胸腔镜辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术与介入联合治疗冠心病多支病变七例

小切口心脏不停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术（MIDCAB）联合经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）和支架置人术（即Hybrid技术）已成为微创心脏外科治疗多支血管病变冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的方式之一，具有创伤小、恢复快的特点。我科于2001年开始进行了联合胸腔镜辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术（VACAB）和介入治疗冠心病多支血管病变的尝试，效果良好，现报道如下。     

经降主动脉-冠状动脉旁路移植治疗老年人冠心病的临床观察

目的分析经降主动脉-冠状动脉旁路移植术对老年人冠心病的手术疗效。方法对13例多支冠状动脉病变的70～82岁老年冠心病患者在胸腔镜下游离乳内动脉,左侧小切口开胸,非体外循环下实施冠状动脉旁路移植术。术中联合应用降主动脉“Y”形血管桥吻合、小切口、胸腔镜辅助等微创技术。结果全组无死亡。术后机械辅助呼吸平均(6.9±0.9)h。ICU 滞留时间平均(2.5±0.5)d。全组均未输血。术后随访3～14个月,心绞痛症状均消失,活动量增加。结论联合应用降主动脉“Y”形血管桥吻合、小切口、胸腔镜辅助等多种微创技术实施冠状动脉旁路移植,对于多支病变的老年冠心病患者是一项安全、有效的手术方式。     

微创冠状动脉旁路移植术的新进展

近几年来,随着造影技术、血管吻合装置、稳定器、心肺转流等技术的进步,微创冠状动脉旁路移植术有了相当的发展.微创冠状动脉旁路移植术,包括微创直视冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)、非体外循环心脏不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)、完全内镜下机器人辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术(TECAB),以及"杂交"技术(Hvbrid,PTCA+MIDCAB)等.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术的现状与展望

正随着外科技术的不断提高,冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)出现多种不同术式以满足临床上的各种需求,其最终目的都是重新恢复远端缺血心肌的血运。血运重建越来越呈现出创伤小、风险小、效果好、多种技术交叉的趋势,从而更好的缓解心绞痛症状,达到提高生活质量,延长寿命的目的。目前心脏外科领域除了传统的体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)、非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)外,还有微创冠状动脉旁路移植术     

胸腔镜辅助下微创冠状动脉旁路移植术--附7例临床报道

目的 :探讨胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术方法。　　方法 :胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术 7例 ,5例患者为单支左前降支病变 ,2例为双支病变。在胸腔镜—电视系统监视下游离内乳动脉 ,经 4～ 6 cm的胸壁小切口非体外循环直视下完成内乳动脉和左前降支的吻合 ,其中 2例双支病变的患者围术期施行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术处理另外血管的病变。　　结果 :游离内乳动脉的平均时间为 5 5分 ,手术均顺利完成 ,无死亡 ,1例二次开胸止血 ,余 6例胸液量均少于 2 0 ml,术后气管插管时间均少于 5小时 ,其中 3例在手术室拔除气管插管 ,除上述 1例二次开胸止血外 ,其他均于术后 7～ 10天顺利恢复出院。　　结论 :胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术是一项安全、有效的术式 ,值得推广。     

左胸小切口非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术

正冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)是治疗多支冠状动脉病变的有效手段[1]。体外循环下CABG需要正中劈开胸骨,创伤大,恢复较慢。为了减少创伤,较多学者开始尝试微创CABG。1994年,Subramania等在一次国际研讨会上首次报道了经左胸小切口非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(minimally invasive direct coronary arterybypass,MIDCAB)的早期经验。之后,该术式迅速在欧美推广。1995年,美国心脏协会(AHA)     

前程似锦,任重道远——冠状动脉杂交血运重建的现在与未来

正冠状动脉血运重建技术已经历了经半个世纪的发展。冠状动脉外科技术从上世纪五十年代的大切口、体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG),向小切口、非体外循环方向发展;九十年代开展小切口微创冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)和机器人辅助全腔镜冠状动脉旁路移植术(TECAB)。经皮冠状动脉介入技术(PCI)从上世纪八十年代单纯球囊成形术(PTCA),发展到金属裸支架(BMS)、药物     

非体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术--101例临床经验体会

目的 :探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术方法及手术适应证 ,并评价其初步临床结果。　　方法 :阜外心血管病医院 1996年 5月～ 1999年 12月完成非体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术 10 1例 ,包括经正中切口非体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)组 76例和经胸壁小切口非体外循环下的冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)组 2 5例 ,其中 7例在胸腔镜辅助下获取内乳动脉。　　结果 :OPCAB组 76例 ,旁路移植支数平均 2 .5 9支 ,无手术死亡 ,术后并发症包括 :心室颤动并使用主动脉球囊反搏1例 ,出血二次开胸 3例 ,胸部切口感染 2例 ,肺部并发症 2例 ,肾部并发症 1例 ;MIDCAB组 2 5例 ,旁路移植支数平均1.10支 ,无手术死亡 ,围术期心肌梗塞行再次旁路移植手术 1例 ,出血二次开胸 1例 ,胸部切口感染 1例。　　结论 :对于选择的患者 ,非体外循环下 ,不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术是一项安全、有效的术式。     

微创冠状动脉旁路移植技术的争议

微创冠状动脉旁路移植术(MICABG)包括小切口手术、非体外循环手术和胸腔镜辅助手术等。在避免了体外循环、正中开胸及相关并发症的同时，MICABG也带来了许多新问题，因而争议颇多，主要集中在这类手术的安全性、远期效果及发展前景等方面。目前欧美进行的评估MICABG远期效果的随机对照研究，有望对其在冠状动脉再血管化领域中的地位和作用做出确切评价。     

胸腔镜辅助微创单支冠状动脉旁路移植术8例

目的 研究胸腔镜辅助下经胸壁小切口非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用及效果。方法 8例患者在胸腔镜电视系统监测下经第4肋间前外侧小切口采集乳内动脉。并经此小切口直视下切开心包,显露左前降支,进行非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植。结果 第2肋间至第6肋间节段的乳内动脉可顺利游离,时间平均为38min,吻合完成后检测旁路血管流量满意,无围术期心肌梗死及手术死亡。患者均于术后9～12d出院。随访3～23个月所有患者均无心绞痛症状。结论 胸腔镜电视系统监视提供了良好的视野,明显降低了经第4肋间小切口游离第2、6肋间乳内动脉的难度,可以获取足够长度的血管,通过小切口即可完成旁路移植。手术近期效果良好。     

Diabetes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Impact on perioperative outcome

Summary Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor related to significant morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. Data on 9682 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting either with (n=8917) or without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; n=765) were subjected to an univariate analysis to identify potential associations between diabetes mellitus and 26 a priori selected perioperative outcome variables. Those having a significant association with diabetes were then subjected to a stepwise logistic regression model to identify the impact of diabetes as compared to additional 22 different a priori chosen patient related risk factors and treatment variables. Prevalence of outcome variables independently associated with diabetes has been determined in the subgroup of diabetics undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery to evaluate the effect of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass on perioperative patient outcome. Diabetes mellitus was defined as glucose intolerance either treated dietary, with oral hypoglycemics or with insulin. According to this definition of diabetes mellitus we found an overall prevalence of 37.1% (coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass: 37.5%; off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: 32.5%). Eleven outcome variables having a significant association with diabetes were identified. Diabetes could be identified as an independent predictor of postoperative delirium, renal dysfunction and respiratory insufficiency. Prevalence of these three variables was lower in diabetics undergoing offpump coronary artery bypass grafting as in those undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery reaching statistical significance with regard to postoperative delirium and respiratory insufficiency. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus is a significant independent predictor for three postoperative outcome variables in coronary artery bypass surgery. Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass in diabetics seems to have a beneficial effect.     

Echocardiography in Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass

Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) is a recently developed, less-invasive alternative to standard bypass surgery. MIDCAB is performed through a small incision (2–3 inches) on the beating heart without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or cardioplegia. It is associated with less trauma and a shorter hospital stay than conventional surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography helps in patient selection by detecting protruding aortic atheromas (PATHs), which are associated with a high risk of stroke during typical cardiopulmonary bypass. MIDCAB may be the technique of choice in patients with PATHs. Intraoperative echocardiography can detect wall motion abnormalities and helps in determining intraoperative myocardial ischemia and the postoperative prognosis. Duplex study of the internal mammary arteries is helpful in evaluating coronary anastomosis patency. Characteristically, a patent coronary anastomosis demonstrates a high diastolic flow fraction, with a ratio between peak diastolic and peak systolic flow velocity of > 1.     

Myocardial Revascularization for the Elderly: Current Options, Role of Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Outcomes

The increase in life expectancy has confronted cardiac surgery with a rapidly growing population of elderly patients requiring surgical myocardial revascularization. Recent advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques and improvements in postoperative care have made coronary artery bypass grafting an established therapeutic option for the treatment of coronary artery disease in this group of patients. However, conventional coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with significant risk and related morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In recent years off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting has emerged as a safe and less invasive strategy for surgical myocardial revascularization. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting by avoiding the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass can offer potential benefits to elderly patients requiring surgical myocardial revascularization. This review article provides an overview of the age-related cardiovascular changes, epidemiology of coronary artery disease in the elderly and focuses on outcomes of surgical myocardial revascularization with special emphasis on the impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly.     

Comparison of frequencies of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting with and without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass

This study compared the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in a group of 34 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia with a control group of 747 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass and standard cardioplegia. A trend toward a lower incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was found in the group that underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 0.06).     

Diabetes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting Impact on perioperative outcome

Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor related to significant morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. Data on 9682 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting either with (n=8917) or without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; n=765) were subjected to an univariate analysis to identify potential associations between diabetes mellitus and 26 a priori selected perioperative outcome variables. Those having a significant association with diabetes were then subjected to a stepwise logistic regression model to identify the impact of diabetes as compared to additional 22 different a priori chosen patient related risk factors and treatment variables. Prevalence of outcome variables independently associated with diabetes has been determined in the subgroup of diabetics undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery to evaluate the effect of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass on perioperative patient outcome. Diabetes mellitus was defined as glucose intolerance either treated dietary, with oral hypoglycemics or with insulin. According to this definition of diabetes mellitus we found an overall prevalence of 37.1% (coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass: 37.5%; off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: 32.5%). Eleven outcome variables having a significant association with diabetes were identified. Diabetes could be identified as an independent predictor of postoperative delirium, renal dysfunction and respiratory insufficiency. Prevalence of these three variables was lower in diabetics undergoing offpump coronary artery bypass grafting as in those undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery reaching statistical significance with regard to postoperative delirium and respiratory insufficiency. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus is a significant independent predictor for three postoperative outcome variables in coronary artery bypass surgery. Avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass in diabetics seems to have a beneficial effect.     

Awake off- pump coronary artery bypass surgery in 25 patients

Objectives To test the feasibility of the use of high thoracic epidural anesthesia as a sole anesthetic in patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass surgery, avoiding general anesthesia. Methods Between October 2002 to April 2003, twenty five cases underwent beating heart coronary artery revascularization without endotracheal general anesthesia, using high thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia. All the patients underwent epidural catheterization on the evening before the surgery. Resuits The patients in all received 71 grafts (single n= 11, double n = 5, triple n = 6, quadruple n =3). Six patients underwent repeat coronary artery bypass. Except one was converted to general anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass, the other patients underwent off- pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2 patients underwent grafting via left thoracotomy (MIDCAB) and the rest through mid sternotomy. There was no mortality. Mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 16 . 2 ( 4.2 hours and hospital was 3.0(1.2 days. Conclusions Our experience confirms the feasibility of performing muhiple coronary artery bypasses in conscious patients without endotracheal general anesthesia.     

Excision of Coronary Artery Fistula and Coronary Artery Reconstruction Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract In three patients, coronary artery fistulas originating from a conal branch of the midsegment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 2) and right coronary artery (n = 1) with drainage into the right atrium (n = 2) and right ventricle (n = 1) were successfully closed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The use of a coronary artery stabilizer greatly facilitated the operation by immobilization of the fistula, its supplying coronary artery, and the regional myocardium. In selected patients, this technique allows secure closure of the fistula and meticulous reconstruction of the coronary artery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Coronary-coronary bypass using vein graft on a beating heart in a patient with porcelain aorta

There is increased risk of systemic embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta. We report a coronary-coronary bypass in a 74-year-old man with a porcelain aorta. He underwent a proximal right coronary-distal right coronary artery bypass with a saphenous vein graft, combined with a pedicled arterial graft (left internal mammary artery) to the left anterior descending artery, in the presence of a beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient survived without evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident. One year later, follow-up angiography showed graft patency with good distal run-off. Coronary-coronary bypass on a beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass can be performed safely in a patient with porcelain aorta.     

常温非体外循环下手术治疗先天性冠状动脉瘘

目的:探讨常温非体外循环下,手术治疗先天性冠状动脉瘘(congenital coronary arterial fistula,CAF)的手术方法和远期效果。方法:2001年8月至2009年8月在阜外心血管病医院行常温非体外循环下手术治疗CAF21例。全组年龄12d～60岁,平均(20.6±20.0)岁;20例为单纯的CAF,1例合并冠心病3支病变。21例中瘘口起源于右冠状动脉5例(23.8%),左冠状动脉12例(57.1%),双冠状动脉4例(19.1%);瘘口入右心房,右心室,肺动脉及左心室分别为5例(23.8%),8例(38.1%),7例(33.3%)和1例(4.8%);结果:21例均在常温非体外循环下行冠状动脉瘘结扎或褥式带垫片缝扎,其中1例同时行常温不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术,无手术死亡。术后残余瘘1例,其余术后无心肌缺血及残余瘘等并发症。19例随访0.5～5.5年,平均(2.1±1.7)年,无远期死亡。1例残余瘘,其余无心肌缺血及残余瘘等并发症。结论:常温非体外循环下手术治疗CAF安全、有效,远期效果良好。     

微创经左胸小切口非体外循环单支、多支冠状动脉旁路移植术33例

目的 探讨左侧肋间小切口非体外循环单支、多支冠状动脉旁路移植术的安全性和可行性。方法 回顾性分析2014年5月~2019年10月左胸前外侧小切口非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术33例资料。单支病变17例,多支病变16例。左胸前外侧小切口6cm-10cm,直视下获取左乳内动脉(LIMA),完成LIMA-左前降支(LAD)吻合,升主动脉（Ao）-大隐静脉(SVG)序贯-对角支(D)或中间支（ICA）-钝缘支(OM)-后降支(PDA)或左室后支(PLV)共2~4支旁路移植血管吻合。结果 全组LIMA-LAD桥32例,Ao-SVG-LAD 1例。Ao-SVG-D 2例,Ao-SVG-OM 2例、Ao-SVG-OM-PDA 2例,Ao-SVG-ICA-PDA 3例,Ao-SVG-D-OM-PDA 4例,Ao-SVG-D-OM-PLV 3例。33例手术均顺利完成,围术期无死亡、心肌梗死、脑卒中、呼吸衰竭、肾功能衰竭、切口感染等并发症。术后呼吸机时间7h~18 h(9.14±3.82)h;ICU时间6h~20 h（12±8）h。术后住院5d~11d(8±3)d。出院时复查冠状动脉CT,33例均提示左乳内动脉桥、大隐静脉序贯桥通畅性良好。随访3个月~3年,平均8个月,无死亡、心绞痛和心肌梗死。30例复查冠状动脉, LIMA桥、SVG序贯桥通畅性良好。结论 左侧肋间小切口非体外循环下多支冠状动脉旁路移植术安全可行。