Prognostic significance of cerebral computed tomography results in supratentorial infarction

In 69 patients with supratentorial cerebral infarction findings at computed tomography (CT) were related to clinical state on admission and course of recovery. In patients with initial disability of slight to moderate degree CT did not provide prognostically useful information; in patients with severe symptoms at onset location of lesion to the internal capsule or the right parietal lobe and the presence of a mass effect, as single factors or in combination, were ominous CT indicators in terms of functional recovery.     

Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: lesion size by computed tomography

As part of a prospective therapy study of 65 patients with acute, nonhemorrhagic, cerebral infarction, computed tomographic scans of the head were obtained at admission, 7-10 days, and 3 months. The scans were analyzed for the presence, site, size, and volume measurement of the infarction. At 7-10 days, the mean infarction volume as measured by computed tomography was 55 cm3 or about 4 x 4 x 3.5 cm (range = 0-507 cm3). At 3 months, the mean infarction volume decreased by 25% to 41 cm3. For the 26 scans showing infarction at the time of admission, the mean lesion volume was 33 cm3 at admission, 51 cm3 at 7-10 days, and 49 cm3 at 3 months. With lesion size at 7-10 days expressed as percentage of total brain volume, the mean infarction size was only 5%. Of the 49 patients with lesions revealed by computed tomography at 7-10 days, 20 had an infarction of 1% or less of total brain volume, while only six had an infarction of 20% or more of total brain volume. The lesion volumes as measured by the 7-10-day computed tomography correlated with the neurologic examination scores on admission (Spearman's rank-order correlation = 0.78) and with the scores at 1 week (Spearman's rank-order correlation = 0.79).     

A comparative study of electroencephalography and computed axial tomography in recent cerebral infarction

In order to re-assess the present role of electroencephalography in the investigation of cerebral infarct, we prospectively studied 50 adults with recent supratentorial cerebral infarction over a ten-month period. All 50 patients had EEG's and CT scans within the first two weeks of the apoplectic event. The time span between the two procedures was one week or less in all patients. We monitored the following EEG parameters: characteristics of alpha rhythm (depressed, unchanged, or enhanced); prevalence, type, rhythmicity, and topography of focal slowing; and presence or absence of FIRDA. We grouped the patients on the basis of CT findings as follows: depth of the infarct (cortical-subcortical, deep white matter, or lacunar); size of the infarct (large, medium, or small); and presence or absence of mass effect. Statistical analysis revealed no differences with regard to the EEG parameters between the groups. However, when patients were categorized according to topography of the infarct, the group with parietal infarct showed a significantly higher incidence of depressed alpha rhythm compared with the groups with frontal or occipital infarct. Of the 50 patients, four patients whose history and clinical presentation suggested infarct had normal CT scans despite the presence of EEG abnormality. On the contrary, in two patients, the EEG was normal, whereas the CT confirmed the infarct. Our data suggested that physiological factors may play a major role in the pathogenesis of EEG abnormalities in cerebral infarct, thus accounting for the discrepancies between the EEG parameters and CT findings observed in our population. It was also suggested that EEG's be included routinely in the investigation of cerebral infarct.     

急性闭塞性脑梗死介入溶栓术的护理观察

目的分析急性闭塞性脑梗死介入溶栓术的护理效果。方法运用随机抽样的方法选择治疗的急性闭塞性脑梗死患者100例,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,对照组给予常规护理,观察组则在常规护理的基础上给予整体护理,比较2组患者的临床疗效、生活质量评分、并发症发生情况及患者满意度。结果对照组有效率为76.0%,观察组96.0%,观察组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者的生活质量评分均有所提高,且观察组生活质量改善程度明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);对照组并发症发生率为12.0%,护理满意度为74.0%,观察组则分别为2.0%和94.0%,与对照组相比,观察组并发症发生率明显降低,护理满意度明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在常规护理的基础上给予整体护理,能够有效提高介入溶栓术治疗急性闭塞性脑梗死的临床效果,有效降低并发症发生率,提高患者生活质量和满意度,可以在临床上推广应用。     

The value of 64-detector row computed tomography for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism

Identification of patients at high risk of recurrence after a first event of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains difficult. Resistance to activated protein C (APC) is a known risk factor for VTE, but data on the risk of recurrence is controversial. We wanted to investigate whether APC resistance in the absence of factor V Leiden, determined with global coagulation test such as the thrombin generation assay, could be used as a marker for increased risk of recurrent VTE among women 18-65 years old after a first event of VTE. In a cohort of 243 women with a first event of VTE, plasma was collected after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment and the patients were followed up for 46 months (median). Thrombin generation was measured via calibrated automated thrombography, at 1 pM and 10 pM of tissue factor (TF). In women without factor V Leiden (n=117), samples were analysed in the absence and in the presence of APC. Increase in ETP (endogenous thrombin potential) and peak height analysed in the presence of APC correlated significantly with higher risk of recurrence. At 1 pM, peak height correlated with increased risk of recurrence. In conclusion, high thrombin generation in the presence of APC, in women after a first event of VTE is indicative for an increased risk of a recurrence. We also found that thrombin generation at low TF (1 pM) is correlated with the risk of recurrence. Our data suggest that APC resistance in the absence of factor V Leiden is a risk factor for recurrent VTE.     

静脉溶栓联合亚低温治疗对急性脑梗死患者疗效及可能作用机制的研究

目的观察重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA)静脉溶栓联合亚低温治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效,探讨该方案治疗的可能作用机制。方法纳入60例急性脑梗死患者,随机分为3组,各20例:1对照组:rt-PA静脉溶栓;2治疗组1:静脉溶栓联合局部亚低温治疗12 h;3治疗组2:静脉溶栓联合局部亚低温治疗24 h。记录各组患者治疗前后神经功能缺损量表(National institute of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分,颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)变化,记录溶栓后并发症,并随访患者3个月的改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,MRS)评分。收集患者溶栓前后血液样本,检测血浆中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平。结果治疗后3个月治疗组1和治疗组2 MRS评分低于对照组(P0.05),其中治疗组2 MRS评分低于治疗组1(P0.05)。治疗72 h、7 d治疗组2 ICP较对照组降低,治疗7 d治疗组2 ICP低于治疗组1(P0.01)。治疗组1和治疗组2治疗24 h、72 h、7 d MDA浓度较溶栓前降低(P0.01),SOD浓度较溶栓前增高(P0.05)。治疗24 h、72 h、7 d治疗组1和治疗组2 MDA浓度较对照组均降低(P0.05),SOD浓度高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗72 h、7 d治疗组2 MDA浓度低于治疗组1(P0.01),治疗后7 d治疗组2 SOD浓度高于治疗组1(P0.05)。各组不良事件发生率及病死率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓联合亚低温治疗可改善脑梗死患者预后,静脉溶栓联合亚低温治疗24 h效果较12 h更优,未增加不良反应发生率,其作用机制可能是通过减轻患者氧化应激反应来实现的。     

超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效

目的探讨超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床效果,以期提高临床诊治水平。方法选取2010-01—2015-01 82例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,分成2组,均经超早期选择性动脉溶栓治疗,观察组41例,超早期(6h)治疗,对照组41例,在6~24h治疗,观察治疗后在相关指标变化。结果对照组显效率34.15%,总有效率78.05%,血管再通率51.22%,出血转化率29.27%;观察组显效率51.22%,总有效率90.24%,血管再通率82.93%,出血转化率9.76%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组治疗后较治疗前在血液流变学高切、低切和Fib、ADL均有改善,治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),治疗后2组间以上指标差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。2组治疗前NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后2h、24h、1周、2周较治疗前有改善,治疗后2h、24h、1周、2周比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论超早期超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床效果显著,能提高血管再通,降低出血转化。     

Perfusion imaging in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction]

There is no doubt that CT and MRI play a major role in the diagnosis and selection of optimal therapeutic strategies in cases of acute cerebral infarction. However, it is true that there is a wide variation in the scanning protocols as well as data analysis procedures; these differences in imaging studies could translate into a lack of control over therapeutic strategies, thereby undermining the quality of clinical practice. It is obvious that standardization of imaging procedures is mandatory; however, so far, no such project has been conducted either at home or abroad. With this background, a couple of multi-institutional working groups dedicated to the standardization and development of practical guideline for imaging procedures in the setting of acute cerebral stroke, are now in operation in Japan.     

Cerebral blood flow determination within the first 8 hours of cerebral infarction using stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography

Cerebral blood flow mapping with stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography (Xe/CT) was performed in conjunction with conventional computed tomography (CT) within the first 8 hours after the onset of symptoms in seven patients with cerebral infarction. Six patients had hemispheric infarctions, and one had a progressive brainstem infarction. Three patients with very low (less than 10 ml/100 g/min) blood flow in an anatomic area appropriate for the neurologic deficit had no clinical improvement by the time of discharge from the hospital; follow-up CT scans of these three patients confirmed infarction in the area of very low blood flow. Three patients with moderate blood flow reductions (15-45 ml/100 g/min) in the appropriate anatomic area had significant clinical improvement from their initial deficits and had normal follow-up CT scans. One patient studied 8 hours after stroke had increased blood flow (hyperemia) in the appropriate anatomic area and made no clinical recovery.     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗超早期大面积脑梗死疗效分析

目的探讨尿激酶(UK)静脉溶栓治疗超早期大面积脑梗死的疗效、安全性及溶栓的时间窗。方法回顾性分析27例病例,按发病到开始溶栓的时间分为≤2 h、≤4 h、≤6 h组,均于30 min~1 h内静滴UK 100万~150万U。结果≤2 h溶栓治疗组在治疗后各观察时间点的NIHSS评分均显著低于溶栓治疗前(P<0.001);而≤4 h及≤6 h组直到第7天开始NIHSS评分才有显著降低(P<0.05)。30 d的总有效率70.37%;其中,≤2 h组各观察点的有效率与其他2组相比较均有显著差异(P<0.05);3个月后各组的mRS转归良好率分别为60%、0.9%、0。安全性:≤2 h组无颅内出血及死亡病例,≤4 h组2例颅内出血,2例死亡;≤6 h组3例颅内出血,2例死亡。结论大面积脑梗死超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓有效、安全,最佳溶栓时间窗为发病后2 h内。     

Functional image of dynamic computed tomography for the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics

We report the usefulness of functional image of dynamic computed tomography as a technique for evaluating cerebral hemodynamics. Although the technique itself has been reported, the advance of computer technology has made it possible to obtain high-resolution functional images within only a few minutes. We conducted 70 examinations on 57 patients with cerebral ischemia and correlated the findings with clinical outcome. Those patients whose abnormalities were detected on all corrected mean transit time, time to peak, and peak value images developed massive cortical infarcts. On the other hand, patients with abnormalities detected only on the corrected mean transit time image had only partial low-density lesions on follow-up computed tomograms. Patients with abnormalities detected only on the time to peak image suffered repeated transient ischemic attacks, but follow-up computed tomograms showed no low-density lesion in most cases. Single-photon emission computed tomography with N-isopropyl-p-(123I)iodoamphetamine performed at the time of functional image of dynamic computed tomography showed a high concordance of the findings in many cases, especially those with hyperacute-stage cerebral ischemia, in which the concordance rate was 90.5% (19 of 21). Comparing images constructed from different parameters, functional image of dynamic computed tomography can delineate other than hemodynamic factors, such as extent of the vascular bed or the degree of collateral circulation. Thus, functional image of dynamic computed tomography is a potentially important and useful technique for the further analysis of cerebral hemodynamics.     

动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 探讨动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效.方法 对15例ACI患者采用股动脉插管行动脉注射尿激酶溶栓治疗,并在治疗前后分别行DSA检查;治疗前、治疗后2 h、48 h、15 d及30 d分别采用欧洲卒中量表(ESS)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)及Barthel指数(BI)进行评分及疗效评定.结果 溶栓后12例闭塞侧大脑中动脉完全再通.溶栓后各时间点ESS、NIHSS和BI评分较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05～0.01);基本痊愈8例,显效5例,显效率86.7%.未见明显不良反应.结论 动脉内尿激酶溶栓是治疗ACI的有效方法.     

磁共振血管成像评定静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死疗效的价值

目的探讨磁共振血管成像(MRA)评定静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)疗效的价值。方法对13例发病24h内入院的ACI患者应用尿激酶100万U静脉溶栓治疗;观察患者治疗前后临床神经功能评分情况;并对治疗前后MRA表现进行比较。结果13例ACI患者溶栓后欧洲卒中量表(ESS)评分(24h～90d,评分为62.6～88.9分)较治疗前(45.8分)明显提高(均P<0.0001),其中24h、72h(71.8分)增加最快,至14d评分最好者达100分,至90d可正常生活者5例。患者治疗前MRA均为大脑中动脉M1或M2段闭塞,远端血管不显影。静脉溶栓后MRA示血管完全再通4例(30.8%);9例较治疗前血管显影增多,但多呈纤细或断续显影。结论(1)静脉溶栓治疗ACI疗效确切,ESS评分明显增加。(2)ACI患者于治疗前后行MRA检查可以确切了解血管闭塞以及血管再通情况。     

Computed tomography perfusion and computed tomography angiography for prediction of clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients atfer thrombolysis

Cerebral blood perfusion and cerebrovascular lesions are important factors that can affect the therapeutic effcacy of thrombolysis. At pres-ent, the majority of studies focus on assessing the accuracy of lesion location using imaging methods before treatment, with less attention to predictions of outcomes atfer thrombolysis. hTus, in the present study, we assessed the effcacy of combined computed tomography (CT) perfusion and CT angiography in predicting clinical outcomes atfer thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients. hTe study included 52 patients who received both CT perfusion and CT angiography. Patients were grouped based on the following criteria to compare clinical outcomes:(1) thrombolytic and non-thrombolytic patients, (2) thrombolytic patients with CT angiography showing the presence or ab-sence of a vascular stenosis, (3) thrombolytic patients with CT perfusion showing the presence or absence of hemodynamic mismatch, and (4) different CT angiography and CT perfusion results. Short-term outcome was assessed by the 24-hour National Institution of Health Stroke Scale score change. Long-term outcome was assessed by the 3-month modiifed Rankin Scale score. Of 52 ischemic stroke patients, 29 were treated with thrombolysis and exhibited improved short-term outcomes compared with those without thrombolysis treatment (23 patients). Patients with both vascular stenosis and blood lfow mismatch (13 patients) exhibited the best short-term outcome, while there was no correlation of long-term outcome with CT angiography or CT perfusion ifndings. hTese data suggest that combined CT perfusion and CT angiography are useful for predicting short-term outcome, but not long-term outcome, atfer thrombolysis.     

CT灌注成像视觉评估在急性大脑中动脉脑梗死溶栓治疗中的指导作用

目的试图确定大脑中动脉主干闭塞急性脑梗死患者就诊时即刻pCT参数图像视觉评估在指导溶栓治疗中的可行性。方法对符合溶栓治疗条件的大脑中动脉主干闭塞急性脑梗死患者首先进行NIHSS、pCT及CTA检查,随后给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗。24h～48h后复查CTA及CT,记录NIHSS评分,血管再通由CTA证实,分为血管再通组和血管未通组。手工测量pCT各参数图和最终脑梗死体积。结果溶栓后血管再通组溶栓前后NIHSS评分下降值明显低于血管未通组,经独立样本秩和检验P=0.0001<0.05。24h～48h后血管再通组最终梗死体积明显低于血管未通组,经独立样本秩和检验P=0.0008<0.05。首次NIHSS评分与TTP延长体积密切相关,血管再通组最终梗死体积与CBV下降体积密切相关,而血管未通组,最终梗死体积与TTP延长体积密切相关。将血管再通组首次pCT中TTP延长的体积减去CBV下降的体积,其差值与其溶栓前后NIHSS评分的差值具有相关性。结论TTP或MTT体积减去CBV下降体积约等于半暗带,半暗带的大小是决定是否可以进行溶栓治疗的客观指标。     

Computed tomography perfusion and computed tomography angiography for prediction of clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients after thrombolysis

Cerebral blood perfusion and cerebrovascular lesions are important factors that can affect the therapeutic efficacy of thrombolysis.At present,the majority of studies focus on assessing the accuracy of lesion location using imaging methods before treatment,with less attention to predictions of outcomes after thrombolysis.Thus,in the present study,we assessed the efficacy of combined computed tomography(CT) perfusion and CT angiography in predicting clinical outcomes after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients.The study included 52 patients who received both CT perfusion and CT angiography.Patients were grouped based on the following criteria to compare clinical outcomes:(1) thrombolytic and non-thrombolytic patients,(2) thrombolytic patients with CT angiography showing the presence or absence of a vascular stenosis,(3) thrombolytic patients with CT perfusion showing the presence or absence of hemodynamic mismatch,and(4) different CT angiography and CT perfusion results.Short-term outcome was assessed by the 24-hour National Institution of Health Stroke Scale score change.Long-term outcome was assessed by the 3-month modified Rankin Scale score.Of 52 ischemic stroke patients,29 were treated with thrombolysis and exhibited improved short-term outcomes compared with those without thrombolysis treatment(23 patients).Patients with both vascular stenosis and blood flow mismatch(13 patients) exhibited the best short-term outcome,while there was no correlation of long-term outcome with CT angiography or CT perfusion findings.These data suggest that combined CT perfusion and CT angiography are useful for predicting short-term outcome,but not long-term outcome,after thrombolysis.     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性椎基底动脉缺血性卒中的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性期椎基底动脉系统缺血性卒中的临床疗效.方法 13例急性期椎基底动脉系统缺血性卒中患者经静脉输注尿激酶50-150万U,并进行溶栓前、溶栓后即刻、6h、24h、7d、14d的美国围立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分.3个月时进行MRS评分以评定预后. 结果 13例患者在溶栓前NIHSS评分平均为(17.46-6.19)分,溶栓后评分呈下降趋势,溶栓后即刻为(11.77±6.47)分,溶栓后6 h为(10.31±5.65)分.24 h为(7.92±6.43)分,7 d为(6.58±5.41)分.14d为(6.50±5.56)分.溶栓后24h后的时间段NIHSS评分与溶栓前相比均明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).13例中有3例死亡,2例预后不佳,8例预后良好.4例出现出血并发症,其中脑出血2例. 结论 尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗可有效改善急性期椎基底动脉系统缺血性脑卒中的临床症状和预后.     

动静脉溶栓治疗早期脑梗塞的对比研究

目的探索早期脑梗塞的有效疗法。方法选择发病6h内脑梗塞患者93例，随机分为动脉组（32例）和静脉组（61例）。除一般治疗外，静脉组予以尿激酶25万U／d静脉滴注，连续7d。动脉组经股动脉穿刺，将多孔微导管插入血栓，按1万U／min注入尿激酶，每使用25万U即测凝血指标并行血管造影，血管开通后，再注入25万U以溶解迁徙性血栓。结果两组3个月后疗效显示，动脉组有效率为87．5％，优于静脉组的60．65％（P〈0．05）；日常生活能力评价动脉组亦优于静脉组（P〈0．05）。结论采用动脉溶栓治疗早期脑梗塞的疗效优于静脉溶栓。     

单光子发射计算机断层显像在改良强制性运动疗法治疗老年脑梗死患者肢体运动功能的应用

Objective To observe the correlation of brain functional reorganization and motor functional restoration with application of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and regional cerebral blood flow ( rCBF) in modified constraint-induced movement therapy ( mCIMT) in cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia.Methods Twelve patients with cerebral infarction with hemiplegia (7 males and 5 females, aged 62-75 ( 67.9 ± 6.5) years) were treated with mCIMT for eight weeks.No movement restriction was applied to the limbs at the intact sides.The affected sides exercised 4 h per day with 1 h on the upper limbs and 3 h on the lower limbs.At the same time, semi-quantitative analysis method of analyzing SPECT and rCBF was used to record changes in brain.Simple test for evaluating hand function (STEF), 10 m maximum walking speed ( MWS) , rCBF changes in the cerebral cortex ischemic lesion were respectively assessed in the pretreatment and post-treatment.Results After the treatment, STEF score of affected sides was 76.33 ± 17.13(t = -6.09) ; STEF score of intact was 86.25 ± 16.84(t = -5.86) ;The score of MWS was 6.78 ± 3.72 (t = 4.88); Ischemic score of radioactive counts was - 10.12 ± 7.25 (t = 5.33), improved from pre-treatment and the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05 ) .Conclusions mCIMT markedly improved motor function in senile cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia as shown on SPECT.It showed that this improvement is associated with changes in brain plasticity, suggesting that improved motor function may be related to the redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow in the cerebral cortex.