三例心脏移植的远期心功能

探讨促进心脏移植患者长期存活的因素。方法２例采用原位心脏移植的标准术式，１例采用全心脏原位移植术。供心用冷Ｓｔ．Ｔｈｏｍａｓ停搏液，冷生理盐水保存；移植期经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注含钾温血。结果３例患者恢复满意，已分别存活５年、３年和１年余；随访心电图、心导管、超声心动图和心脏ＥＣＴ等检查均证实心功能正常，射血分数分别为６６．０％、６５．６％和６８．５％；第１例和第３例已从事体力劳动，第２例已恢复整日教学工作。结论正确的手术方法、优良的心肌保护、早期发现急性排斥反应和正确的处理等是提高移植后近、远期疗效的重要因素     

两例原位心脏移植术后的远期现状

本文报告２例终末期心脏病患者，术前情况危重，经施行同种原位心脏移植术，现已分别存活３年和１年，心功能情况良好，首例已恢复原工作，另１例也准备返回原工作岗位。本文对该２例原位心脏移植病例做了系统回顾，对心脏移植涉及的术前、术中、术后诸多环节做了侧重介绍，尤其在供心保护，免疫抑制剂使用和排斥反应的诊断处置方面做了详细介绍与讨论。     

原位心脏移植一例的体外循环报告

原位心脏移植一例的体外循环报告杨青，丛守元，董培青１９９２年３月在我院成功进行１例原位心脏移植。现将体外循环的情况报告如下。一般资料患者，女，１５岁，体重４５ｋｇ身高１５８ｃｍ。近二年反复心衰、出现阿斯综合征晕厥５次。诊断扩张性心肌病、心功能Ⅳ级。体...     

原位心脏移植的手术体会

目的 探讨原位心脏移植的手术方法及围术期处理要点。方法 2000年5月至2001年10月连续为15例病人施行了原位心脏移植术，其中扩张型心肌病14例，复杂性先天性心脏病1例，采用标准原位心脏移植手术10例，双腔静脉吻合法5例。5例术前存在中度肺动脉高压，予NO吸入等措施降肺动脉压力，抗排异治疗采用环孢素A（或FK506） 皮质激素（Pred) 骁悉（MMF）三联方案。结果 15例病人全部生存，围术期无感染，严重排异反应或右心衰等并发症发生，术后心功能恢复至Ⅰ-Ⅱ级（NYHA）。随访期间发生巨细胞病毒感染和轻度排斥反应各1例。结论 心脏移植的成功是多环节的手术操作是影响成功的重要因素。无论采用标准法或双腔静脉法，只要设计合理，均能取得良好效果。     

原位心脏移植术的研究进展

自开展原位心脏移植以来,手术术式虽不断改进,但可归纳为全心原位心脏移植术（ＴＯＨＴ）、双腔原位心脏移植术（ＢＯＨＴ）及标准原位心脏移植术（ＳＯＨＴ）［１３］。本文拟对这３种手术的应用和研究进展进行综述。一、标准原位心脏移植术（ＳＯＨＴ）１．手术方法...     

同种异体原位肝移植15例报告

目的 总结临床肝移植的经验。方法 对１０例晚期肝硬变、２例肝内胆管扩张症、１例肝内胆管结石、１例布－加氏综合征、１例胆管细胞癌患者施行了原位肝移植。结果 １５例患者术后移植肝活力恢复良好；死亡３例，１例死于肿瘤转移，２例死于感染，余１２例存活良好，已有３例存活超过１年。结论 完善的手术技术及正确的围手术期处理是肝移植成功的关键。     

七例八次背驮式原位肝移植

对４例Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ病及３例晚期肝病患者施行了８次背驮式原位肝移植术，其中１例为减体积性背驮式原位肝移植。３例已分别存活２年、９个月、６个月，４例死于术后并发症。认为代谢性疾病是原位肝移植的最佳适应证，其次是肝硬变；术后感染、急性和慢性排斥、肺部并发症及胆道并发症是影响患者存活的重要因素；背驮式原位肝移植对全身血流动力学的影响较小。     

3例原位心脏移植免疫抑制治疗及急性排异的监测

合理使用免疫抑制剂是脏器移植成活时间长短的关键之一。现报告我院３例心脏移植病人的免疫治疗与急性排异（ＡＲ）的监测，并结合文献讨论如下：例１男，３５岁，扩张型心肌病。１９９２年４月采用标准法行原位心脏移植手术。组织配型：淋巴细胞毒试验５％。免疫抑制剂应...     

背驮式原位肝移植术治疗Wilson病三例报告

自１９８９年由Ｔｚａｋｉｓ首先报道背驮式技术（ｐｉｇｇｙ－ｂａｃｋｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ）［１］应用于临床原位肝移植以来,该技术一直受到许多学者的推崇［２,３］。近年有学者认为,在小儿原位肝移植中,采用背驮式技术可能更具优点［４］。我院于１９９６年５月为一成人肝硬变患者成功地施行了背驮式原位肝移植术（ＲＯＬＴ］后,又连续成功地采用背驮式原位肝移植术治疗了３例Ｗｉｌ－ｓｏｎ病患儿,术中血液动力学稳定,术后肾功能良好,恢复顺利,至今均健康生存。临床资料例１,女,１６岁,体重４６ｋｇ。因渐进性语言、智力、…     

支气管支架置入治疗原位心脏移植术后高碳酸血症一例

自1967年Barnard成功地将原位心脏移植应用于临床以来,至2003年6月止,据国际心肺移植协会(ISHLT)统计全世界共完成近64 700例次原位心脏移植,原位心脏移植术现已逐渐成为心血管外科的常规手术.国内自1978年开展原位心脏移植术至今,初期病例报道数量较少,近几年获得迅猛发展,效果亦与国际先进水平接近.我们移植中心于2005年4月完成了1例原位心脏移植,术后患者发生高碳酸血症,经采用支气管支架置入治疗后症状缓解.目前患者一般情况良好,现将其临床疗效报告如下.     

Left ventricular unloading in a patient with end-stage cardiomyopathy and medically unresponsive pulmonary hypertension

Severe, medically unresponsive pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is considered to be a contraindication for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Chronic left ventricular (LV) unloading using a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) might result in reversal of the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), allowing successful OHT in such patients. In this study, we present a patient with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy and fixed, elevated PVR (7.1 Wood units) who underwent implantation of a Novacor LVAD (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, IL, U.S.A.), with a subsequent reduction in PVR to 1.2 Wood units and successful OHT eleven months post-LVAD implantation. Three years after heart transplant, the patient still leads an active life with no right heart failure. In conclusion, OHT is not contraindicated in patients with end-stage heart failure and medically unresponsive PHT in the presence of elevated left atrial pressure. Left ventricular unloading should be considered in these patients to allow reversal of the elevated PVR before OHT.     

Adenine nucleotide catabolism in human myocardium during heart and heart-lung transplantation.

The influence of ischemia and reperfusion on nucleotide concentration in human myocardium was investigated during heart and heart-lung transplantation. Myocardial preservation during heart transplantation was achieved by infusion of cold St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution followed by storage in Ringer's solution at 4 degrees C during transport. In contrast, the hearts of heart and lung donors were preserved by core cooling using cardiopulmonary bypass and infusion of cold blood cardioplegia containing 26 mM potassium. The heart-lung block was transported in cold donor blood. Nucleotides and their catabolite concentrations were measured in donor tissue specimens taken before organ collection, before commencement of implantation and 30 min after aortic clamp removal. During reperfusion, samples of coronary sinus and arterial blood were collected and analysed for nucleotide catabolite concentration. Myocardial ATP and total nucleotide pool remained almost unchanged during the ischemic transport of the donor organs with only very small increases in myocardial inosine and hypoxanthine concentrations. However, a significant decrease of total adenine nucleotide pool by 10%-20% was demonstrated between the start of implantation and 30 min post-reperfusion. A release of inosine + hypoxanthine was greatest in the 1st minute (15-25 microM), but was still substantial after 10 min of reperfusion (5-15 microM). Metabolic changes tended to be more pronounced during heart-lung transplantation than during heart transplantation.     

Is profound hypothermia required for storage of cardiac allografts?

BACKGROUND: Improved methods of cardiac allograft protection are required to expand the pool of potentially available organs and to enhance the recovery of grafts subjected to prolonged ischemia. We have previously demonstrated that limited coronary perfusion provided by donor blood harvested at the time of organ procurement can improve both metabolic and functional recovery after transplantation. In this study we evaluated the hypothesis that limited coronary perfusion may enable prolonged cardiac storage while avoiding the potentially detrimental effects of profound hypothermia. METHODS: Fourteen orthotopic cardiac transplants were performed in female Yorkshire pigs by using donor blood perfusion during 5 hours of either tepid (25 degrees C) or cold (4 degrees C) storage. Assessments of myocardial metabolism and function were performed at baseline and after 45 minutes of normothermic (37 degrees C) reperfusion. RESULTS: Hearts protected with tepid perfusion displayed improved recovery of myocardial function (89% +/- 18% vs 63% +/- 25%, P =.05). Diastolic compliance was adversely affected in both groups after transplantation. Aerobic myocardial metabolism was better preserved in the tepid group. CONCLUSIONS: Profound hypothermia results in depressed myocardial metabolic and functional recovery after transplantation. Limited coronary perfusion with shed donor blood can permit cardiac allograft storage at tepid temperatures, resulting in improved myocardial performance.     

Experience with the symbion total artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation.

From December 1985 through January 1991, 9 patients underwent bridging to transplantation using a Symbion J-7-70 total artificial heart. There were 4 female and 5 male patients aged 31 +/- 14 years (range, 15 to 52 years). Five patients were supported on an intraaortic balloon pump before total artificial heart support, and 2 had biventricular assist devices as well. Total artificial heart support was maintained for 17 +/- 12 days (range, 4 to 44 days); all patients underwent transplantation. Three patients died after transplantation on day 0 (primary donor organ failure), 25 (acute rejection), and 256 (multiorgan failure). The remainder were discharged at 41 +/- 32 days (range, 13 to 101 days). One patient died 28 months after transplantation of late acute rejection. Actuarial 1-year and 3-year survival is 67% and 55%. There were no surgical wound infections. Problems encountered in the J-7-70 period and the period after transplantation were for the most part related to patient condition in the period before implantation. The Symbion J-7-70 total artificial heart is an effective device for total circulatory support in patients with end-stage cardiogenic shock when an organ donor is not available. Organ system failure and infection before implantation may persist into the transplantation period resulting in long-term complications, increased mortality, and prolonged hospital stay; therefore, early implantation of the device when indicated should be applied.     

Long-Term Outcomes of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart muscle disease characterized by asymmetric or symmetric ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of an obvious clinical cause. Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has been performed in patients who have refractory symptoms despite medical therapy and surgical septal myectomy. However, there is a paucity of data on outcomes of HCM patients who undergo OHT.

Methods

Data on 462 consecutive patients who underwent OHT at UCLA Medical Center from 1996 to 2004 were retrospectively collected. The clinical data on the 11 patients with HCM were identified.

Results

The majority of the HCM patients were male (64%). The mean age of the patient was 45 ± 8 years, and the mean donor age was 35 ± 18 years. The mean ischemia time was 226 ± 60 minutes. There was 1 in-hospital death secondary to septic shock. At a median duration of follow-up of 4.5 years (mean, 4.4 ± 3.2 years), there were 3 additional deaths. Compared with the 451 OHT patients who did not have HCM, there was no difference in survival (P = .13), development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (P = .46), or rejection (P = .71). There was no evidence of HCM recurrence in biopsies from the donor heart.

Conclusions

OHT is a viable treatment option for patients with end-stage HCM refractory to standard therapies.     

Changes in indications for heart transplantation. An additional argument for the preservation of the recipient's own heart

The 1 year survival rate after heart transplantation since 1967 from +/-30% to +/-70%, and the 5 year survival rate is now +/-50%. This improvement has brought renewed interest in this procedure, now done in about twenty centers in eight countries, and increased confidence has widened the indication to patients who are less than terminally ill, to restore quality of life. This trend is illustrated by the Cape Town series, which can be divided into two parts: 10 patients treated by orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), from 1967 to 1973, and 40 patients treated by heterotopic heart transplantation (HHT), from 1974 to 1981. The HHT group was younger (mean 37 +/- 10 years versus 51 +/- 9 years, p less than 0.001), had been ill for a shorter length of time (mean 3.6 +/- 0.7 years versus 6.6 +/- 1.4 years, p less than 0.091), and were in a lower New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (mean 3.45 +/- 0.11 versus 3.9 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.006). The improved survival is linked to patient selection, progress in management, and switch to HHT, but not to progress in matching between donor and recipient. Since there is no means to predict tolerance of the donor heart, HHT limits the risks from unforseeable mismatch. The recipient's heart is a built-in assist device, maintaining life when the donor heart fails acutely at operation or during acute [three cases] or chronic [two cases] rejection. Had these patients undergone OHT they would have died. Comparing the 10 oldest HHT patients with the OHT series, no difference in pretransplant parameters was found. However, survival of HHT recipients was longer during the critical post-HHT period: at 3 months, p less than 0.011; at 6 months, p less than 0.05. Larger series will separate the effects of progress in management from the intrinsic advantages of HHT. Retaining the recipient's heart is logical and has brought few complications. Survival rate of 40 HHT patients was 73% at 6, 65% at 12, and 51% at 36 months; 85% of survivors are in NYHA Class I. In patients in less than desperate condition, but who refuse to remain cripples, HHT eliminates the growing ethical problem of removing a recipient's heart that may still support the patient.     

Panel Reactive Antibody Monitoring in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Ventricle Assist Device as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation

We describe the incidence and patterns of anti‐human leukocyte antigens antibody production in a pediatric population undergoing ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation. Serial panel reactive antibody was obtained prior to VAD implant, during VAD support, and after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Seven children (median age 15 months) underwent VAD support as bridge to OHT. Posttransplant sensitization occurred in 42% of VAD patients and in 14% during VAD support.     

The influence of cytomegalovirus infection, confirmed by pp65 antigen presence, on the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy

AIM: We sought to determine the impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) development in the long term after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 144 patients in this retrospective study including 128 men with an overall age at transplantation of 48.4 +/- 9.3 years. Before OHT, 45% exhibited ischemic heart disease (IHD). The mean follow-up was 62 months. Detection of CMV antigenemia was performed by identification of pp65-antigen on peripheral blood leukocytes. The first diagnostic coronary angiography was routinely performed at 1 year after heart transplantation and thence every second year. We evaluated every incidence of change in the coronary arteries, of significant stenosis (requiring percutaneous coronary intervention), acute myocardial infarction, of death or of transplantation. All patients were followed to the incidence of a cardiovascular event, death, or the end of observation. RESULTS: Of 144 patients, 33 were pp65 positive, namely 29 men with overall mean age at transplantation of 48 +/- 10.3 years. Before OHT, 52% had IHD. The incidence of CAV during follow-up was 24% (n = 8) in the pp65(+) and 22% (n = 24) in the pp65(-) group. It was significant in 3 (9%) versus 8 (24%) patients. There were 4 (12%) deaths in pp65(+) and 9 (8%) deaths in the pp65(-) groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves to estimate the time for CAV development and death showed no significant differences by log-rank tests. CONCLUSION: No impact of CMV infection on CAV development was observed in first 5 years after OHT.     

Hepatitis C transmission and infection by orthotopic heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The transmission and clinical consequences of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection acquired by orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) from an HCV-infected donor to an HCV-naive recipient have not been well described. We report our experience in 5 HCV-naive patients who were transplanted with hearts from HCV-positive donors. All transplants occurred within a 1-year period. METHODS: After cardiac transplantation we retrospectively examined the recipients' clinical course, liver-associated enzymes, HCV-antibody serology, quantitative HCV RNA level, and HCV genotype. RESULTS: Five subjects with rapidly deteriorating heart failure and negative serum antibodies to HCV received an emergent OHT from a donor known to be infected with HCV. Liver-associated enzymes peaked at 2 to 6 weeks post-transplant: mean peak alanine aminotransferase was 180 U/L (normal, 9 to 52) and aspartate aminotransferase was 111 U/L (normal, 14 to 36). Liver enzymes had returned to normal limits by 6 and 12 months post-OHT. At a mean 15 months after transplantation, only 1 of 5 patients has developed antibodies to HCV, but 4 of 5 have evidence of infection, as shown by serum HCV RNA. No patient has developed evidence of liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Transmission of HCV from an HCV-positive donor to an HCV-naive recipient at the time of OHT is likely. (2) Antibodies to HCV post-OHT may remain negative for more than 1 year in these patients. (3) Hepatitis C viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction should be the test of choice for diagnosis of HCV infection post-OHT. (4) Hepatitis C viral donor hearts should be limited to critically ill patients in extremis until the long-term consequences of acquisition of HCV by an OHT recipient are known.     

Diaphragmatic hernias associated with ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation

BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic hernias in heart transplant recipients with prior left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement are a potentially life-threatening complication. This review examined the incidence, diagnostic strategies, surgical management, and prevention of diaphragmatic hernias in these patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients receiving a Thoratec HeartMate (Thoratec Laboratories Corp, Pleasanton, CA) LVAD who developed a diaphragmatic hernia after VAD explantation and orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Two groups were identified and their results compared. In the early group, the diaphragmatic defect was not closed at the time of OHT and VAD explantation, while in the late group the defect was closed. RESULTS: In the early group, between September 1995 and November 1999, a total of 61 HeartMate LVADs were placed intraperitoneally as a bridge to transplantation, and 44 of those patients went on to OHT. Of these patients, 7 of 44 (15.9%) developed a diaphragmatic hernia after transplantation. Five of the patients underwent successful surgery by laparotomy without recurrence. Two patients with asymptomatic diaphragmatic hernia await repair. After a modification in diaphragmatic closure after VAD explantation at the time of OHT, in the late group between November 1999 and July 2002, 29 HeartMate LVADs were placed and 23 patients went on to OHT. There has been one diaphragmatic hernia (1 of 23, 4.3%) in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragmatic hernia following VAD placement and heart transplantation requires an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach in this immunosuppressed patient population. We recommend primary closure of all diaphragmatic defects at the time of OHT and VAD explantation to reduce the incidence of this complication.