, which is approximately equivalent to 2700 kJ. Inclusion of this additional energy (estimated uptake: 70% of the intraperitoneal energy load=19% of total energy intake) significantly increased the carbohydrate fraction and decreased the protein and fat fractions ( P <0.0001). Furthermore, this inclusion resulted in almost identical values for total energy intake in the two groups (≈ 144 kJ kg^-1 day^-1) and, in CAPD patients, a significantly higher actual energy contribution from carbohydrates ( P =0.04).
Conclusions. Transperitoneal energy intake more than compensates for the lower oral dietary energy intake seen in CAPD patients. Nevertheless, the level of total energy intake places both patient groups in the risk zone for developing malnutrition.     

Mycobacterium porcinum peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Mycobacterium porcinum has been reported to cause a variety of illnesses including wound infections, respiratory tract infections, osteomyelitis and catheter-related bacteremias. We report the first case of M. porcinum peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A 67-year-old woman on CAPD presented with three weeks of constitutional symptoms and abdominal pain. Peritoneal fluid cultures on day three grew acid-fast rods. Nocardiosis was suspected and the patient was empirically treated with amikacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The dialysis catheter was removed. Two weeks later final culture results revealed M. porcinum. Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were initiated with good clinical response.     

质子泵抑制剂治疗持续不卧床腹膜透析患者胃食管反流症状的疗效观察

目的 评估慢性肾功能衰竭持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者的胃食管反流症状及质子泵抑制剂治疗的疗效.方法 选取2008年1月至7月一般情况良好、透析充分的CAPD患者58例,采用胃食管反流病诊断问卷(RDQ)评估其胃食管反流症状.RDQ累积评分≥6分且<12分者给予埃索美拉唑镁肠溶片20 mg每日 1次,对于RDQ累积评分≥12分者给予上述药物每日2次,每次20 mg.4周后再次评估RDQ评分,判断疗效.结果 各种消化道症状的出现频率中反流症状出现频率最高(64.7%),其次为反酸(52.9%)、非心源性胸痛(47.1.%)和烧心(17.6%).PPI治疗4周后RDQ分值较治疗前降低(P<0.05);治疗前RDQ评分总分≥12分者和<12分者疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.059).结论 PPI能缓解CAPD患者的胃食管反流症状,但其疗程以及疗效评估尚需进一步研究证实.     

Peritonitis by scedosporium apiospermum in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A case of peritonitis due to Scedosporium apiospermum in a boy undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is reported. The finding of suggestive tissual form of the fungus in the effluent hastened the diagnosis of the infection.     

Comparative cardiac effects of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

To assess the comparative cardiac effects of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), we performed M-mode echocardiography prior to and immediately following hemodialysis on 56 patients and during the dwell phase of CAPD on 39 patients. Hemodialysis produced a significant increase in the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF, an index of left ventricular systolic function) in patients with low VCF prior to dialysis, but resulted in no significant change in VCF in patients with normal predialysis VCF. Hemodialysis produced a significant increase in VCF in patients with a normal predialysis left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), but resulted in no significant change in VCF in patients with left ventricular dilatation prior to dialysis. Hemodialysis produced a significant decrease in mean LVEDVI and mean stroke index, but resulted in no significant change in mean cardiac index due to a reflex increase in heart rate. Mean LVEDVI, mean stroke index, and VCF values in patients on CAPD were not significantly different from those observed immediately following hemodialysis. Mean cardiac index and mean heart rate were significantly lower in CAPD patients than in posthemodialysis patients. Pericardial effusion was observed in 25% of hemodialysis patients and 5% of CAPD patients (p less than 0.05). We conclude (1) the effects of hemodialysis on left ventricular performance are variable and depend in part on predialysis left ventricular volume and left ventricular systolic function, (2) except for a lower cardiac index, left ventricular hemodynamics for CAPD patients resemble those of posthemodialysis patients, and (3) pericardial effusion occurs with significantly higher frequency in patients on hemodialysis than in those on CAPD.     

Outcome and survival in different peritoneal dialysis modalities

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been accepted as a treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease, yet experience with PD in Arab countries is limited. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome and survival of different PD modalities. All patients managed at the Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital Kuwait between August 1982 and December 2003 using PD for three months or more were included in the study. Demographic features, outcome and survival of the patients were analyzed. Four hundred and fifteen patients with end-stage renal failure were admitted into the PD program. Their mean age was 52.06 +/- 16.43 years. Hospital-based intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) were preferred by 203 (48.9%), 176 (42.4%), 30 (7.2%) and 6 (1.4%) patients respectively. The mean duration of follow up was 12.7 +/- 11.7 months. Fifty-five (13.3%) patients were continuing on PD, 55 (13.3%) had shifted to hemodialysis, 73 (17.6%) underwent renal transplantation, 114 (27.5%) died, 34 (8.2%) returned to their native countries, 79 (19%) transferred to other centers and follow up was lost for 5 (1.45%) patients. Patient survival at two years was 56%, 72% and 87% in IPD, CAPD and NIPD respectively. Technique survival at two years was 60.6%, 75.4% and 100% in IPD, CAPD and NIPD respectively. Peritoneal dialysis modalities provide a feasible modality of renal replacement therapy. The overall outcome and patient and technique survival in home PD modalities were better than hospital-based PD.     

Peritonitis due to Rhizopus in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A 61-year-old man who had end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes mellitus and hypertension developed peritonitis due to infection with Rhizopus as a complication of receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). At the onset of infection, the patient was neither acidemic nor hyperglycemic; in addition, deferoxamine had not been administered and Elastoplast dressings had not been applied. The infection occurred after the technique for disinfection of the catheter used for CAPD had been changed. The catheter was removed, and therapy with amphotericin B was initiated. Although the patient died of apparently unrelated causes, an autopsy revealed active fungal infection with multiple abscesses and superficial invasion of the ileal wall.