超声引导下躯干阻滞的临床应用进展

<正>超声引导下区域阻滞最初的应用局限于外周神经阻滞,近年来开始应用于躯干阻滞。与外周神经阻滞不同,超声引导下躯干阻滞的特点是不需要寻找神经和神经丛,局麻药物直接注射于特定的肌间平面,在此平面内药物扩散并浸润目标神经。超声引导下躯干阻滞分为腹壁阻滞和胸壁阻滞。与传统的体表定位法相比,超声引导下躯干阻滞技术更加安全有效。本综述将介绍各种超声引导下躯干阻滞的最新临床应用和研究进展。腹壁阻滞     

胸椎旁神经阻滞在患儿围术期镇痛中的应用进展

胸椎旁神经阻滞（TPVB）是一种将局麻药注入胸椎旁间隙，从而节段性地阻滞单侧躯体感觉神经、运动神经及交感神经的区域阻滞技术。近年来，TPVB技术用于患儿胸部及上腹部手术麻醉与镇痛的研究不断增加，表现出良好的围术期镇痛效果。本文从TPVB用药方案、扩散途径、操作方法、临床应用及并发症等方面对TPVB技术用于患儿围术期镇痛的应用现状及研究进展进行综述。     

超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞用于微创心血管外科手术的研究进展

与传统开胸手术比较,微创心血管外科手术具有手术切口小、阿片类药物用量少、术后拔管早、恢复快等优点,但术后疼痛仍较为明显。随着可视化技术及快速康复外科理念普及,区域阻滞技术成功率和安全性大大提高,阻滞范围也逐渐由中枢性阻滞转移至周围神经阻滞,使其在微创心血管外科手术中的应用也越来越广泛。前锯肌平面阻滞（SAPB）是一种安全有效的筋膜平面阻滞技术,通过超声引导使局麻药在前锯肌间隙扩散,有效阻滞肋间神经外侧皮支,浸润胸长神经及胸背神经,为前外侧胸壁提供术中和术后镇痛。本文就超声引导下SAPB在不同类型微创心血管外科手术中应用的现状、优势及不足进行综述,为其临床应用提供参考。     

区域阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛的研究进展

随着加速康复外科理念的广泛普及,超声引导下行区域神经阻滞成为围手术期镇痛的有效方法之一,目前该方法已在剖宫产术后镇痛中广泛应用。文章通过查阅相关研究文献,对腹横肌平面阻滞(transversus abdominis plane block,TAPB)、腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)、髂腹下⁃髂腹股沟神经阻滞(iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve block,IINB)及腹腔内注射局部麻醉等剖宫产术后镇痛常用的几种区域神经阻滞方法的应用效果进行比较,旨在为临床疼痛治疗提供新的方法和思路。     

腰方肌阻滞临床应用的研究进展

腰方肌阻滞是一种将局麻药物注射至腰方肌周围的躯干神经阻滞技术。近年来,腰方肌阻滞的临床应用已成为研究热点,是广受欢迎的镇痛方式。腰方肌阻滞逐渐被应用于剖宫产手术、胃肠道手术、泌尿手术、下肢手术等围术期多模式镇痛,并且在慢性疼痛治疗中也有报道。全文就腰方肌阻滞的应用解剖、穿刺入路、临床应用及可能的作用机制进行综述,为其临床应用提供参考。     

腹横肌平面阻滞在乳房再造术后镇痛中的临床研究

目的：探讨腹横肌平面阻滞在腹壁皮瓣乳腺癌患者乳房再造术后镇痛的临床效果。方法回顾性分析腹横肌平面阻滞置管间断注射局部麻醉药术后镇痛和术后患者自控静脉镇痛48 h 镇痛效果、阿片类药物的使用量及术后镇痛相关并发症的发生率。结果腹横肌平面阻滞组术后镇痛效果与患者自控静脉镇痛组相当,但阿片类药物使用量和术后镇痛相关并发症发生率却远低于患者自控静脉镇痛组。结论腹壁皮瓣乳腺癌患者乳房再造术后应用腹横肌平面阻滞置管镇痛可提供与传统术后镇痛方法相当的镇痛效果,同时又具有传统术后镇痛方法所不具备的优势,值得临床应用。     

腹横肌平面阻滞在腹部手术术后镇痛中的应用

背景 腹横肌平面（transversus abdominis plane block,TAP）阻滞技术是一项近几十年发展起来的新型的局部神经阻滞技术,它可以减少术后镇痛阿片类药物的用量,继而减少其相关副作用,提高患者总的满意度. 目的 介绍TAP阻滞技术,探讨其在腹部手术术后镇痛中的应用. 内容 就TAP阻滞的解剖基础、操作方法、临床效果、并发症及尚待解决的问题等方面进行综述,为临床研究及应用提供参考. 趋向 TAP阻滞技术,被证实在很多手术的术后镇痛应用中是安全、有效的,有着广阔的应用前景.     

区域阻滞麻醉技术在髋关节手术中的应用进展

随着超声技术在麻醉领域中的广泛应用和对髋关节神经支配的深入认识,越来越多的区域阻滞麻醉技术用于髋关节手术患者的麻醉与镇痛。本文就腰丛阻滞(LPB)、髂筋膜间隙阻滞(FICB)、腰方肌阻滞(QLB)、竖脊肌平面阻滞(ESPB)和髋关节囊周神经(PENG)阻滞的解剖及入路、临床应用和并发症等方面等进行综述,以探讨各种区域阻滞麻醉技术在髋关节手术中的应用进展。     

肩关节手术后镇痛的研究进展

肩关节手术患者需要合理的区域阻滞镇痛,以减少阿片类药物的应用。镇痛方法主要包括:肩峰下或关节腔内局部麻醉药物的浸润;肩胛上神经阻滞联合或不联合腋神经阻滞;肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。本文对3种常见镇痛方式的操作方法、优缺点和发展方向等进行文献总结。     

超声引导下经弓状韧带上或前路腰方肌阻滞在腹腔镜全子宫切除术中的比较

目的 探讨超声引导下经弓状韧带上入路或前路腰方肌阻滞（QLB）在腹腔镜全子宫切除术中的镇痛效果。
方法 择期行腹腔镜全子宫切除术的患者38例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 16～29 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。随机分为经前路QLB组（C组）和经弓状韧带上QLB组（E组）,每组19例。麻醉诱导前在超声引导下C组行双侧前路QLB,E组行弓状韧带上QLB,每侧给予0.3%罗哌卡因20 ml。记录术后住院时间、阻滞操作时间、阻滞后起效时间,测定阻滞后5、10、20、30 min的阻滞平面和术中瑞芬太尼和麻黄碱用量。记录术后2、6、12、24、48 h的VAS疼痛评分和补救镇痛,局麻药中毒、血肿、严重低血压、内脏损伤、肌力下降等神经阻滞并发症和恶心呕吐等不良反应。
结果 两组术后住院时间、阻滞操作时间差异无统计学意义。E组阻滞起效时间明显短于C组（P<0.05）。阻滞后5、10、20、30 min E组阻滞平面节段数量明显多于C组（P<0.05）。术后2、6、12 h E组静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分明显低于C组（P＜0.05）。两组均无补救镇痛,术中瑞芬太尼、麻黄碱用量,局麻药中毒、血肿、严重低血压、内脏损伤、肌力下降等神经阻滞并发症和恶心呕吐等不良反应差异无统计学意义。
结论 在腹腔镜全子宫切除术中经弓状韧带上腰方肌阻滞较传统前路腰方肌阻滞起效更快,阻滞平面更广,术后12 h镇痛效果更好。     

Erector spinae plane block: A narrative review with systematic analysis of the evidence pertaining to clinical indications and alternative truncal blocks

Study objectiveThis narrative review discusses the anatomy, mechanism of action, techniques, pharmacology, indications, complications and substitutes for erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks.InterventionsThe Medline, Embase and Google Scholar databases (inception-last week of April 2020) were searched. For indications and alternative blocks, a systematic analysis of the available evidence was carried out. In order to highlight the best evidence available, only randomized trials with prospective registration, blinded assessment and sample size justification were retained for analysis.Main resultsThe collective body of anatomical studies suggests that ESP block may work through a combination of different mechanisms (e.g., local anesthetic spread to the thoracic paravertebral space, epidural space, and dorsal ramus). Compared to control, the available evidence suggests that ESP block results in decreased postoperative pain and opioid requirement for a wide array of thoracic and abdominal surgical interventions. Erector spinae plane blocks and thoracic paravertebral blocks seem to provide comparable benefits for thoracoscopic and breast cancer surgery when performed with a similar number of injections. Currently, ESP blocks should be favored over intercostal blocks since, at best, the latter provide similar analgesia to ESP blocks despite requiring multiple-level injections.ConclusionsIn recent years, ESP blocks have become the topic of considerable clinical interest. Future trials are required to investigate their optimal technique, dose of local anesthetic and perineural adjuvants. Moreover, additional investigation should compare ESP blocks with robust multimodal analgesic regimens as well as truncal blocks such as thoracic epidural block, midpoint transverse process to pleura block, PECS block, quadratus lumborum block, and transversus abdominis plane block.     

Regional anesthesia for orthopedic procedures: What orthopedic surgeons need to know

Regional anesthesia is an integral component of successful orthopedic surgery. Neuraxial anesthesia is commonly used for surgical anesthesia while peripheral nerve blocks are often used for postoperative analgesia. Patient evaluation for regional anesthesia should include neurological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and hematological assessments. Neuraxial blocks include spinal, epidural, and combined spinal epidural. Upper extremity peripheral nerve blocks include interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary. Lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks include femoral nerve block, saphenous nerve block, sciatic nerve block, iPACK block, ankle block and lumbar plexus block. The choice of regional anesthesia is a unanimous decision made by the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, and the patient based on a risk-benefit assessment. The choice of the regional block depends on patient cooperation, patient positing, operative structures, operative manipulation, tourniquet use and the impact of post-operative motor blockade on initiation of physical therapy. Regional anesthesia is safe but has an inherent risk of failure and a relatively low incidence of complications such as local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), nerve injury, falls, hematoma, infection and allergic reactions. Ultrasound should be used for regional anesthesia procedures to improve the efficacy and minimize complications. LAST treatment guidelines and rescue medications (intralipid) should be readily available during the regional anesthesia administration.     

Ultrasound-guided trunk and core blocks in infants and children

Regional anesthetic techniques for perioperative analgesia in children are being increasingly utilized with the reported advantages of providing superior analgesia, decreasing opioid consumption, and reducing opioid-related adverse effects. The following article reviews the available literature regarding core and trunk blocks in infants and children; specifically, transversus abdominis plane, ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve, rectus sheath, lumbar plexus, and paravertebral and intercostal nerve blockade. The common indications and potential complications and adverse effects for each block are presented. Additionally, the anatomy and techniques needed for their performance are reviewed. Finally, a summary of the relevant literature in relation to each peripheral nerve block technique is included.     

Ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum and subcostal transversus abdominis plane blocks

Abdominal field blocks are commonly used for postoperative analgesia in major abdominal surgeries. The original transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is limited in its dermatomal coverage to T10-L1. However, modifications made to the classic TAP block technique can enhance the spread of local anesthetic and provide more effective analgesia. In this article, we describe 2 of such modifications of the classic TAP block, namely quadratus lumborum and subcostal TAP blocks.     

Nerve stimulator and multiple injection technique for upper and lower limb blockade: failure rate, patient acceptance, and neurologic complications. Study Group on Regional Anesthesia

To evaluate the failure rate, patient acceptance, effective volumes of local anesthetic solution, and incidence of neurologic complications after peripheral nerve block performed using the multiple injection technique with a nerve stimulator, we prospectively studied 3996 patients undergoing combined sciatic-femoral nerve block (n = 2175), axillary blocks (n = 1650), and interscalene blocks (n = 171). The success rate and mean injected volumes of local anesthetic were: 93% with 22.6 +/- 4.5 mL in the axillary, 94% with 24.5 +/- 5.4 mL in the interscalene, and 93% with 28.1 +/- 4.4 mL in the sciatic-femoral nerve blocks. Patients receiving combined sciatic-femoral nerve block showed more discomfort during block placement and worse acceptance of the anesthetic procedure than patients receiving brachial plexus anesthesia. During the first month after surgery, 69 patients (1.7%) developed neurologic dysfunction on the operated limb. Complete recovery required 4-12 wk in all patients but one, who required 25 wk. The only variable showing significant association with the development of postoperative neurologic dysfunction was the tourniquet inflation pressure (<400 mm Hg compared with >400 mm Hg, odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence intervals 1.6-5.4; P < 0.001). We conclude that using the multiple injections technique with a nerve stimulator results in a success rate of >90% with a volume of <30 mL of local anesthetic solution and an incidence of transient neurologic complication of <2%. Implications: Based on a prospective evaluation of 3996 consecutive peripheral nerve blocks, the multiple injection technique with nerve stimulator allows for up to 94% successful nerve block with <30 mL of local anesthetic solution. Although the data collection regarding neurologic dysfunction was limited, the withdrawal and redirection of the stimulating needle was not associated with an increased incidence of neurologic complications. Sedation/analgesia should be advocated during block placement to improve patient acceptance.     

Comparing the Effects of Single Shot Sciatic Nerve Block Versus Posterior Capsule Local Anesthetic Infiltration on Analgesia and Functional Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blinded,Controlled Trial

Peripheral nerve blocks appear to provide effective analgesia for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Although the literature supports the use of femoral nerve block, addition of sciatic nerve block is controversial. In this study we investigated the value of sciatic nerve block and an alternative technique of posterior capsule local anesthetic infiltration analgesia. 100 patients were prospectively randomized into three groups. Group 1: sciatic nerve block; Group 2: posterior local anesthetic infiltration; Group 3: control. All patients received a femoral nerve block and spinal anesthesia. There were no differences in pain scores between groups. Sciatic nerve block provided a brief clinically insignificant opioid sparing effect. We conclude that sciatic nerve block and posterior local anesthetic infiltration do not provide significant analgesic benefits.     

The Efficacy and Safety of Regional Nerve Blocks in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Systematic Review and Direct Meta-Analysis

BackgroundRegional nerve blocks are widely used in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regional nerve blocks after TKA in support of the combined clinical practice guidelines of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Hip Society, Knee Society, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published before March 24, 2020 on femoral nerve block, adductor canal block, and infiltration between Popliteal Artery and Capsule of Knee in primary TKA. All included studies underwent qualitative and quantitative homogeneity testing followed by a systematic review and direct comparison meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of the regional nerve blocks compared to a control, local peri-articular anesthetic infiltration (PAI), or between regional nerve blocks.ResultsCritical appraisal of 1,673 publications yielded 56 publications representing the best available evidence for analysis. Femoral nerve and adductor canal blocks are effective at reducing postoperative pain and opioid consumption, but femoral nerve blocks are associated with quadriceps weakness. Use of a continuous compared to single shot adductor canal block can improve postoperative analgesia. No difference was noted between an adductor canal block or PAI regarding postoperative pain and opioid consumption, but the combination of both may be more effective.ConclusionSingle shot adductor canal block or PAI should be used to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption following TKA. Use of a continuous adductor canal block or a combination of single shot adductor canal block and PAI may improve postoperative analgesia in patients with concern of poor postoperative pain control.     

The Efficacy and Safety of Regional Nerve Blocks in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Systematic Review and Direct Meta-Analysis

BackgroundRegional nerve blocks may be used as a component of a multimodal analgesic protocol to manage postoperative pain after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of regional nerve blocks after THA in support of the combined clinical practice guidelines of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Hip Society, Knee Society, and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published prior to March 24, 2020 on fascia iliaca, lumbar plexus, and quadratus lumborum blocks in primary THA. All included studies underwent qualitative and quantitative homogeneity testing followed by a systematic review and direct comparison meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of the regional nerve blocks.ResultsAn initial critical appraisal of 3,382 publications yielded 11 publications representing the best available evidence for an analysis. Fascia iliaca, lumbar plexus, and quadratus lumborum blocks demonstrate the ability to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Among the available comparisons, no difference was noted between a regional nerve block or local periarticular anesthetic infiltration regarding postoperative pain and opioid consumption.ConclusionLocal periarticular anesthetic infiltration should be considered prior to a regional nerve block due to concerns over the safety and cost of regional nerve blocks. If a regional nerve block is used in primary THA, a fascia iliaca block is preferred over other blocks due to the differences in technical demands and risks associated with the alternative regional nerve blocks.     

Differentialindikation zentraler und peripherer Leitungsanästhesien

Serious neurological complications caused by spinal hematoma or abscess following central neuraxial block have been reported more often during the last years. In contrast, severe complications are extremely rare associated with peripheral nerve blocks. Concerned about the safety of spinal and epidural anesthesia, we encourage the use of peripheral regional techniques for procedures on the lower extremity and especially for postoperative regional analgesia. Motor block due to lumbar epidural anaesthesia using high concentrations of local anesthetic makes spinal hematoma or abscess difficult to recognize. Therefore, low concentrations of local anesthetic should be used for postoperative epidural analgesia. Any increase in motor block following neuraxial blockade should raise the suspicion of a spinal compression (e.g. hematoma or abscess). Other symptoms are back pain, radicular pain or paresthesia and incontinence. Disastrous neurological injuries can only be prevented by immediate diagnosis (MR, CT or myelography) and therapy (surgical decompression).     

腰方肌阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛中的临床应用

剖宫产是妇产科最常见的手术之一。围术期疼痛和镇痛药物对哺乳的影响是产妇焦虑的问题之一。目前,多模式镇痛策略已广泛用于剖宫产术后镇痛,其中腰方肌阻滞（QLB）是术后多模式镇痛的主要措施之一。QLB是将局麻药注射到腰方肌（QL）肌肉内或QL周围筋膜间隙的一种阻滞技术,是后腹壁肌肉之间的浅筋膜阻滞,可获得T10—T12阻滞范围,对剖宫产的切口痛和内脏痛均有良好的镇痛效果。QLB相对安全,但仍应警惕交感神经及脊神经阻滞、药物毒性、穿刺置管相关并发症。本文将围绕QLB在剖宫产术后镇痛中的临床应用进行综述。