脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞及一氧化氮含量的变化

目的　探讨脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性细胞和一氧化氮 (NO)的变化和意义。方法　采用自由落体法致Wistar大鼠顶叶皮质挫裂伤动物模型。伤后 2 4h、72h和 7d取脑 ,制作冰冻切片 ,采用NADPH组织化学染色 ,显示脑挫伤区NOS阳性细胞。用硝酸还原酶法测定血液和脑组织中NO含量。结果　脑挫伤后 72h ,NOS阳性细胞数密度 (Nv)和面密度(Sv)明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而且 7d时仍无明显下降。血液和脑中NO含量也增高 ,并与NOS细胞呈平行关系。结论　脑挫伤后不同时间NOS细胞数目和NO含量有明显改变 ,提示NOS和NO参与了脑挫伤的病理过程     

一氧化氮/诱导型一氧化氮合酶在动脉粥样硬化过程中的作用

 目的：探讨一氧化氮（NO）/诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）在动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）过程中的动态变化,分析其对动脉粥样硬化形成过程的影响。方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分成2组：对照组及AS组,每组30只。AS组采用维生素D3腹腔注射联合高脂饲料饲养的方法构建动脉粥样硬化模型。用相关生化方法检测血清各项生化指标：总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖和钙离子,比色法检测血清NO浓度,并对主动脉行HE染色,免疫组化技术检测iNOS蛋白表达,将所得数据进行统计分析,用简单线性相关分析NO与钙离子及动脉粥样硬化指数的相关性。结果：90 d后成功构建了主动脉中膜钙化型动脉粥样硬化模型。血清NO浓度在动脉粥样硬化过程中逐步下降,各组间差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。动脉粥样硬化过程中动脉粥样硬化指数与钙离子呈正相关,与NO呈负相关。在90 d的AS组粥样斑块区免疫组化技术检测到iNOS蛋白表达。结论:在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中,主动脉粥样斑块区iNOS蛋白高表达,但血清NO浓度逐渐降低,NO抗动脉粥样硬化作用减弱。     

一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与子宫内膜关系的研究进展

女性子宫内膜在女性生殖生理功能方面担负着月经形成、胚胎着床、妊娠维持、激素分泌等重要作用。自从1995年Telfer首次发现人子宫内膜中NOS(N itric Oxide Synthase)mRNA和其蛋白的存在后,近年来越来越多的研究表明NO(N itric Oxide)在女性生殖过程中扮演着重要的角色。本文将就NOS在子宫内膜的活性表达,及其与子宫内膜关系的研究作一综述。     

叶酸对去卵巢大鼠抗氧化酶、一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮的影响

 目的: 观察叶酸对去卵巢大鼠抗氧化酶、一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮的影响。方法: 40只3月龄健康雌性SD大鼠,随机分成5组:假手术组、去卵巢组、二乙基己烯雌酚(0.03 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组、低剂量(5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)叶酸组和高剂量(20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)叶酸组。各组大鼠于术后1周开始灌胃给药,假手术组和去卵巢组给予蒸馏水,10周后,取L₅椎体和右股骨行骨密度(BMD)检测;测定血浆和骨匀浆总抗氧化能力(TAC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和一氧化氮(NO)水平。结果: 与假手术组比较,去卵巢组大鼠L₅椎体和股骨BMD显著降低(P < 0.01),血浆GSH-Px、NO和骨匀浆TAC、GSH-Px、NOS及NO水平明显降低(P < 0.01),MDA浓度升高显著(P < 0.01);与去卵巢组大鼠比较,高剂量叶酸组大鼠L₅椎体和股骨BMD增加(P < 0.01),骨匀浆TAC、GSH-Px、NOS和NO水平升高(P < 0.01),MDA浓度降低(P < 0.01),血浆GSH-Px和NO水平升高。结论: 去卵巢大鼠体内抗氧化酶、NOS和NO水平降低,氧化应激参与了去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的发生;高剂量叶酸能提升去卵巢大鼠腰椎和股骨BMD,提高其体内抗氧化酶、NOS和NO水平,改善氧化应激,这可能是高剂量叶酸防治去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的机制之一。     

The expression and activity of renal nitric oxide synthase and circulating nitric oxide in polycystic kidney disease rats

Nitric oxide (NO) influences tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, and hence possibly also fluid accumulation in renal cysts. The expression and activity of intrarenal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) [neuronal NOS, nNOS and endothelial NOS, eNOS] and inducible NOS (iNOS) and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) concentration were assessed in homozygous Han:SPRD polycystic kidney disease (PKD) rats (cy/cy), heterozygous Han:SPRD PKD rats (cy/+), homozygous normal Han:SPRD littermates (+/+) and Sprague Dawley rats (sd). The results showed: 1) nNOS expression was decreased in proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in cy/cy and cy/+ rats compared to +/+ and sd rats (p<0.05). nNOS was weakly expressed in the epithelium of small cysts and unexpressed in epithelium of large cysts. 2) iNOS expression was increased in proximal tubular epithelial cells in cy/+ rats compared to +/+ rats and sd rats (p<0.01). iNOS expression in cyst epithelium was decreased in cy/+ rats (p<0.05) and absent in cy/cy rats. 3) eNOS expression was similar in the endothelium of intrarenal arteries in all groups. 4) The activity of renal cNOS was decreased in cy/cy and cy/+ rats; the activity of iNOS was decreased only in cy/cy rats, with no significant difference among the other three groups. 5) PNOx concentration was higher in cy/cy rats than in the other three groups, and correlated positively with plasma creatinine and urea. In conclusion, NOS expression and activity decreased as cysts developed, suggesting that NO downregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.     

Effect of focal cerebral ischemia on nitric oxide synthase expression in rats

Time- and cell-type-dependent immunohistochemical activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in rat cerebral cortex following focal ischemia and the local concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured. NO concentration increased 2 min after the ischemia. Brain NOS-immunoreactive neurons increased in number 5 min after the ischemia. Endothelial cell NOS immunoreactivity was first detected in vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes 5 min after the ischemia, and it increased again during 60 min to 4 days after the ischemia in reactive astrocytes. Inducible NOS immunoreactivity was detected in astrocytes, vascular endothelium, and microglia/macrophages at the periphery of the ischemic core during 2–4 days after the ischemia.This study was presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan, Osaka, October 17–19, 1996.     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶对肺纤维化形成的促进作用

目的:研究纤维化肺内诱导型一氧化氮合酶上调及其与肺纤维化形成的关系。方法:气管内滴注平阳霉素(BLMA₅5mL/kg),观察注后7、14、30d肺组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)阳性细胞数和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原纤维的变化;用氨基胍(AG)阻断iNOS合成NO后,观察出肺血中NO₂^-/NO₃^-和肺组织中羟脯氨酸含量以及肺组织形态结构的变化。结果:①注BLMA₅7d、14d和30d组大鼠肺间质iNOS阳性细胞数明显多于对照组(P<0.01),并且,BLMA₅7d组和BLMA₅14d组还多于BLMA₅30d组(P<0.01)。BLMA₅14d和30d组大鼠肺间质胶原纤维的出现多于对照组,BLMA₅14d组以Ⅲ型胶原纤维增多为主,BLMA₅30d组以Ⅰ型胶原纤维增多为主。②AG缓解出肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-和肺组织中羟脯氨酸含量的升高;AG还阻止肺间质或纤维细胞和巨噬细胞的增多。结论:在肺纤维化形成过程中,肺内iNOS上调,大量生成NO,有促肺纤维化的作用。     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increases synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation of rats

Synaptophysin is a protein involved in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles and budding. It has been used as an important tool to investigate plastic effects on synaptic transmission. Nitric oxide (NO) can influence plastic changes in specific brain regions related to cognition and emotion. Experimental evidence suggests that NO and synaptophysin are co-localized in several brain regions and that NO may change synaptophysin expression. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate if inhibition of NO formation would change synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Male Wistar rats received single or repeated (once a day for 4 days) i.p. injections of saline or l-nitro-arginine (l-NOARG, 40 mg/kg), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Twenty-four hours after the last injection the animals were sacrificed and their brains removed for ‘in situ’ hybridization study using ³⁵S-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to synaptophysin mRNA. The results were analyzed by computerized densitometry. Acute administration of l-NOARG induced a significant (p < 0.05, ANOVA) increase in synaptophysin mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3. The effect disappeared after repeated drug administration. No change was found in the striatum, cingulated cortex, substantia nigra or nucleus accumbens. These results reinforce the proposal that nitric oxide is involved in plastic events in the hippocampus.     

肝细胞癌一氧化氮合酶的表达及其临床意义

目的：研究肝细胞癌（HCC）组织中一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的表达及其临床意义。方法：通过免疫组化的方法检测51例HCC组织和46例癌旁肝组织（LTBC）中NOS1、NOS2、NOS3的表达,探讨3指标与HCC单发还是多发、肿瘤大小、有否合并肝硬化、肿瘤坏死、组织分化程度、门静脉癌栓形成、肝外转移和预后等的关系。结果：NOS1、NOS2、NOS3在46例LTBC的阳性率均明显高于51例HCC组织的阳性率（P<0.01）;NOS1两年内复发组的阳性率明显高于无复发组（P<0.01）;NOS2在无癌栓形成组的阳性率明显高于伴有癌栓形成组（P<0.05）;NOS3在复发组的阳性率明显高于无复发组（P<0.01）。结论：NOS的表达与HCC的组织分化程度、门静脉癌栓形成和预后等生物学行为有密切关系     

缺氧新生鼠胃壁内一氧化氮合成酶定量和定位研究

为探讨缺氧新生鼠胃壁局部一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的改变,本文直接测定其胃壁一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）活性,并采用ＮＡＤＰＨ二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶组织化学方法（ＮＤ法）观察胃壁各层ＮＯＳ分布的变化,结果发现：急性缺氧组与正常组相比,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但在缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）组,胃壁ＮＯＳ活性明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＮＤ法定位显示ＮＯＳ阳性纤维及胞体明显增多表现在肌层,而粘膜及粘膜下层变化不明显。说明窒息时胃动力降低及胃粘膜病变与ＮＯ在胃壁内的改变有关。     

阿司匹林对炎症条件下人血管内皮细胞一氧化氮的产生及诱导型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨炎症时阿司匹林(AS)对内皮细胞一氧化氮(NO)的产生及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因表达的抑制作用。方法:Griess法测上清液NO^-₂/NO^-₃水平、黄递酶法测NOS活性、常规生化法测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度,染料排除法测细胞活力,RT-PCR技术分析iNOSmRNA水平。结果:白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、γ-干扰素(INF)联用脂多糖(LPS)诱导后上清液中NO^-₂/NO^-₃由(4.27±0.75)μmol/L增加到(9.35±1.25)μmol/L,对内皮细胞造成明显的损伤。但3mmol/LAS组NO生成及NOS活性明显降低,LDH释放率及MDA浓度下降,细胞存活率上升,与NO诱导组相比差异显著。并随AS剂量的增加对NO的抑制及对细胞的保护作用更加明显,但AS对生理水平的NO没有抑制作用。同时发现10mmol/L浓度以下AS对iNOSmRNA表达水平没有影响;但10-20mmol/L的AS则可在转录水平上抑制iNOSmRNA的表达。并观察到水杨酸钠及消炎痛不具有抑制NO产生的作用。结论:AS具有明显抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、γ-INF及LPS诱导NO生成的作用,从而保护血管内皮细胞避免炎症时高浓度NO的损伤。     

一氧化氮合酶在新生鼠肠损伤中的作用

目的建立新生鼠肠损伤模型,探讨不同类型一氧化氮合酶在其发生发展中的作用.方法新生鼠随机分为对照组8只,实验组每一时相点各8只.将E coli O55:B5脂多糖5mg/kg注入新生鼠胃内,分别于注入后3h、6h、12h、24h处死动物,分离胃肠道.取部分回肠末端组织固定,包埋切片,常规HE染色,光镜下观察其组织学改变,进行损伤评分.其余回肠组织用于测定原生型一氧化氮合酶(constitutive nitric oxide synthase, cNOS)和诱生型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)活性,并分别与组织学评分进行相关性分析.结果实验组3h、6h、12h、24h损伤评分分别为(1.54±0.87)、(1.79±0.75)、(1.92±0.43)、(2.29±0.60),均明显高于对照组(0.08±0.15)(P<0.05); 6h、24hcNOS活性分别为(34.28±7.34)、(22.96±2.93) nmol/gprot/min,显著低于对照组(47.59±14.55) nmol/gprot/min (P<0.05).6h iNOS活性(6.73±2.40) nmol/gprot/min,显著低于对照组(10.27±3.36) nmol/gprot/min(P<0.05).实验组24h内回肠组织cNOS活性与其平均损伤程度呈显著负相关(P<0.001);iNOS活性与损伤程度无显著相关性(P>0.05).结论 cNOS和iNOS在新生鼠肠损伤中作用不同,因此治疗新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎时应慎重选择NOS抑制剂.     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对大鼠结肠炎损伤的影响

目的：了解一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L－精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）对大鼠结肠炎损伤的影响。方法：将实验大鼠随机分为对照组、损伤组、NAME1、NAME2、NAME3（即N1、N2、N3）干预组。采用三硝基苯磺酸（TNB）30 mg+50%乙醇0.25 mL给大鼠灌肠复制结肠炎模型，并检测各组的溃疡指数（UI）、一氧化氮（NO）、MDA含量及GSH活性。结果：N1、N2、N3组的NO、UI、MDA值低于损伤组，GHS值高于损伤组，对照组的损伤不明显。相关分析表明，NO含量与MDA含量呈正相关，与GSH活性呈负相关。结论：在结肠炎症反应中，NO过量生成具有损伤作用，L－NAME通过抑制NOS活性，减少NO及自由基的生成，具一定的抗损伤作用。     

Genetic analysis of nitric oxide synthase isoforms: targeted mutation in mice

Sine the discovery that nitric oxide is an endogenous vasodilator responsible for endothelium-derived relaxing factor activity, nitric oxide has been found in many different cell types and implicated in many diverse biological processes. Because pharmacological blockade does not distinguish between the three major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, the tissue and enzyme source of nitric oxide is unclear in many situations. Targeted disruption of the genes for the various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase offers a useful genetic approach to study the roles of each isoform and to examine the effects of their deletion on physiological processes in intact animals. Here we review the phenotypes of the various nitric oxide synthase mutant mice and examine what they reveal about the complexities of the nitric oxide signaling system and about molecular and physiological compensations brought into play in the absence of individual isoforms.Abbreviations rCBF Relative cerebral blood flow - EDRF Endothelium-dependent relaxing factor - IJP Inhibitory junction potentials - LTP Long-term potentiation - L-NAME l-N-Arginine-methyl ester - L-NMMA l N-Monomethyl arginine - L-NA lNitro arginine - LPS Lipopolysaccharide - NOS Nitric oxide synthase - nNOS Neuronal NOS - iNOS Inducible NOS - eNOS Endothelial NOS - VIP Vasoactive intestinal peptide     

一氧化氮吸入对缺氧性肺动脉高压患者一氧化氮合酶和内皮素-1的影响

目的: 探讨吸入一氧化氮(NO)对缺氧性肺动脉高压患者一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和内皮素-1(ET-1)的影响。方法: 13例肺动脉高压患者行NO吸入,分别于吸入NO前、吸入30 min时、停止吸入2 h和12 h采肺动脉血,测白细胞中的NOS及血浆中的ET-1。结果: 吸入NO前、吸入30 min时、停止吸入2 h和12 h,所测NOS值分别为(0.70±0.21)mol/min·mg^-1、(0.74±0.14)mol/min·mg^-1、(0.64±0.22)mol/min·mg^-1和(0.63±0.17)mol/min·mg^-1;所测ET-1为(78.89±46.59)pmol/L、(88.27±45.41)pmol/L、(80.76±42.66)pmol/L和(61.07±29.44)pmol/L;后三者同吸入前比,P均＞0.05。结论: 缺氧性肺动脉高压患者吸入NO对机体NOS和ET-1未见明显影响。     

Mice with an inactivation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study mice genetically deficient for iNOS are shown to be susceptible to EAE induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In iNOS (–/–) mice the course of disease was earlier in onset and more aggressive compared to control animals. A disease-relevant compensatory up-regulation of neuronal (n)NOS and endothelial (e)NOS with increased production of NO in iNOS (–/–) mice is excluded by 1) the failure to detect increased nNOS and eNOS mRNA, 2) the absence of detection of nitrosylated tyrosine residues in EAE tissue indicating absence of NO-derived peroxynitrite, and 3) the lack of disease-preventing effects of N^G-nitro-L -arginine methylester. In conclusion, these results do not support the hypothesis that NO is crucial for the development of EAE.     

反复热性惊厥过程中气体信号分子硫化氢对一氧化氮/一氧化氮合酶体系的影响

目的：探讨硫化氢（H₂S）对热性惊厥（FS）大鼠一氧化氮（NO）/一氧化氮合酶（NOS）体系表达的影响。方法:大鼠随机分为对照组、FS组、FS+NaHS组、FS+HA（hydroxylamine）组。采用热水浴诱导大鼠FS，隔日诱导1次，共10次。采用分光光度计法测定大鼠血浆中H₂S和NO含量；用原位杂交观察nNOS mRNA表达情况；用免疫组化方法观察NOS蛋白表达情况。结果:FS+NaHS组NO含量低于FS组，同时NOS表达也低于FS组；而FS+HA组NO含量高于FS组，同时NOS表达也强于FS组。结论:用H₂S外源性供体NaHS和胱硫醚-β-合成酶抑制剂HA的干预研究表明，反复热性惊厥过程中，H₂S的改变可影响NO/NOS体系的表达。     

肝移植围术期血浆一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的变化及意义

目的：动态观察肝移植围术期血浆一氧化氮（NO）水平和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性的变化，并探讨其意义。 方法： 30例终末期肝病患者接受原位肝移植术。用放免法、比色法分别测定肝移植围术期5个时点血浆NO2-/NO3-水平和NOS活性，观察其动态变化。同步抽取桡动脉和肺动脉血做血气分析，记录不同时期的PO2、PCO2、SO2、Hb，根据肺内分流标准模型公式计算(Qs/Qt)。并监测围术期心输出量（CO）、心率（HR）、中心静脉压（CVP）、平均动脉压（MABP）、体循环阻力（SVR）。 结果： (1) 无肝前10 min NO2-/NO3-水平明显高于麻醉后术前。无肝期30 min NO2-/NO3-显著低于无肝前10 min。新肝期30 min NO2-/NO3-显著高于麻醉后术前、无肝期30 min。（2）TNOS活性各时点无显著差异。无肝前10 min、新肝30 min时iNOS活性明显高于麻醉后术前。与无肝30 min值比较，新肝期30 min iNOS活性显著升高。（3）MABP在开放下腔静脉后1 min明显下降，CO和CVP在无肝期下降，新肝期增高。SVR在无肝期增高，新肝期明显下降。（4）Qs/Qt在无肝期下降，新肝期30 min升高。 结论： 在肝移植围术期各个时段，NO水平及iNOS活性各不相同。高NO水平可能是新肝期低阻力、肺内分流增加的原因。     

Failure of L-NAME to cause inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase

We addressed the hypothesis that administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) does not result in a sustained suppression of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, because of a compensatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). L-NAME was administered in the drinking water (0.1–1.0 mg/ml) for 7 days to guinea pigs and rats. Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed by [1] ex vivo formation of nitrite in blood vessels and intestine [2] tissue levels of cGMP [3] iNOS gene expression by RT-PCR [4] NADPH diaphorase staining [5] direct assessment of NO release in tissue explants using a microelectrode/electrochemical detection system. Chronic L-NAME administration elevated intestinal cGMP and nitrite levels in guinea pigs (p<0.05). In rats, intestinal nitrite levels were comparable in control and L-NAME treatment groups, whereas direct assessment of NO release defined a marked increase in the L-NAME group. Chronic L-NAME resulted in an induction of iNOS gene expression in rats and guinea pigs and novel sites of NADPH diaphorase staining in the intestine. We conclude that iNOS expression is responsible for a compensatory increase or normalization of NO synthesis during sustained administration of L-NAME.accepted by G. Letts