阳江地区淋球菌质粒谱与耐药性关系研究

目的 研究阳江地区淋球菌流行株质粒谱与耐药性的关系。方法 应用碱裂解和溶菌酶双重处理100株淋球菌流行株，进行质粒抽提及质粒谱分型研究。利用K-B法测定淋球菌流行株对10种抗生素的敏感性。结果 检出4种不同分子量的质粒，其中分子量为4．2kb、7．4kb和39．5kb的质粒检出率较高，分别为66．00％、58．00％和41．00％。质粒谱型共12型，以7．4kb 4．2kb、39．5kb 7．4kb 4．2kb、39．5kb 4．2kb3型为主，分别占21．00％、17．00％和15．00％；耐药谱型42型，以CPLX^R、TCR CPLX^R、CPLX^R CP^R菌株为主，分别占12．00％，、12．00％和7．00％。将3型主要的耐药谱与相应的质粒谱进行比较。结果 CPLX^R菌株以39．5kb 4．2kb质粒谱为主；TC^R CPLX^R菌株以7．4kb 4．2kb质粒谱为主；CPLX^R CP^R菌株以7．4kb和39．5kb 7．4kb 4．2kb质粒谱为主。结论 阳江地区淋球菌流行株的质粒谱与其相应的耐药谱之间有一定的关系。     

淋病菌流行株耐药与耐药与耐药质粒谱的研究

目的 了解淋球菌流行株的耐药状况,并对耐药表型及质粒谱进行分型。方法 1998－1999年从广东省湛江地区分离出98株淋球菌流行株, 采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌对青霉素、四环素及环丙沙星的敏感性;应用碘量法测定β－内酰胺酶,并对耐药表型进行分型;应用碱裂解法提取相应菌株的质粒,对质粒谱进行分型。结果 淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素及环丙沙星的耐药率分别为22．44％、45．94％和55．12％;β－内酰胺酶阳性淋球菌占6．12％（6／98）;耐药表型以Susceptible^PT、CMRNG^T、CMRNG^PT、TRNG四型为主,分别占43．86％、23．46％、10．20％和10．20％;98株淋球菌流行株,质粒总检出率为91．84％,42．5kb、39．5kb、7．4kb、4．2kb质粒分别占11．22、41．82％、59．16％和67．32％;质粒谱型12型,以7．4kb 4.2kb、39.5kb 7.4kb 4.2kb为主,分别占21．42％和17．34％。结论 湛江地区淋球菌流行株对环丙沙星的耐药率较高,耐药表型和质粒谱型各有其分布特点。     

淋球菌分离株耐药质粒谱型研究

目的了解淋球菌临床分离株的质粒分布情况,初步探讨其与淋球菌耐药性的关系。方法应用碱裂解法对淋球菌的质粒进行抽提,获得淋球菌临床分离株的质粒谱。结果共检测出有42.5kb,39.5kb,7.4kb和4.2kb的四种不同分子量的质粒,7.4kb和4.2kb质粒检出率分别为75.00%和96.25%。质粒谱型有10种,其中以42.5kb+39.5kb+7.4kb+4.2kb,39.5kb+7.4kb+4.2kb,7.4kb+4.2kb及4.2kb四种类型居多,占86.25%。所有检测出的PPNG菌株(包括PPNG/TRNG)均含有7.4kb质粒,所有TRNG菌株(包括PPNG/TRNG)均含有42.5kb质粒和39.5kb质粒;而非PPNG或TRNG中所携带的质粒谱型则相对复杂。结论7.4kb的质粒可能会介导淋球菌高水平的青霉素耐药性,42.5kb及39.5kb质粒可能与介导四环素高水平耐药有关。     

济南地区淋球菌耐药性检测及质粒谱型分析

目的了解济南地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性和质粒图谱。方法用琼脂稀释法测定4种抗生素对148株淋球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及其中70株淋球菌的质粒图谱。结果检出PPNG占28.38%,TRNG占18.92%,环丙沙星耐药达98.99%,头孢曲松、大观霉素未发现耐药菌株。质粒谱型主要有4.2kb+5.4kb(38.58%),4.2kb+7.4kb(20.00%),4.2kb+5.4kb+39.5kb(15.71%)。结论济南地区淋球菌对抗生素耐药性维持在较高水平,头孢曲松、大观霉素是治疗首选;质粒图谱显示出地域特殊性。     

贵阳市淋球菌耐药质粒及其与淋病流行的关系

目的：为了了解贵阳市淋球菌耐药质粒的大致范围及淋球菌耐药质粒在细菌间的流向。方法：采用改良的Jo.Annes法对20株淋球菌临床分离株进行质粒提取,测定其分子量的大小;从中筛选出产青霉素酶淋球菌菌株（PPNG）,分别与大肠杆菌和淋球菌青霉素敏感菌株进行接合和转化试验。结果：20株淋球菌临床分离株检出7株PP－NG菌株,淋球菌4.5Md质粒的携带为40％,3.7Md质粒的携带率为25％。3株带有24.5Md质粒的PPNG菌株,其耐药（R）质粒均可通过接合而传递给大肠杆菌和淋球菌敏感菌株;2株PPNG菌株可通过转化将R质粒传递给大肠杆菌和淋球菌敏感菌株。结论：贵阳市流行的淋球菌中有2种耐药质粒存在,以4.5Md质粒为主;PPNG菌株可通过接合和转化的传递方式,将耐药质粒在淋球菌青霉素敏感菌株和大肠杆菌中传递,与淋病的流行有密切的关系。     

威海地区淋球菌流行株质粒谱研究

目的:研究威海地区淋病奈瑟菌(简称淋球菌)耐药质粒的传播情况。方法:收集威海地区2000~2003年共82株淋球菌,采用碱裂解法提取质粒,以λDNA/HindIII作为分子质量参照,以标准分子质量的电泳结果为标准系统,以其相对迁移率为自变量,其分子质量对数值为因变量建立回归方程,计算样品所带核酸的分子量。结果:82株淋球菌中检出11株PPNG菌株,阳性率为13.41%。所有PPNG菌株均携带4.5 Kb的“亚洲型”质粒。对由质粒介导的四环素高度耐药株(TRNG)(MIC≥16μg/mL)为2株,加上中度耐药株53株(MIC≥8μg/mL)。82株淋球菌中有74株携带质粒,质粒总检出率为90.2%。共检出4种分子质量的质粒,分别为2.6、4.5、24.5和25.2 Kb,其中2.6 Kb质粒携带为49株,携带率为66.22%,携带4.5 Kb者59株,其中53株(89.83%)对青霉素耐药。携带25.2 Kb质粒的12株对四环素高度耐药。质粒谱共有7种,分别为4.5、2.6、(4.5 2.6)、(24.5 4.5)、(24.5 4.5 2.6)(、25.2 2.6)Kb及非质粒型,其中以(4.5 2.6)Kb和(24.5 4.5 2.6)Kb质粒谱型为主,分别占24.32%和14.86%。结论:质粒介导性耐药(包括PPNG和TRNG)是威海地区淋球菌产生耐药的主要原因。     

汕头市淋球菌耐药菌株和质粒图谱测定

目的：了解本地区淋球菌耐药菌株的流行情况。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对抗菌剂敏感性。采用纸片酸度法检测产β－内酰胺酶菌株（PPNG）。用碱裂解法检测质粒。结果：检测了173株淋球菌。青霉素、环丙沙星和四环素耐药率分别为87．9％、90．2％和66．5％，PPNG检出率4％，质粒检出率90．2％。质粒介导的高度耐四环素菌（TRNG）11．5％。结论：青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星治疗淋病的作用已很差。淋球菌对大观霉素和头孢曲松钠较敏感。     

淋球菌流行株抗生素敏感性监测

目的：监测广州地区2007年度分离的淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、大观霉素、头孢曲松和环丙沙星的敏感性，分析耐药菌株的流行特点。方法：采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），判断敏感性按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌（PPNG）菌株。结果：123株淋球菌中检出115株对青霉素耐药（93，5％），产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌（PPNG）39株（占31．7％）；四环素耐药率为87％，其中质粒介导高度耐四环素淋球菌（TRNG）为72株，占58、5％；环丙沙星耐药率为91，1％；未发现对大观霉素和头孢曲松耐药菌株。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准，尤以青霉素为甚，其MIC508及MIC90均超过耐药标准的8倍和大于32倍。结论：淋球菌对大观霉素和头孢曲松的敏感性较高，可作为治疗的首选药物，对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高，提示对淋病的治疗作用差。     

福州地区质粒介导淋球菌耐药性监测

目的：明确福州地区由质粒介导产生青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株和由质粒介导产生高度耐四环素的淋球菌(TRNG)菌株的流行状况，以制定有效的淋病防治方案。方法：采用纸片酸度法和ⅧC测定法连续检测1999年～2002年间淋球菌分离株的质粒介导耐药情况。结果：4年来，共检测了698株临床分离的淋球菌菌株，PPNG流行率由1999年2．2％上升为2002年8．72％，TRNG由0．6％上升为20．69％。结论：福州地区PPNG、TRNG检查率呈逐年上升趋势，持续监测淋球菌PPNG菌株、TRNG菌株的流行情况，对淋病的防治有重要意义。     

广州地区淋球菌营养分型和抗生素耐药性的研究

为了解广州地区淋球菌的营养型分布和4种抗生素的耐药性,以广州地区167株淋球菌进行MIC测定和PPNG检测,同时对其中113株淋球菌进行营养分型检测。结果显示,167株菌中检出PPNG菌株9株,TRNG16株,青霉素耐药株109株（65.3%）,环丙沙星耐药株131株（78.4%）,大观霉素、头孢曲松未发现耐药株。113株淋球菌分16种营养型,以Pro^-型、Proto型、Pro^-、Ile^-、Ile^-型、Pro^-Ile^-Ser^-型5种营养型为主,占86.5%,其余11种营养型占13.5%。青霉素和环丙沙星的耐药菌株主要分布于Pro^-型中,TRNG菌株主要分布于Ile^-型,PPNG菌株散在于各种营养型中。研究结果表明广州地区淋球菌的营养型和耐药性的分布状况,有助于该地区淋球菌的流行病学研究和淋病防治。     

The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Dakar, Sénégal 1982-1986: antimicrobial resistance, auxotypes and plasmid profiles.

A total of 460 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from patients seen at three clinics in Dakar, Sénégal, 1982-1986, have been investigated. In this period a significant change in antimicrobial susceptibility was observed: the percentage of strains susceptible to penicillin (MIC less than or equal to 0.08 micrograms/ml) fell from 61 to 18 (p less than 0.0001) and the percentage of resistant strains (MIC greater than or equal to 1.2 micrograms/ml) increased from 18 to 46. Among penicillin-resistant strains the proportion of penicillinase-producing strains (PPNG) was fairly constant (range 35-55%). The determination of susceptibility to anti-microbial agents performed locally allowed detection of approximately all PPNG strains whereas the increase in the occurrence of strains with chromosomally determined resistance was not revealed. The study comprised 70 PPNG strains of which 19% (13/70) carried the 7.4 kb Asian plasmid and 81% (57/70) the 5.3 kb African plasmid. None of these strains possessed the 38 kb conjugative plasmid, whereas it was found in 4.5% of the 376 non-PPNG strains available for plasmid analysis; 92% (410/446) of all strains had the small 4.2 kb plasmid and 5.4% (24/446) did not contain any plasmid. Overall, auxotype zero and proline-requiring strains were predominant, accounting for 53% (244/460) and 28% (131/460), respectively. In general, PPNG strains carrying the 5.3 kb plasmid were auxotype zero (49/57 = 86%) and those carrying the 7.4 kb plasmid were proline-requiring (9/13 = 69%).     

淋病奈瑟菌毒力岛基因的检测

目的 了解淋病奈瑟菌毒力岛(PAIs)在质粒及染色体上的分布情况.方法 采用碱裂解法提取63株淋病奈瑟菌的质粒及染色体DNA,PCR扩增各PAIs基因(atlA,traG,traH).结果 共检出4.2kb,7.4kb,39.5kb,42.5kb四种质粒,总检出率为88.89%(56/63);以63株淋病奈瑟菌的染色体...     

长沙地区淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性及耐药性质粒分型研究

目的：了解长沙地区淋病奈瑟菌对抗生素的敏感性以及耐青霉素和耐四环素性质粒的流行情况。方法：采用纸片扩散法检测80株淋病奈瑟菌对7种抗生素的敏感性；碱裂解法分析产青霉素酶的淋病奈瑟菌（PPNG）株及耐四环素的淋病奈瑟菌（TRNG）株的质粒图谱；PCR扩增tetM基因片段，并经测序分析其基因型。结果：在测定的7种抗生素中，耐药性最高的为环丙沙星，耐药率为86．25％，敏感性最高的为大观霉素，为100％；PPNG和TRNG的检出率分别为50.0％和27．5％；40株PPNG株质粒电泳后发现除1株为非洲型耐青霉素质粒外，其余均为亚洲型耐青霉素质粒；22株TRNG株的PCR产物电泳条带均在约443bp处，取典型株经DNA测序分析与荷兰型tetM基因具有96％～98％的同源性。结论：质粒介导的淋病奈瑟菌对青霉素和四环素的耐药已普遍存在，本次研究中介导的耐青霉素和耐四环素质粒分别以亚洲型和荷兰型为主。     

Characterisation of PPNG and non-PPNG Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Singapore.

OBJECTIVE--To characterise Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Singapore. DESIGN--Characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates by auxotyping, serological analysis and plasmid profile analysis. SPECIMENS--Sixty randomly collected isolates from 41 symptomatic, untreated males and 19 female prostitutes were studied. RESULTS--Auxotyping of 25 PPNG and 35 non-PPNG strains showed that the Pro-auxotype was prevalent among both PPNG (56%) and non-PPNG (42.5%) strains. Prototrophic strains comprised 28% of PPNG and 32.5% of non-PPNG strains respectively. Serovar analysis showed that with the exception of seven serogroup WI strains, the majority belonged to serogroup WII/III. Serovar Aedih was predominant among both serogroup WI PPNG (80%) and non-PPNG (100%) strains. Serogroup WII/III PPNG strains were represented by nine serovars with the predominant serovars being Bacjk (28%) and Bcgjk (16%). Eleven serovars were identified in the WII/III non-PPNG strains and the major serovars were Bajk (20%), Bacjk (17%), Back (11.4%) and Beghjk (11.4%). Analysis of the 25 PPNG strains showed that 16 of them carried the 4.4 MDa (Asian type) resistance plasmid and nine strains harboured the 4.4 MDa plasmid in conjunction with the 24.5 MDa transfer plasmid. The cryptic plasmid of 2.6 MDa was present in 27 of the 35 non-PPNG strains. Five of the non-PPNG strains harbouring the cryptic plasmid also contained the 24.5 MDa transfer plasmid. The plasmid combination of 2.6 + 7.8 + 24.5 MDa was detected in three non-PPNG strains. CONCLUSION--The combination of epidemiological methods used in this study indicated the heterogeneity of N gonorrhoeae strains in Singapore. A total of 16 different combinations of auxotype, plasmid profile and serovar were seen in the 25 PPNG strains compared with 24 such combinations in the 35 non-PPNG strains. Such sensitive differentiation would otherwise not be possible using either auxotype-serovar (A/S) or auxotype-plasmid analysis.     

Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, 1999-2006

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the frequency and types of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, between 1999 and 2006. METHODS: beta-Lactamase production was determined by paper acidometric testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin were determined by agar plate dilution. Plasmid types were determined for TRNG and PPNG isolates by PCR. RESULTS: One-thousand two-hundred and eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates were examined. The rate of PPNG rose from 8.0% (9 of 112) in 1999 to 57.36% (113 of 197) in 2004, and declined to 44.44% (88 of 198) in 2006. Prevalence of TRNG increased from 1.8% (2 of 112) in 1999 to 32.82% (65 of 198) in 2006. 99.23% (258 of 260) of TRNG contained the Dutch-type tetM gene and 2 strains contained the American-type tetM gene. All PPNG examined contained the Asian type plasmid. Among non-PPNG, chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin varied from 57.84% (59 of 102) to 87.80% (72 of 82). Chromosomal resistance to ciprofloxacin (QRNG) was detected in 83.93% (94 of 112) of the strains in 1999 and 98.99% (196 of 198) in 2006. Eight spectinomycin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains were detected between 2001 and 2006. None of the gonococcal isolates tested was resistant to ceftriaxone but decreased susceptibility was observed in some strains. CONCLUSIONS: Among N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Nanjing, China, plasmid mediated resistance including PPNG and TRNG increased significantly between 1999 and 2006. Chromosomally mediated resistance to both penicillin and ciprofloxacin was also high during this period. Spectinomycin resistance of N. gonorrhoeae was sporadic. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin can be considered effective antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhea in Nanjing at the present time.