Pancreatic tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus positive patient：A case report

Despite the increased incidence of tuberculosis related to human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） in recent decades, pancreatic tuberculosis has rarely been described. We report a case of pancreatic tuberculosis in a 39-year- old African man who presented with progressive dysphagia, vomiting, weight loss and productive cough, accompanied by localized epigastric pain and one episode of melena. HIV-1 testing was positive and lymphocyte subset profile showed CD4 count of 9/mm3. Abdominal computed tomography （CT） scan with contrast revealed a cystic mass in the body of the pancreas, significant portal and retroperitoneal cystic adenopathy, and multiple cystic lesions in the spleen and liver. CT guided cyst aspiration and node biopsy detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient responded well on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy. Tuberculosis rarely involves the pancreas, probably due to the presence of pancreatic enzymes which interfere with the seeding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pancreatic tuberculosis is considered to be the result of dissemination of the infection from nearby lymphatic nodes. Endoscopic ultrasound or CT guided fine needle aspiration for cytology is the recommended diagnostic technique. Although the prognosis is good with anti-tuberculosis treatment, it could be fatal without correct diagnosis and treatment. The clinician’s high index of suspicion of pancreatic tuberculosis and application of FNAB to obtain pathological evidence are extremely important to a correct diagnosis, especially in young HIV positive patients.     

Focal tuberculosis of the liver with local hemorrhage in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Abstract: Tuberculosis of the liver is common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tuberculous liver granulomas in such patients are usually atypical. The liver granulomas may be even totally absent, but liver tissue usually reveals numerous acid-fast bacilli. Focal tuberculosis of the liver is a less common form of liver tuberculous infection. We present a 33-year old white homosexual man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. He had three tumour-like lesions in the left liver lobe, which were subsequently diagnosed as focal hepatic tuberculosis with local hemorrhage. This unusual presentation of liver tuberculosis indicates the necessity of an aggressive diagnostic approach for the evaluation of focal liver lesions in patients with AIDS.     

结核病患者人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的检测

目的人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）和结核分支杆菌（ＭＴＢ）双重感染已引起广泛关注。通过对住院肺结核患者ＨＩＶ检测,了解住院肺结核患者中ＨＩＶ感染及艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）发病状况。方法对２９７３例住院肺结核患者常规采用明胶颗粒凝集试验法或ＨＩＶ１＋２抗体金标快速测试法进行初筛,阳性者抽血复测,并由北京市检测中心确定。结果２９７３例中ＨＩＶ（＋）３例,阳性率１．０１‰。男２例,女１例。年龄分别为２３、４０、２７岁,平均年龄３０岁,占２１～４０岁年龄组的２．８６‰。通过静脉吸毒血源性感染１例,异性间性乱２例。３例均已发展为ＡＩＤＳ。结论结核病防治工作者对ＨＩＶ／ＭＴＢ双重感染的危险性要有充分认识与高度重视。对具有ＨＩＶ感染危险因素的肺结核患者,特别是其中的中青年患者应常规进行ＨＩＶ抗体检测,有助于ＡＩＤＳ的早期发现、治疗,防止ＡＩＤＳ的传播流行     

Rectal tuberculosis: A systematic review

Rectal tuberculosis is an uncommon entity. It has unique epidemiological features, specific medical treatment and surgery is rarely indicated. The first case of rectal tuberculosis was reported in 1957. Delayed diagnosis is common. Patients who develop rectal tuberculosis have been reported to have some risk factors or associated comorbid conditions or pathologies with some form of abnormal host-defence mechanism such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, complement deficiency. Rectal tuberculosis has been reported to be more common in females as compared to males. Haematochezia is the most common presenting symptom. The definite diagnosis requires demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus on histopathologic examination. Once a correct diagnosis has been made, rectal tuberculosis is curable with antituberculous treatment. Surgery is indicated for diagnostic dilemmas, non-responsive disease and complications. The authors encountered 3 cases in the last 10 years. The aim of this study is to provide our data on this rare disease and to review the reported literature comprehensively so as to provide guidelines for diagnosis and management.     

110例人类免疫缺陷病毒感染及获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者合并血小板减少症临床分析

目的:了解人类免疫缺陷病毒感染或获得性免疫缺陷综合征(HIV/AIDS)患者合并血小板减少症的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2009年8月至2012年12月上海市公共卫生临床中心收治的110例HIV/AIDS合并血小板减少症患者的临床资料,分析血小板减少的病因、治疗及转归。结果:110例患者中机会性感染49例(44.5%),乙型肝炎病毒和(或)丙型肝炎病毒(HBV/HCV)感染26例(23.6%),HIV相关免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(HIV-ITP)20例(18.2%),药物相关骨髓抑制7例(6.4%),AIDS相关肿瘤及其他疾病8例(7.3%)。以血小板减少为HIV/AIDS首发临床表现者10例。82.7%(91/110)的患者同时合并其他血液学异常,包括贫血(68.2%)或白细胞减少(58.2%)。81.3%的HIV-ITP患者对激素及静脉注射免疫球蛋白治疗敏感,治疗无效或复发者长期抗病毒治疗后血小板缓慢上升。结论:HIV/AIDS患者血小板减少常见病因有机会性感染、合并HBV/HCV感染、HIV-ITP、药物相关骨髓抑制等。HIV-ITP可为HIV/AIDS患者首要临床表现,其根本治疗措施为抗病毒治疗。血小板减少患者常同时合并贫血和(或)白细胞减少,多重血液学异常预示病情严重,需要积极处理原发病。     

艾滋病合并结核病的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点和治疗方法 .方法 对1995～2000年期间在本院诊断的10例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行分析.结果 (1)临床分型血行播散型肺结核合并结核性脑膜炎3例,淋巴结结核4例(其中肠系膜淋巴结结核1例、纵隔淋巴结结核+颈部淋巴结结核1例、颈部淋巴结结核2例),原发型肺结核3例,同时合并其它机会性感染如卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)等.(2)免疫功能检测和结核菌素试验CD+4(2～87)×106/L,其中7例CD+4＜50×106/L,平均CD-4(33±13)×106/L.10例结核菌素(PPD)试验均阴性.(3)治疗5例联合抗结核+高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HLAART),5例单用抗结核治疗,其中HAART组CD+4细胞上升明显,与单独抗结核治疗相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 CD+4细胞下降可能是艾滋病并发结核病的主要原因.结核菌素试验对诊断无帮助.艾滋病合并结核病的患者,血行播散型肺结核多、肺外结核多、合并症多、临床表现复杂多样、治疗时间长.联合高效抗逆转录病毒治疗能缩短病程,改善艾滋病合并结核病的预后.     

肺结核与艾滋病(附四例报告)

目的 了解结核病院人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/结核分枝杆菌(MTB)双重感染发病情况及发现病例的临床表现?治疗对策?方法 对1995年2月～1999年2月3707例住院结核病患者常规检测HIV抗体?结果 3707例中HIV(+)4例,阳性率108‰?男3例,女1例?平均年龄295岁,占21～40岁年龄组的314‰?4例中血源性感染1例,异性间感染2例,另1例血源性?异性间感染难以确定?4例均可诊断为艾滋病(AIDS)?结论 对具有HIV感染危险因素的结核患者,特别是中青年,应常规进行HIV抗体检测,对HIV/MTB双重感染患者抗结核治疗时应特别注意药物副反应?在抗痨同时并用中西药抗AIDS治疗,结核病取得较好近期疗效?     

Injection treatment of hemorrhoids in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

PURPOSE: Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are often in poor general physical condition. Diarrhea and bleeding hemorrhoids frequently contribute to the morbidity, and patients with such problems cause an increasing load on many outpatient clinics. METHODS: Twenty-two patients (17 males) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome had injection treatment for bleeding second-degree to fourth-degree hemorrhoids according to standard outpatient clinic routines. Mean follow-up was 24 months. RESULTS: No complications were recorded. The treatment was successful in all patients, and no hemorrhoidectomy was necessary. Nineteen patients improved after their first injection, whereas 3 patients required two to six weeks repeated treatments to improve. Four subjects with the longer follow-up (4 years) showed an improvement lasting 12 to 18 months and then required one to two treatments per year to stop recurrent bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Because of their poor general condition and poor wound healing, a conservative approach is preferable to avoid a formal hemorrhoidectomy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Sclerotherapy seems to be an attractive alternative.Presented at Current Trends in Colon and Rectal Surgery, Sorrento, Italy, September 23 to 26, 1998.     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： A case report and literature review

We describe the clinical, imaging and cytopathological features of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPTP) diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound- guided (EUS-guided) fine-needle aspiration (FNA). A 17-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of an unexplained episodic abdominal pain for 2 mo and a short history of hypertension in the endocrinology clinic. Clinical laboratory examinations revealed polycystic ovary syndrome, splenomegaly and low serum amylase and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Computed tomography (CT) analysis revealed a mass of the pancreatic tail with solid and cystic consistency. EUS confirmed the mass, both in body and tail of the pancreas, with distinct borders, which caused dilation of the peripheral part of the pancreatic duct (major diameter 3.7 mm). The patient underwent EUS-FNA. EUS-FNA cytology specimens consisted of single cells and aggregates of uniform malignant cells, forming microadenoid structures, branching, papillary clusters with delicate fibrovascular cores and nuclear overlapping. Naked capillaries were also seen. The nuclei of malignant cells were round or oval, eccentric with fine granular chromatin, small nucleoli and nuclear grooves in some of them. The malignant cells were periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-Alcian blue ( ) and immunocytochemically they were vimentin ( ), CA 19.9 ( ), synaptophysin ( ), chromogranin (-), neuro-specific enolase (-), a1- antitrypsin and a1-antichymotrypsin focal positive. Cytologic findings were strongly suggestive of SPTP. Biopsy confirmed the above cytologic diagnosis. EUS- guided FNA diagnosis of SPTP is accurate. EUS findings,cytomorphologic features and immunostains of cell block help distinguish SPTP from pancreatic endocrine tumors, acinar cell carcinoma and papillary mucinous carcinoma.     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年11例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径:输血感染者8例,其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例,其中继发性肺结核3例,原发性肺结核1例,血行播散性肺结核2例;合并肺外结核5例,其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例,胸腔积液1例;合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1:2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗:7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗,临床表现明显改善;3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡;1例未经任何治疗,6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样,血行播散性肺结核多,肺外结核多,多重感染多见,抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

肺结核与艾滋病

目的 了解结核病院人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/结核分枝杆菌(MTB)双重感染发病情况及发现病例的临床表现?治疗对策?方法 对1995年2月～1999年2月3707例住院结核病患者常规检测HIV抗体?结果 3707例中HIV(+)4例,阳性率108‰?男3例,女1例?平均年龄295岁,占21～40岁年龄组的314‰?4例中血源性感染1例,异性间感染2例,另1例血源性?异性间感染难以确定?4例均可诊断为艾滋病(AIDS)?结论 对具有HIV感染危险因素的结核患者,特别是中青年,应常规进行HIV抗体检测,对HIV/MTB双重感染患者抗结核治疗时应特别注意药物副反应?在抗痨同时并用中西药抗AIDS治疗,结核病取得较好近期疗效?     

136例获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者神经认知功能障碍的研究

目的:评估上海市获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)门诊患者中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)相关认知功能损害(HAND)的发生情况。方法:对2012年12月1日至31日在上海市公共卫生临床中心就诊的门诊患者进行横断面的研究。收集患者性别、年龄、受教育程度以及抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)等情况。用蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)、日常生活活动(ADL)量表以及认知筛查问题等对患者的认知功能进行评估。结果:MoCA评分正常和异常的患者分别为71例(52.2%)和65例(47.8%),在性别方面没有显著性差异(P=0.004)。MoCA评分异常组中年龄以及文化程度低的患者比例显著升高(均P     

Recurrences in tuberculosis in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: The influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background

Little is known about recurrent tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected patients and the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods

A population-based retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on all HIV-infected TB patients in Barcelona (Spain) notified in 1987–2003, and followed up until 2005. TB recurrence and HAART influence were analysed according to calendar period.

Results

Patients with no-treatment and those in pre-HAART had more risk of TB recurrence (RR: 2.3; CI: 1–5.8 and RR: 4.8; CI: 2–12).

Conclusions

HAART decreases probability of TB recurrence and should be extended to all cases.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report and review of the literature

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen (IPS) is a rarely described benign tumoral lesion of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Diagnosis is complex as clinical manifestations and imaging features are indistinguishable from lymphoproliferative disorders and other malignancies of the spleen. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is often combined with several malignancies including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. However, no HIV infection-associated IPS has been reported so far. We report and discuss a case of IPS in an HIV-infected woman who presented with abdominal pain and multiple lesions in the spleen.     

Intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with cocaine-associated acute myocardial infarction: case report and review

Cocaine use is a major problem worldwide and there are numerous reports about cocaine-associated myocardial infarction. Nevertheless minimal data are available from randomised clinical trials to suggest evidence-based approaches to the management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. Moreover, most reports have been limited to conservative management of cocaine-associated myocardial infarction. We report a case of a young male cocaine user with acute myocardial infarction, undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound revealing severe atherosclerosis, followed by successful stent implantation.     

Human immunodeficiency virus and nodular regenerative hyperplasia of liver:A systematic review简

AIM: To investigate the diagnosis, pathogenesis, natural history, and management of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the medical literature regarding NRH in patients with HIV. Inclusion criteria include reports with biopsy proven NRH. We studied the clinical features of NRH, in particular, related to its presenting manifestation and laboratory values. Combinations of the following keywords were implemented: “nodular regenerative hyperplasia”, “human immunodeficiency virus”, “noncirrhotic portal hypertension”, “idiopathic portal hypertension”, “cryptogenic liver disease”, “highly active antiretroviral therapy” and “didanosine”. The bibliographies of these studies were subsequently searched for any additional relevant publications.RESULTS: The clinical presentation of patients with NRH varies from patients being completely asymptomatic to the development of portal hypertension – namely esophageal variceal bleeding and ascites. Liver associated enzymes are generally normal and synthetic function well preserved. There is a strong association between the occurrence of NRH and the use of antiviral therapies such as didanosine. The management of NRH revolves around treating the manifestations of portal hypertension. The prognosis of NRH is generally good since liver function is preserved. A high index of suspicion is required to make a identify NRH.CONCLUSION: The appropriate management of HIV-infected persons with suspected NRH is yet to be outlined. However, NRH is a clinically subtle condition that is difficult to diagnose, and it is important to be able to manage it according to the best available evidence.     

Human immunodeficiency virus and nodular regenerative hyperplasia of liver: A systematic review

AIM: To investigate the diagnosis, pathogenesis, natural history, and management of nodular regenerative hyperplasia(NRH) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the medical literature regarding NRH in patients with HIV. Inclusion criteria include reports with biopsy proven NRH. We studied the clinical features of NRH, in particular, related to its presenting manifestation and laboratory values. Combinations of the following keywords were implemented: "nodular regenerative hyperplasia", "human immunodeficiency virus", "noncirrhotic portal hypertension", "idiopathic portal hypertension", "cryptogenic liver disease", "highly active antiretroviral therapy" and "didanosine". The bibliographies of these studies were subsequently searched for any additional relevant publications.RESULTS: The clinical presentation of patients with NRH varies from patients being completely asymptomatic to the development of portal hypertension – namely esophageal variceal bleeding and ascites. Liver associated enzymes are generally normal and synthetic function well preserved. There is a strong association between the occurrence of NRH and the use of antiviral therapies such as didanosine. The management of NRH revolves around treating the manifestations of portal hypertension. The prognosis of NRH is generally good since liver function is preserved. A high index of suspicion is required to make a identify NRH. CONCLUSION: The appropriate management of HIVinfected persons with suspected NRH is yet to be outlined. However, NRH is a clinically subtle condition that is difficult to diagnose, and it is important to be able to manage it according to the best available evidence.     

胰腺结核九例的MDCT特征和误诊分析

目的 分析胰腺结核(pancreatic tuberculoses,PT)的多层螺旋CT(MDCT)征象,以期提高对该病的认识和诊断正确率.方法 收集2003年至2009年行MDCT检查并最终确诊为PT的9例患者,其中2例行MDCT血管成像.分析PT的MDCT特征性表现,并与手术及病理结果进行比较.结果 MDCT诊断为胰腺癌1例、囊腺癌1例、囊腺瘤2例、假性囊肿1例、胰腺癌伴后腹膜淋巴结转移2例、淋巴瘤2例.通过病理证实,9例均为PT,误诊率达100%.PT常表现为胰头肿块,亦可累及体尾部或整个胰腺.MDCT呈现等或略低密度的囊实性肿块,偶见钙化,增强后轻度至中度环形强化.通常不伴有胰管扩张,但常伴有后腹膜或邻近淋巴结肿大,且肿大淋巴结亦呈环形强化.有时伴有腹部其他脏器结核.结论 环形强化的肿块不伴有胰管扩张,同时伴有环形强化的肿大淋巴结为PT特征性的MDCT表现.