Diffuse white matter changes caused by dural arteriovenous fistula.

We present two patients with progressive dementia who showed diffuse white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) associated with dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) involving the transverse-sigmoid sinuses. Angiography of both patients revealed that DAVF was associated with multiple occlusive changes in the dural venous sinus. The associated occlusive changes isolated the straight sinus and the DAVF from the other venous sinuses, and concentrated the drainage of the DAVF in the straight sinus. We postulate that the venous hypertension of the straight sinus resulted in the venous ischemia of the white matter, diffuse white matter changes on MRI, and progressive neurological signs including dementia. Treatment of the DAVF reversed white matter changes and neurological signs. Associated with the venous sinus occlusions, the DAVF caused dementia with diffuse white matter changes due to the venous ischemia.     

侧窦型硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊断及治疗探讨

本文报告27例侧窦型硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF),对其发病机理,血供与临床的关系以及治疗方法的选择进行了探讨.作者认为临床表现与静脉引流类型密切相关,头痛和耳后杂音是最常见的发病症状.全脑血管造影是确诊和研究本病唯一可靠的手段.对以颈外动脉及锁骨下动脉分支供血为主者,选择性血管内栓塞治疗是安全、有效、首选的治疗方法.对颈内动脉和推动脉脑膜支参入供血者,则以血管内栓塞结合手术治疗为益.     

Spontaneous closure of a intracraneal dural arteriovenous fistula by controlled hypotension during a general anesthesia procedure. A case report

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) are arteriovenous communications within the duramater, which seem to be pathophysiologically related to a venous sinus thrombosis. DAVF may require invasive treatment, although rarely spontaneous occlusion has been reported. The present case is a 48-year-old male with a diagnosed type III DAVF of the right lateral sinus. Complete endovascular embolization was not possible to perform, so he was considered a candidate for surgical treatment. During perioperative management, under general anesthesia, the intraoperative arteriographyc monitoritation showed a spontaneous closure of the DAVF after induced controlled hypotension, resulting in complete cure. We conclude that controlled hypotension could become an alternative for treatment of DAVF in high risk patients or when there is no chance for embolization.patients or when there is no chance for embolization. Neurología 2003;18(10):746-749     

颅颈结合区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床和影像学特征

目的 总结颅颈结合部硬脑膜动静脉瘘（dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF）患者的影像学和临床 特征。 方法 回顾性分析2005年8月-2016年7月在成都市第五人民医院经DSA确诊的16例颅颈结合部 DAVF患者临床资料及其DSA、CTA和MRI影像信息。根据发病时间将患者分成急性（7 d内）、亚急性（1 个月内）和慢性（超过1个月）三组。 结果 确诊的患者急性组4例、亚急性组4例和慢性组8例,其中急性和慢性患者中男性比例均为 75.0%,高于亚急性患者（50.0%）。在静脉引流方向上,有7例（87.5％）的慢性患者引流方向向上, 而急性和亚急性患者静脉引流向上的比例分别为3例（75.0%）和2例（50.0%）。所有患者在临床上均 出现头痛、恶心等非特异性症状。DSA影像显示DAVF在颅颈结合区集中在C1神经根处、双侧乙状窦处、 横窦区、右脑膜后动脉近横窦处、右侧硬脊膜动静脉瘘瘘口、左/右侧椎动脉区、枕大孔区、右侧脑 膜中动脉分支、窦汇区、天幕区和双侧海绵窦。5例患者接受了CTA检查,其中4例CTA影像呈阳性,显 示出蛛网膜下腔出血或血管的数目、形状和粗细上的改变;12例患者行脊髓MRI平扫检查,均显示被 检者出现异常流空血管,并在脑实质区出现异常信号。 结论 颅颈结合部DAVF的临床表现与颅颈结合部位置无关,与静脉引流的方向有关,CTA和MRI有 助于DAVF诊断,但确诊需要DSA检查。     

Angioplasty and stent deployment in acute sinus thrombosis following endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae

We report on the successful treatment of acute sinus thrombosis associated with endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) by sinus angioplasty with stent deployment. A 76-year-old man presented with intracerebral hemorrhage, Cognard type IIa+b DAVF of the left sigmoid sinus, and type IIa DAVF of the torcular herophili. During transvenous sinus embolization, acute thrombosis of the stenotic lesion in the left transverse sinus occurred. The thrombosis caused isolated sinus and cortical venous reflux (CVR). The patient was treated by stent-supported sinus angioplasty, which led to an immediate improvement of the sinus thrombosis and associated CVR.     

Dural arteriovenous fistula with spinal perimedullary venous drainage

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of six patients with dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with drainage directly into the perimedullary venous system. In five patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cerebral angiography revealed a DAVF with spinal venous drainage located at the petrosal sinus in one, at the tentorium in one, and at the craniocervical junction in four. In the patient with myelopathy, angiographic exploration began with a spinal angiogram. Bilateral vertebral angiography initially failed to demonstrate the fistula, and a tentorial DAVF was established with carotid artery angiography. Patients had no myelopathy when the venous drainage was limited to the cervical cord; myelopathy was present when the venous drainage descended toward the conus medullaris. Diagnosis of a DAVF presenting with myelopathy is more challenging than of those presenting with SAH.     

3T三维时间飞越法磁共振血管成像在硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊断中的应用

目的探讨3T三维时间飞越法(3D-TOF)磁共振血管成像(MRA)对硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的诊断价值。方法对18例DAVF患者的头颅MRI、3D-TOF-MRA及DSA检查结果进行回顾性对照分析。结果发生部位以后颅凹最为常见(15/18,其中天幕9例,乙状窦及横窦区4例,窦汇区及颈静脉孔区各1例),顶部2例,海绵窦区1例。临床表现呈多样性,以颅内高压(8例)和癫闇(4例)最为常见。MRI以脑出血样混杂信号多见(9/18),可伴周边粗大流空血管影、脑水肿及脑组织萎缩等。3D-TOF-MRA显示供血动脉由颈内外、椎基底动脉共同参与多见(13/18例),6例血管影增多增粗,与DSA所见皮层静脉逆行(CVR)引流相吻合。结论 3T 3D-TOF-MRA结合常规MR影像,能较为准确地确定病灶的部位、供血动脉及皮层引流静脉,同时清晰显示DAVF继发性的颅内改变,弥补了DSA的不足,可对DAVF病变进行无创全面的评价。     

Surgical Obliteration in Superior Petrosal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Superior petrosal sinus (SPS) dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is one of tentorial DAVFs with significant morbidity, which usually drains into the petrosal vein and its tributaries. Unless there is a connection with venous sinus, surgical obliteration is required. We present two cases of SPS DAVF which were successfully treated with the presigmoid retrolabyrinthine approach.     

Surgical cannulation of a cortical draining vein for endovascular treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) of the cavernous sinus most commonly present with ocular symptoms and can be observed or treated with endovascular approaches, surgery, or radiosurgery. Combined surgical-endovascular approaches have been used for fistulas that are not amenable to standard endovascular approaches. A 40-year-old man presented with ocular symptoms from a cavernous sinus DAVF. Multiple previous transarterial and transvenous embolization attempts had failed. The patient underwent craniotomy for surgical exposure and cannulation of an arterialized sylvian vein. Subsequently he underwent coiling and onyx embolization of the DAVF. The intervention resulted in effective obliteration of the fistula. If a cavernous sinus DAVF is refractory to treatment, surgical exposure and cannulation of a cortical draining vein can facilitate transvenous endovascular treatments.     

Occurrence of De Novo Dural Arteriovenous Fistula after Transvenous Embolization of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula : Case Reports of Two Patients

Development of de novo dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) at a different site after resolution of an initial DAVF, is rare. Here we report two cases, which we encountered in our hospital. A 68-year-old woman presented with pulsatile tinnitus on the left side. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a left anterior condylar confluence (ACC) DVAF and she underwent transvenous embolization. Four years after this treatment, she presented with tinnitus on the left side, and cerebral angiography revealed a right DAVF around the sinus of the lesser sphenoid wing. Another 69-year-old woman presented with left-sided orbital bruits, chemosis, and conjunctival hyperemia. Cerebral angiography showed left cavernous sinus (CS) DAVF, for which she underwent transvenous embolization for CS DAVF. One year later, she developed a left ACC and transverse-sigmoid sinus (TSS) DAVF.     

Transarterial Onyx embolization of sagittal sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae

We report four patients (1 woman and 3 men) with sagittal sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) treated by Onyx embolizations via the middle meningeal artery. Anatomic cure and clinical cure were achieved in all the patients. The fistulae were located in the middle and posterior parts of the sagittal sinus. By Cognard classification the fistulae were: type I - one, type IIb - one, and type IV -two. All these four patients underwent a clinical and angiography follow-up, which confirmed complete cure. Based on this experience, we hypothesize that sagittal sinus DAVFs can be cured using a transarterial endovascular approach.     

4D-DSA在硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊治中的应用

目的 探讨4D-DSA在硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月到2019年10月采用4D-DSA诊断和指导血管内栓塞治疗的10例DAVF的临床资料及影像学资料,对其血管构筑学进行系统分析,并通过彩色血流全循环成像（iFlow）技术进行对比分析。结果 10例病人4D-DSA均可以清晰看到DAVF的瘘口（微孔复合体）、血管构筑和血流动力学流向,完成Cognard分型,并在4D-DSA引导下行血管内栓塞治疗。栓塞治疗后,10例病人iFlow结果显示患侧颈内动脉分叉部、大脑中动脉分叉部、窦汇区的造影剂达峰时间较术前明显缩短（P<0.05）。结论 4D-DSA不仅可以对DAVF的血管构筑学、血流动力学有直观地理解,完成其分型和分类,并且可优化手术治疗方案     

Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Involving an Isolated Sinus Treated Using Transarterial Onyx Embolization

The authors present a case of isolated dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the transverse sinus, which developed six years after microvascular decompression caused by hemifacial spasm via suboccipital craniectomy. The lesion was successfully treated by transarterial embolization using Onyx. We reviewed the related radiologic and therapeutic features of DAVF involving an isolated sinus and described the feasibility of the use of Onyx.     

rCBF study with 123I-IMP SPECT of dural arteriovenous fistula]

It is important for dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) to evaluate venous ischemia in the brain related to venous hypertension, but only a few such studies have been performed. In this study, regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) in DAVF was examined for venous ischemia by 123I-IMP SPECT. The subjects were eighteen patients with DAVF. Of the eighteen patients, nine had DAVF with low perfusion areas and venous ischemia. The factors affecting rCBF in DAVF are: 1) the presence of retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage, 2) sinus occlusion, and 3) DAVF with high flow. The presence of retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage was observed in nine patients, sinus occlusion in four patients, high flow in three patients. In two patients, pure leptomeningeal venous drainage was formed by patent sinus, and blood regurgitated from DAVF on the sinus wall to cortical vein. When DAVF was associated with LMVD, most patients had venous hypertension and concomitant venous congestion in the same areas due to reduced venous circulation, resulting in a decrease in rCBF and an increase in regional cerebral blood volume. These hemodynamics suggest venous ischemia in the brain. 123I-IMP SPECT was useful for evaluating rCBF and as a parameter of the treatment.     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘的显微手术治疗

目的探讨显微手术治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的优势和不同Cognard分型DAVF的手术方法。方法回顾性分析13例DAVF病人的临床资料。Cognard分型:Ⅱa型1例,Ⅱa+Ⅱb型5例,Ⅳ型6例,Ⅴ型1例。1例海绵窦DAVF行丝线填塞术,余病例均行动脉端或静脉端DAVF瘘口切断。2例加行乙状窦结扎及颅内外静脉搭桥术。结果术后死亡1例,恢复良好12例。GOS评分:5分11例,4分1例,1分1例。随访12例,时间7个月~7年。11例复查DSA或MRA,DAVF残留2例,消失9例。结论术前明确DAVF瘘口的部位,采用合理的开颅方法和合适的手术入路,针对不同类型的DAVF采用不同的显微治疗方法,可以达到治愈DAVF的目的。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成后硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附5例报告)

目的探讨硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)与静脉窦血栓形成发生的关系,以及其临床表现和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2005年9月至2009年8月收治的5例继发于或伴发颅内静脉窦血栓形成的DAVF患者的临床资料。结果 5例患者中,3例表现为颅内出血,2例表现为突眼和结膜红肿。3例经开颅手术及1例经血管内介入栓塞治疗,术后均恢复良好;另1例未行外科处理,神经功能障碍呈进行性加重。结论静脉窦血栓形成可继发DAVF,但部分患者先期难以明确静脉窦血栓形成,而表现为DAVF伴静脉窦血栓性闭塞;颅内静脉窦血栓形成后继发的DAVF易发生颅内出血,应积极行血管内栓塞或开颅手术治疗。     

Rapidly progressive cognitive impairment in a patient with high flow dural arteriovenous fistulas,cerebral sinus thrombosis and protein S deficiency

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) may present with a variety of neurological symptoms, ranging from tinnitus to fatal hemorrhage. We report a case of rapidly progressive cognitive impairment due to cerebral venous engorgement that reversed after endovascular treatment in a patient with DAVF, cerebral sinus thrombosis and protein S deficiency. DAVF may be a cause of vascular cognitive impairment and should be considered particularly in cases with a rapidly progressive course because they are potentially treatable.     

Usefulness of 3-Dimensional CT Angiograms Obtained by 64-Section Multidetector Row CT Scanner for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

The authors reported a case of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus, in which 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) angiograms (3D-CTAs) by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner were useful for its diagnosis and treatment. The DAVF in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus appeared on the digital subtraction angiogram. 3D-CTAs were obtained by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner before an endovascular treatment. The feeders and draining veins of the DAVF were clearly demonstrated on the 3D-CTAs, which clarified the relationship between the normal dural sinuses and DAVF. The DAVF was successfully treated with endovascular surgery, a transvenous embolization through the mastoid emissary vein, which was easily detected by using the 3D-CTA, showing both the subcutaneous vein and calvalium. 3D-CTAs by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner are useful for both diagnosis and treatment of DAVFs.     

硬脑膜动-静脉瘘合并髓静脉扩张的临床及影像学表现(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的报道1例硬脑膜动-静脉瘘(DAVF)合并髓静脉扩张病例的临床资料,探讨DAVF合并髓静脉扩张的临床及影像学表现。方法回顾性收集1例DAVF合并髓静脉扩张患者的临床及影像学资料,并结合文献复习进行分析。结果患者以症状性癫痫起病。头颅MRI表现为脑白质内迂曲、扩张血管影,并继发性脑梗死和脑水肿;全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)提示右侧颈内动脉造影静脉期上矢状窦前1/3不显影,静脉晚期颅内多发髓静脉迂曲增粗,经室管膜下静脉-大脑内静脉回流,右侧颈外动脉造影示DAVF形成,大脑上静脉逆向回流,左侧颈内动脉造影示左侧发育性静脉畸形。经血管内介入栓塞DAVF治疗后患者病情改善。结论DAVF合并髓静脉扩张少见,可继发脑实质病变进而出现神经功能缺损症状与体征;影像学表现为头颅MRI提示髓静脉扩张涉及的疾病谱较多,需仔细鉴别;MRI和DSA联合检查能更好评价脑实质和血管情况。     

A dural arteriovenous fistula in cavernous sinus developed from viral meningitis

Although hormonal influences, inflammation, trauma, sinus thrombosis, venous hypertension, and congenital origin have been proposed as sources of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) in cavernous and sigmoid sinuses, the etiology of these lesions remains controversial. We present a case with a cavernous sinus DAVF developed from viral meningitis which has not been previously described. A 24-year-old male was admitted to our institute because of periorbital pain, decreased vision, pulsatile tinnitus, chemosis, and exophthalmos on the right side after he had suffered viral meningitis four months before. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a cavernous sinus DAVF, which was successfully obliterated with several platinum coils using a transvenous approach. The viral meningitis most likely caused the inflammation, that may be responsible for the occurrence of the cavernous sinus DAVF. Prompt treatment for inflammation may help to prevent the development of DAVFs.