血管内超声评价支架置入效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术的应用价值——附45例分析

目的:探讨血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)检查评价药物洗脱支架置入术效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术的应用价值.方法:对45例需行支架置入术治疗的ACS患者76处病变置入药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent,DES),在支架置入前后进行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)及IVUS检查,对未达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准者再采用高压球囊后扩张术,并用IVUS评价支架置入的效果.结果:45例患者76处病变置入DES后行CAG检查,结果所有支架均达到理想的支架置入标准;行IVUS检查,结果76处病变中有43处(57%)达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准,33处(43%)未达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准.对这33处病变行高压球囊后扩张术,结果25处病变达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准,总理想达标率由之前的57%上升至89%(P＜0.01).随访1～10个月,中位数5个月,再发心绞痛2例.结论:IVUS在评价支架置入效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术方面具有重要的临床实用价值,可进一步提高高压球囊后扩张术及评价支架置入的疗效.     

血管内超声波法指导及评价冠状动脉支架置入的研究

目的:探讨血管内超声波法(IVUS)在指导及评价高压球囊扩张支架置入术中的作用。方法:对2002年1月~2002年12月收治的50例58处冠状动脉(冠脉)病变行支架置入术时进行冠脉造影(CAG)及IVUS检查,IVUS指导选择支架的适应证及支架的大小,当达到CAG理想的支架置入标准时,置入支架并应用IVUS进行评价,观察支架是否充分扩张,血管扩张未达到IVUS的理想标准者再次行高压球囊扩张。结果:支架置入后仅35处(60.3%)符合IVUS理想支架置入标准,23处(39.7%)支架未达到IVUS理想置入标准,再次经高压球囊扩张后全血管面积(VA)及最小血管内膜腔面积(MLA)明显增加,斑块面积(PA)减小,病变均达到CAG理想的支架置入标准。结论:采用高压球囊扩张支架置入术,并不能使支架完全达到理想的扩张状态,IVUS指导下的高压球囊扩张可进一步改善支架置入效果,是目前指导及评价支架置入效果的最佳手段。     

血管内超声指导急性冠状动脉综合征患者药物洗脱支架置入的研究

目的探讨血管内超声（IVUS）指导药物洗脱支架置入的价值。方法对38例急性冠状动脉综合征患者67处病变行IVUS检查，指导药物洗脱支架置入。置入后再行IVUS，对未达到理想释放者进行高压球囊后扩张。观察6个月主要不良心脏事件。结果首次常规高压扩张置入支架，67处病变均达到冠状动脉造影理想标准，但符合IVUS理想标准仅40处（59．7％），27处（40．3％）未达标；行高压球囊后扩张，又有21处达到IVUS理想标准。最终达到IVUS理想标准者与常规高压扩张后比较，差异有统计学意义（91．0％对59．7％，P〈0．0001）。随访期间无一例心源性死亡或再梗死，再发心绞痛2例（5．3%）。结论常规高压球囊扩张置入药物洗脱支架，并不能使所有支架达到IVUS理想标准。IVUS指导下高压球囊后扩张可进一步改善药物洗脱支架置入效果，具有重要临床价值。     

血管内超声对冠脉内支架植入术的指导和效果评价

目的：应用血管内超声（IVUS）检测技术,探讨其对患者冠状动脉内支架植入术（STENTING）适应症选择、手术过程指导以及手术效果评价中的作用。方法：对71例患者的89处冠状动脉血管段于术前、53处血管段于STENTING后处16处血管段于高压球囊再扩张后进行IVUS检测。将血管的总截面积、管腔面积、斑块面积、面积狭窄率四个指标的术前、STENTING后、高压球囊再扩张后三种状态分别进行配对t－检验。结果：IVUS检测显示需手术干预的病变血管69处。STENTING术后复查IVUS的血管53处,其中效果理想的33处,不理想而需高压球囊再扩张的20处。有16处血管经高压球囊再扩张后,再次复查IVUS显示支架打开理想。统计学分析显示：血管总截面积、斑块面积、管腔面积、面积狭窄率在STENTING前后之间的差异均有显著性。对高压球囊再扩张前后之间的差异,血管总截面积、斑块面积无显著性,管腔面积、面积狭窄率有显著性。结论：IVUS能准确选择STENTING适应症,指导选择支架的大小。STENTING及高压球囊再扩张后,血管总截面积及斑块面积的扩大或缩小,在一定程度之后受到限制。而STENTING后支架打开不理想的血管,经高压球囊再扩张仍可收到一定效果。     

冠脉腔内超声显像在支架植入术中的初步临床应用

为了评价冠状动脉内超声显像（ＩＣＵＩ）在支架植入术中的作用，我们对４例冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）术前，术后及支架植入术后行ＩＣＵＩ检查。结果显示，３例支架植入后造影显示结果满意的患者，ＩＣＵＩ均示支架扩张不完全，２例支架的位置不合适，采取进一步措施后病情得到缓解。研究还发现ＩＣＵＩ能提供血管造影术不能见的冠脉病变，包括球囊扩张不完全，斑块破裂和脂质溢出等，有助于支架植入适应症的选择。     

血管内超声在冠脉内支架植入术中的临床应用

目的:通过血管内超声(IVUS)评价冠脉内支架植入前后动脉壁形态学改变及斑块形态对支架膨展的影响,探讨该技术在支架植入术中的临床应用价值.方法:15例冠心病患者在支架植入前后靶病变处,使用30MHz、2.9F机械旋转式超声导管施行IVUS成像.测量支架植入前后靶病变处外弹力膜横截面积、斑块+中膜面积及腔面积,并评价血管壁的形态学特点.结果:15处靶病变在支架植入前后血管造影直径狭窄百分比由76±11%降至8±10%.超声上,外弹力膜面积由支架植入前的10.8±3.6mm2增至14.1±2.9mm2,斑块面积则从8.3±1.4mm2降至6.5±1.6mm2(P均＜0.01),而管腔面积由于外弹力膜面积增加及斑块面积的缩小,由植入前的4.5±1.8mm2增至6.5±2.3mm2(P＜0.05).15处靶病变中,钙化斑块、纤维混合斑块、软斑块分别为3例,8例,4例.偏心班块占73.3%,同心斑块26.7%.IVUS发现PTCA后87%(13/15)存在夹层,其中一些伴有管腔内的小内膜片,而造影则为40%(7/15).符合IVUS支架植入最佳标准者占27%(4/15).有3例(20%)在支架边缘处发现存在内膜撕裂或小裂隙.1例在操作过程中冠脉痉挛,导管后撤及冠脉内注入硝酸甘油后消失.结论:IVUS在发现PTCA术后血管夹层方面比CAG更加敏感.冠脉支架植入后,血管的伸展和斑块的减少均参与了管腔的增加.钙化病变影响支架的最佳膨展.此技术安全可行,可用来指导支架的植入.     

冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的特征与高压球囊治疗

目的：分析冠状动脉支架再狭窄的特征和高压球囊扩张治疗的临床效果。方法对７例支架内再狭窄病例进行冠状动脉造影图像分析,其中６例施行高压球囊扩张治疗。结果６８例冠脉内支架术患,有７例经冠状动脉造影证实为支架内再狭窄,发生率为１０．２９％,出现在术后１．５－８个月。靶血管在左前降支６例,右冠状动脉１例,病变特征表现为支架内弥漫狭窄的５例,局限性狭窄２例。除１例左前降支弥漫性狭窄外,余６例用１２－１５个     

支架后再次球囊扩张对急性冠脉综合征的影响

<正>随着对急性冠脉综合征研究的深入,这类疾病的治疗方式得到了巨大的发展。支架后再次球囊扩张是指支架释放后再送入非顺应性球囊进行高压扩张,它可以使支架完全扩张且与血管内膜贴合良好,从而降低支架血栓的形成。据最新的研究表明直接支架植入术和行支架植入术后再次球囊扩张对急性冠脉综合征患者的临床预后方面影响有一些不同。本文就支架后再次球囊扩张对患者术后即刻血流、支架内血栓、心功能及预后的影响进行综述。     

冠状动脉内超声成像的临床应用

35例冠脉造影患者行冠脉内超声成像检查（ICUS）。定性分析斑块成分、性质及夹层形成；测量冠脉最小管腔内径、面积、斑块面积及血管狭窄百分数等。冠脉造影结果10例正常，25例冠脉狭窄≥70％，其中17例行PTCA术。10例冠脉造影正常者中，5例ICUS有粥样硬化病变。17例左冠狭窄而左主干正常者中，ICUS示12例（70．6％）左主干有不同程度病变。另17例PTCA后，5例植入支架。对植入与未植入支架的ICUS定性和定量方面的特征进行比较。结论：ICUS可发现冠脉造影正常的冠脉病变。I－CUS为PTCA后的冠脉提供了理想的形态学资料，PTCA后残余狭窄＞50％，钙化偏心斑块或PTCA后有夹层者应植入支架。根据支架成功植入的超声诊断标准，ICUS可指导支架成功植入，避免急性血栓闭塞。     

冠状动脉介入术中支架影像增强显影技术与血管内超声对照研究

目的探讨支架增强显影技术(stentboost,SB)在评价支架植入效果和指导支架内球囊后扩张与血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)的相关性。方法 26例患者在支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张时,完成了冠状动脉造影定量分析(quantative coronary angiography,QCA)、SB技术、IVUS检查,植入支架35枚。分别通过QCA、SB、IVUS获取支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径,计算支架偏心指数;各项检查所测支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径和支架偏心指数的自身对照,检查之间所测数据进行相关性分析。结果 QCA、SB、IVUS测量的支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径均较支架植入时明显增加,支架偏心指数[(最大支架直径-最小支架直径)/最大血管直径]降低。SB与IVUS测量的支架植入时、支架内球囊后扩张完成时的支架平均直径具有最好的相关性(r=0.982,P0.01;r=0.985,P0.01);而且QCA与IVUS也具有较好的相关性(r=0.975,P0.01;r=0.978,P0.01);QCA与SB也明显相关(r=0.972,P0.01;r=0.976,P0.01)。结论支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架偏心指数较支架植入时更低,与QCA相比,SB与IVUS测量的支架植入时、支架内球囊后扩张完成时的支架平均直径有更好的相关性。     

Rationale and design: Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance on long-term clinical outcomes of everolimus-eluting stents in long coronary lesions

BackgroundAlthough the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) in patients with coronary artery disease has contributed to a significant reduction in in-stent restenosis and repeat revascularization, treating diffuse long lesions using DESs remains challenging due to the high rates of in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides tomographic images of coronary vascular structure and is useful for evaluating lesion morphology and stent optimization during percutaneous coronary intervention. However, it remains controversial whether IVUS guidance in DES implantation for long coronary lesions could reduce adverse clinical outcomes.HypothesisWe hypothesize that the long-term clinical outcomes of IVUS-guided DES implantation would be superior to those of angiography-guided DES implantation in a subset of patients with long coronary lesions.Study designThis study is a randomized, prospective, multi-center trial comparing the long-term clinical outcomes of IVUS-guided and angiography-guided everolimus-eluting stent implantation in patients with long coronary lesions (implanted stent ≥ 28 mm in length). The primary end point is a composite of major adverse cardiac events, including cardiac death, target lesion-related myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization at 1 year following intervention. A total of 1,400 patients will be required to be enrolled according to sample size calculations.ConclusionThis study will test the hypothesis that IVUS guidance improves long-term clinical outcomes in patients treated with everolimus-eluting stents for long coronary lesions compared with angiographic guidance.     

血管内超声评价冠心病患者冠状动脉支架功能

目的应用IVUS显像评价MultiLink支架植入后6个月追踪结果和对比MultiLink新、旧设计类型支架植入后的变化。方法75例植入MultiLink(GaidantCorporation)支架后6个月IVUS进行检查。在支架植入前,之后立即和6个月均进行冠状动脉造影。患者分成两组第一代MultiLink支架40例;第二代MultiLink支架35例。结果第二代MultiLink支架最小内膜面积大于第一代MultiLink支架(P＝0.0053)。平均最小内膜直径两组具有明显差别,(2.17±0.33)mm与(2.37±0.28)mm,P＝0.011。第二代MultiLink支架区新生内膜增殖面积和最大内膜增殖厚度均比第一代MultiLink支架小。第一代MultiLink支架具有较高的斑块面积百分数。结论新的设计类型MultiLink支架在决定支架再狭窄主要因素最小内膜直径和内膜面积方面获得了显著改善。     

Response of renal and femoropopliteal arteries to Palmaz stent implantation assessed with intravascular ultrasound.

PURPOSE: To establish the processes responsible for late lumen loss in renal and femoropopliteal Palmaz stents using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). METHODS: The first 7 consecutive patients treated with stents for renal (n = 4) and femoropopliteal (n = 3) arterial occlusive disease were studied with IVUS immediately after angiographically successful stent placement (< 10% residual stenosis) and periodically during follow-up. Images of both stent edges and the most stenotic site inside the stent at followup were matched to the same cross sections captured immediately after stent placement for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Late lumen loss in renal artery stents at 5 to 34 months was considerably less than in femoropopliteal stents (17% versus 62%, respectively). In the renal location, late lumen loss (3.0 +/- 1.3 mm2) was due to neointimal hyperplasia, whereas stent area remained unchanged (3% decrease). Late lumen loss (7.4 +/- 8.2 mm2) in femoropopliteal stents was due to neointimal hyperplasia and stent area reduction (26%). Overall, in both types of arteries, neointimal development and stent area reduction were larger at the most stenotic site than at the stent edges. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that there may be differences between renal and femoropopliteal arteries in the extent of hyperplastic response to stents.     

Additional luminal area gain by intravascular ultrasound guidance after coronary stent implantation with high inflation pressure

Aims: Studies by intravascular ultrasound demonstrated inadequate expansion in a large number of stents, which lead to the increase of inflation pressures for stenting. The present study examined whether routine use of high-pressure inflation would be sufficient for an optimum stent expansion without sonographic guidance. Methods and results: Two types of single coronary stents (Palmaz-Schatz in 54, and Wiktor in 25) were implanted with inflation pressures of 16–20 atm in 79 nonocclusive coronary lesions. IVUS before stenting was used in 78% to select the adequate stent size. Intravascular ultrasound after stenting was used to assess the minimum stent area and diameter, the reference areas, and the strut apposition to the vessel wall. The difference between the area of the expanding balloon and the stent area was calculated as the luminal deficit of the stent. Completeness of stent expansion required full strut apposition and lesion coverage, and a minimum stent area that was larger than the distal reference, and larger than 60% of the proximal reference. Intravascular ultrasound before stenting lead to an increase of the stent size in 47%. After high-pressure expansion, even with the optimized balloon size, 8% of stents had struts protruding into the lumen. The stent area (6.87 ± 1.93 mm²) was significantly smaller than both the proximal (9.59 ± 2.91 mm²; p<0.001) and distal reference area (8.23 ± 3.03 mm²; p<0.001). The criteria for complete expansion were met in 48%. The expansion with a larger high-pressure balloon in 28 stents lead to an increase of the stent area by 19% (8.19 ± 2.24; p<0.001), and full stent apposition in all cases. The criteria of stent expansion were met in 82%. A wide range of the luminal deficit upto 48% was observed, which was not related to sonographic lesion characteristics, except in lesions with complete circumferential calcifications. The different stent designs were characterized by a slightly lower luminal deficit in slotted-tube stents (23 ± 13% vs. 28 ± 12%; p=0.11) and a better index of stent symmetry as compared with the coil stent (0.87 ± 0.08 vs. 0.82 ± 0.09; p<0.05). Conclusion: Routine use of high-pressure stent expansion did not lead to a sufficient stent expansion, even when the initial stent size had been guided by intravascular ultrasound. Further stent dilatation with larger balloons under ultrasound guidance would be required to optimize the luminal area gain.     

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging: Novel Insights into the Vascular Response After Coronary Stent Implantation

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution imaging technique that is increasingly used for intracoronary imaging to characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques and vascular responses after coronary stent implantation. Introduction of optical frequency-domain imaging (OFDI; second generation OCT) has simplified practical use of this novel imaging modality resulting in a more widespread availability in interventional cardiology. Here we highlight recent insights into the acute and chronic vascular response after coronary stent implantation by OCT imaging. OCT provides cross-sectional images with approximately 10-fold higher resolution as compared to intravascular-ultrasound (IVUS), allowing for precise evaluation of tissue coverage and malapposition of coronary stent struts. More than 30 studies using OCT to compare vascular responses to different stents have now been reported. Recent studies have examined the relation between OCT-image characteristics and tissue composition around stent struts. OCT is used for evaluation of novel stent concepts, such as bioengineered stents and bioabsorbable stents, where it provides more accurate information than IVUS. While intracoronary OCT imaging is further developed, including faster 3D-OCT-image-reconstruction, larger OCT studies/registries with standardized analysis will provide more insights into clinical implications of observations from OCT-imaging after coronary stent implantation.     

The acute effect of stenting with the nitinol self-expanding coil stent: preliminary experience

Background. The acute angiographic results with the self-expanding nitinol stent have not been reported. We aim to provide angiographic data of the effect of self expansion and balloon assistance on the results. This is analyzed with respect to stent gain, arterial- and stent-recoil. Methods and Results. The self-expanding nitinol coil stent is inherently different than balloon-expandable stents in its mechanism of deployment and the way that radial arterial expansion is achieved. Between January 1995 and June 1996, 86 stents were deployed in 64 patients undergoing elective angioplasty at the Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. The stent deployment procedure involved stent release assisted by high pressure balloon dilatation. The baseline, post-balloon, post-stenting and post-stent-dilatation characteristics were recorded with similar views, digitized to a PC and analyzed by image processing software. Using computerized analysis, arterial- and stent-recoil and stent gain were calculated for the average stented segment lesion (0.48 ± 0.42, 0.22 ± 0.37, 0.28 ± 0.37, respectively). Balloon angioplasty increased the minimal luminal diameter from 1.07 ± 0.73 mm at baseline, to 2.24 ± 0.57 mm; stent deployment further increased the diameter to 2.63 ± 0.48 mm, and within-stent balloon dilatation to 2.96 ± 0.62 mm. Conclusions. The self-expanding nitinol stent exerts its effect on both the MLD and the average stented diameter through its intrinsic radial force aided by post-deployment within-stent balloon dilatation. A significant correlation was found between stent gain and arterial recoil (slope = 0.59, r = 0.68, p<0.001) but not with stent-artery recoil. Therefore, with the negligible effect of stent recoil, the acute benefit of the nitinol stent is directly proportional to arterial recoil, a feature which is also common to balloon-expandable stents.