多剂量口服马来酸曲美布汀缓释片的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的 研究多剂量口服马来酸曲美布汀缓释片在中国健康人体内的药动学特征和生物等效性。方法 26名健康男性志愿者随机交叉多剂量早晚口服马来酸曲美布汀缓释片受试制剂或参比制剂300 mg,每日2次,连续6 d。采用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中曲美布汀和N-去甲基曲美布汀浓度,用DAS2.1药动学程序计算药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果 多剂量口服马来酸曲美布汀受试和参比制剂后,血浆曲美布汀C_max分别为(35.668±22.196),(33.022±16.077)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为(3.154±1.875),(0.365±9.946)h,t_1/2分别为(20.793±13.305),(16.989±4.707)h,AUC_ss分别为(252.075±150.358),(224.106±95.405)ng·h·mL^-1;血浆N-去甲基曲美布汀C_max分别为(1 571.809±823.169),(1 623.535±536.813)ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为(-0.250±11.259),(2.481±1.237)h,t_1/2分别为(9.796±2.450),(9.220±2.009)h,AUC_ss分别为(11 254.863±5 746.620),(10 911.059±4 111.751)ng·h·mL^-1。受试制剂和参比制剂主要药动学参数均无显著性差异。结论 马来酸曲美布汀受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

家犬单剂量和多剂量口服阿昔莫司缓释制剂的药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的研究阿昔莫司缓释片在家犬体内单剂量和多剂量的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法测定6只家犬单剂量和多剂量口服缓释片和普通胶囊后的血药浓度。结果阿昔莫司的药-时曲线符合非隔室模型。单剂量给药后，缓释片和普通胶囊的AUC分别为(158±30)和(147±37) μg·h·mL^-1；T_max分别为(4.3±0.8)和(2.6±1.3) h；C_max分别为(29±6)和(42±10) μg·mL^-1；T_1/2分别为(2.3±0.7)和(1.60±0.10) h；MRT分别为(6.0±0.8)和(3.9±0.7) h；F_r为(108±16)%。多剂量给药后，缓释片和普通胶囊的AUC分别为(209±23)和(195±26) μg·h·mL^-1；T_max分别为(6.3±0.8)和(3.4±1.5) h；C_max分别为(27±4)和(36±5) μg·mL^-1；Cmin分别为(2.2±1.0)和(0.20±0.20) μg·mL^-1；C_av分别为(8.7±1.0)和(8.1±1.1) μg·mL^-1；FI分别为(293±73)%和(448±91)%；F_r为(114±19)%。结论单剂量实验的双单侧检验结果表明：缓释片和普通胶囊生物等效；缓释片具有良好的缓释效果。多剂量实验结果表明：缓释片和普通胶囊生物等效；缓释片的波动系数优于普通胶囊。     

中毒剂量与治疗剂量克仑特罗在兔体内的药动学研究

目的研究克仑特罗在引起不良反应的大剂量下兔体内的药动学,探讨中毒剂量与治疗剂量的药动学参数存在的差异。方法新西兰兔单剂量灌胃(ig)中毒剂量(150μg·kg^-1)与治疗剂量(5μg·kg^-1)的盐酸克仑特罗溶液,采用酶标免疫分析(ELISA)测定不同时间的血浆药物浓度。两组试验数据采用3P97程序拟合处理,求得不同剂量的药动学参数。结果两组剂量的浓度-时间曲线均符合一室开放模型。中毒剂量与治疗剂量的Ke分别为(0.39±0.08)h^-1和(0.18±0.07)h-1;t_1/2(ke) 分别为(1.82±0.34)h和(4.30±1.61)h;t1/2(ka)分别为(0.67±0.28)h和(1.05±0.28)h;t_(max)分别为(1.48±0.39)h和(2.70±0.22)h;C_max分别为(71.37±37.76)ng·mL^-1和(1.56±0.98)ng·mL^-1;AUC分别为(310.28±115.00)ng·h·mL^-1和(14.28±7.22)ng·h·mL^-1;MRT分别为(3.74±0.51)h和(8.82±2.78)h。结论两组剂量在Ke(P<0.01),t_1/2(ke) (P<0.05),t_1/2(ke) (P<0.05)、t_max(P<0.01),MRT(P<0.01)等存在显著差异;C_max,AUC随剂量增加而增加,C_max/D₀、AUC/D₀无显著性差异(P>0.05),为临床抢救中毒病人提供参考。     

他克莫司缓释胶囊在Beagle犬体内的药动学与生物等效性研究

目的 研究他克莫司片在beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法 采用随机自身交叉对照实验,将6例beagle犬按照先参比制剂后受试制剂、先受试制剂后参比制剂2种给药序列进行随机分配,每组3例,每个周期单次口服3 mg参比制剂或受试制剂,用LC-MS/MS测定样品浓度,再采用WinNonlin 6.3版软件计算药动学参数,比较受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。结果 受试制剂和参比制剂他克莫司药动学参数T_max分别为(1.08±0.41)h和(0.83±0.13)h,C_max分别为(11.63±1.35)ng·mL^-1和(14.83±4.70)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-48分别为(62.93±32.06)h·ng·mL^-1和(62.89±28.14)h·ng·mL^-1,半衰期t_1/2分别为(10.90±4.26)h和(10.99±3.12)h。Beagle犬口服受试制剂后T_max,t_1/2在受试制剂和参比制剂间无明显差异;峰浓度C_max约为参比制剂给药后的85.34%,90%置信区间为87.21%~102.16%;相对生物利用度(AUC_last,受试/AUC_last,参比)为99.42%,90%置信区间为85.53%~115.56%,表明受试制剂和参比制剂较接近。结论 他克莫司缓释胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度

目的:研究自制硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片与进口控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度。方法:利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法,采用交叉实验设计对本品和进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片进行人体生物利用度对照研究。结果:硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片与进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片的血药浓度曲线下面积AUC 分别为(63.67 ±10.37)ng·h·mL^-1和(60.21 ±11.95) ng·h·mL^-1,最大血药浓度C_max 分别为(8.60 ±1.93) ng·mL^-1 和(8.20 ±1.40)ng·mL^-1,达峰时间T_max 分别为(6.3 ±1.0) h 和(6.8 ±1.3) h,多剂量给药达稳态时血药浓度波动系数FD 分别为1.09 ±0.23 和1.14±0.25。结论:经方差分析和双单侧检验,两种制剂生物等效。     

伏立康唑胶囊人体药动学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究健康受试者口服伏立康唑胶囊的药动学和相对生物利用度。方法 20名健康受试者随机服用伏立康唑受试胶囊剂和参比片剂各100 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中伏立康唑的浓度。结果 主要药动学参数,伏立康唑受试制剂与参比制剂的T_max分别为(0.75±0.15)和(0.84±0.25)h,C_max分别为(605.4±136.6)和(595.2±134.7)ng·mL^-1;t_1/2分别为(4.91±1.44)和(5.06±2.06)h,AUC_0-15分别为(1737.6±325.1)和(1750.6±352.8)ng·h·mL^-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_0-15和C_max经双单侧t检验,T_max经非参数检验,差异均无统计学意义。结论 统计学结果表明,2种制剂生物等效。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度及药代动力学研究

用RP-HPLC法,以三唑仑为内标,反相C₁₈为分析柱,乙腈—0.01mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠—四甲基乙二胺(46∶54∶0.22v/v)为流动相,磷酸调至pH6.9,检测波长263nm,测定血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度,线性范围分别为6～480ng·mL^-1和0.06～3μg·mL^-1,平均回收率75.88%和91.35%,日内日间误差小于5%,最低检测浓度血清4ng·mL^-1,尿40ng·mL^-1。8名健康男性志愿者单次口服盐酸青藤碱片80mg,测定血清及尿浓度,该药符合二室开放模型,体内消除符合一级动力学消除过程,主要药代动力学参数:T_1/2α0.791±0.491h,T_1/2β9.397±2.425h,T_{max 1.040±0.274h,Cmax246.604±71.165ng·mL^-1,AUC 2651.158±1039.050ng·h·mL^-1,CL 0.033±0.01ng·mL^-1。}     

手性和非手性联用色谱法研究尼卡地平对映异构体兔体内过程的差异性

目的研究尼卡地平(NCD)对映体在家兔体内药代动力学和组织分布的差异性。方法生物样品在碱性条件下,正己烷-醋酸乙酯(1:1)提取,用手性和非手性联用色谱法进行分离分析。结果尼卡地平及其对映体分别在反相色谱系统及手性色谱系统中分离良好,浓度为55-550ng·mL^-1线性关系良好。对映体的平均日内、日间RSD分别为5.25%和8.97%,回收率分别为99.99%和97.10%;对映体间主要动力学参数T_max,C_max和AUC,S-NCD为(2.49±0.03)h,(134±2)ng·mL^-1和(1082±32)ng·mL^-1·h,R-NCD为(1.24±0.05)h,(109±2)ng·mL^-1和(778±22)ng·mL^-1·h;在主要脏器和细胞中S-NCD的浓度明显高于R-NCD。药代动力学和靶组织分布均有一定差异性。结论尼卡地平对映体兔体内过程包括代谢动力学和靶细胞浓度分布存在着立体差异性。     

非那雄胺片的健康人体药动学研究

目的建立测定人体血浆中非那雄胺的HPLC-MS方法,并应用于健康志愿者体内药物动力学研究。方法18名健康志愿者单剂量口服非那雄胺片5mg,不同时间抽取静脉血,以建立的方法测定血药浓度。血样经乙腈沉淀蛋白后取上清液进样,乙腈-10mmol/L醋酸铵(含0.08%甲酸)(65∶35)为流动相,Nuc leodur C₁₈柱分离后进入质谱,采用电喷雾电离源正离子模式(ESI⁺)选择性离子监测(SIR)准分子离子峰,并用3P87软件估算药物动力学参数。结果非那雄胺浓度在1.53～306.70ng·mL^-1范围线性良好(r=0.999 8),日内日间精密度均小于5%,回收率大于95%。主要药物动力学参数t_max、C_max、AUC_0～24分别为(1.59±0.47)h,(47.16±14.78)ng·mL^-1,(319.29±122.52)ng·h·mL^-1。结论非那雄胺的体内过程符合二室开放模型,药物代谢个体差异较大。     

灯盏花素及其β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素浓度的反相高效液相色谱法，研究灯盏花素及其β-环糊精包合物(灯盏花素-β-CD)大鼠灌胃后体内药代动力学行为。方法以甲醇-水-醋酸盐缓冲液为流动相，Shim-pack C₁₈为固定相；12只大鼠随机均分为2组，分别灌胃灯盏花素及其包合物后，检测血浆药物浓度。药时数据采用3P97药代计算程序处理。结果线性范围10-400 ng·mL^-1，方法回收率95.32%-98.81%；灯盏花素和包合物的C_max分别为(154±18) ng·mL^-1和(328±31) ng·mL^-1；AUC_0-12h分别为(710±126) ng·h·mL^-1和(1 093±200)ng·h·mL^-1，经t检验两者有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论该法准确、灵敏，适用于灯盏乙素血浆浓度的测定；制备的灯盏花素包合物与灯盏花素相比吸收显著增加。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.