贵州省50岁及以上性病门诊就诊者HIV感染及其危险因素研究

目的 了解贵州省50岁及以上性病门诊就诊者艾滋病高危行为特征和艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染现况,分析HIV感染的危险因素。方法 采用横断面调查,使用问卷收集2018年4 - 12月间贵州省50岁及以上性病门诊就诊者人口学信息和高危行为等资料,并对其进行HIV抗体检测。采用χ2检验及logistic回归模型对影响因素进行分析。结果 共调查596名研究对象,男女性别比为2.2:1。HIV抗体阳性检出率1.3％（8/596）。男性与女性就诊者发生商业性行为的比例（23.4％、5.9％）、发生非商业性临时性行为比例（41.0％、23.7％）、对艾滋病知识知晓比例（66.6％、54.8％）均为男性高于女性,而男性曾患有性病的比例（20.0％）低于女性（29.5％）。多因素logistic回归分析表明:离异或丧偶（OR = 9.09,95％CI:1.23～67.20）、发生非商业性临时性行为（OR = 10.57,95％CI:1.18～94.95）、艾滋病知识知晓率低（OR = 9.88,95％CI:1.12～87.15）和曾患性病（OR = 7.78,95％CI:1.38～44.05）同HIV感染有统计学关联（P＜0.05）。结论 贵州省50岁及以上性病门诊就诊者HIV抗体阳性检出较高,应对50岁及以上性病门诊就诊者采取针对性的干预措施。     

2009年泰山区男性性病门诊就诊者艾滋病知识、梅毒感染及其危险因素分析

[目的]了解泰安市泰山区男性性病门诊就诊者艾滋病相关知识、高危行为情况、艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒感染状况,分析影响梅毒感染的因素,为制定艾滋病、性病防治策略提供依据。[方法]对2009年4～7月,在泰安市中心医院和泰山医学院附属医院性病门诊对就诊的15岁以上男性患者380人进行调查。[结果]调查380人,艾滋病知识总知晓率为87.14%,其中21～30岁、31～40岁、41～66岁分别为89.25%、87.77%、76.14%（P〈0.01）;有过非婚性行为的占60.26%,最近1年患过性病的占14.47%。检测371人,HIV抗体均为阴性;梅毒抗体阳性率为4.85%,其中有、无高危性行为的分别为8.67%、0.57%（P〈0.01）。非条件Logistic回归分析结果,最近3个月有临时性伴、最近1年有性病史者感染梅毒的几率较高。[结论]男性性病门诊就诊者艾滋病知识知晓率较低,大多有过高危性行为,有临时性伴、有性病史是梅毒感染的危险因素。     

Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1.9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1.7% and 0.4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.     

The risk of HIV infection in a national sample of women with injection drug-using partners.

OBJECTIVES. This study reports on a large, national cohort of women with injection drug-using sex partners. Information is provided on demographic characteristics; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk factors, including unprotected sex and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases; use of noninjected drugs; HIV serostatus; and other selected health variables. METHODS. A sample of 5162 heterosexual women was recruited for a national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research and demonstration project. A structured interview was administered, and the women had the option of undergoing HIV testing. Statistical analyses compared three groups on variables of interest: women with single sex partners, women with multiple partners, and women with multiple partners who exchanged sex for drugs and/or money. RESULTS. These groups differed significantly on virtually all of the demographic and risk variables examined. Women with multiple partners who exchanged sex for drugs and/or money were at higher risk for HIV than women in the other groups, even when selected demographic variables were controlled. CONCLUSIONS. Research is needed on the efficacy of prevention efforts involving these diverse groups of women at risk for AIDS.     

Does a history of trauma contribute to HIV risk for women of color? Implications for prevention and policy

OBJECTIVES: We investigated history of abuse and other HIV-related risk factors in a community sample of 490 HIV-positive and HIV-negative African American, European American, and Latina women. METHODS: Baseline interviews were analyzed, and logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of risk for positive HIV serostatus overall and by racial/ethnic group. RESULTS: Race/ethnicity was not an independent predictor of HIV-related risk, and few racial/ethnic differences in risk factors for HIV were seen. Regardless of race/ethnicity, HIV-positive women had more sexual partners, more sexually transmitted diseases, and more severe histories of abuse than did HIV-negative women. Trauma history was a general risk factor for women, irrespective of race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Limited material resources, exposure to violence, and high-risk sexual behaviors were the best predictors of HIV risk.     

The HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the Amsterdam region (1988–1991)

The objective of the study was to monitor the HIV prevalence in the years 1988–1991 among pregnant women in the Amsterdam region, visitors to an abortion clinic and 3 outpatient infertility clinics. All women attending these clinics were asked to participate in the study on a voluntary basis and were tested with informed consent. The women were questioned about risk-bearing behaviour of themselves and their sexual partner(s). In the period 1988–1991, of the 23,827 eligible pregnant women, 22,165 women participated (93.0%). Twenty-seven women were found to be positive for HIV antibodies (0.12%, 95% CI: 0.08%–0.17%), of whom twenty belonged to a known HIV risk group or had a partner who belonged to one of these groups and 7 women had no known HIV risk. Seventeen of the 27 women had a foreign nationality. The annual HIV prevalence among pregnant women was: 1988: 0.28%; 1989: 0.10%; 1990: 0.10%; 1991: 0.11%. In the years 1990 and 1991, of the 1,128 eligible women visiting the abortion clinic 953 (84.5%) were tested. Eleven women were HIV-seropositive (1.15%, 95% CI: 0.6%–2.0%), of whom 9 were from an AIDS endemic region, 1 woman had a partner from this region and 1 woman had no known HIV risk. Four African women had HIV-2 antibodies. At the 3 outpatient infertility clinics 1 woman was found to be HIV-positive (0.13%; 95% CI: 0.02–0.9). She had no other risk than a partner from an AIDS endemic area. In the Amsterdam region there was a steady and low HIV prevalence (0.1%) among pregnant women through the years 1988–1991. The prevalence in the abortion clinic was ten times higher. The program was able to detect possible high risk groups within the population. Migration and travelling can play an important role in the spread of HIV in the general heterosexual population.     

孕产妇艾滋病知识、态度和感染情况调查

[目的]了解孕产妇对艾滋病传播和预防知识知晓率水平、对感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者的态度、高危行为以及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为制订本地区母婴阻断艾滋病干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]采用现况调查方式了解辖区内孕产妇对艾滋病知识掌握情况、所持态度及其吸毒、有偿供血、外出打工、性病感染情况等高危行为和干预措施进行分析,并采集静脉血进行HIV抗体检测。[结果]在本次监测的454名孕产妇中,孕产妇HIV感染率为0.22%;对传播途径等8个核心指标知晓率为47.58%;64.1%不愿意与HIV感染者交往;0.44%丈夫有吸毒史;30.40%丈夫去外地打工或经商;17.10%接受过安全套发放服务;84.36%艾滋病知识信息来源于电视。[结论]该地区孕产妇HIV感染率高于本地区全人群感染率,艾滋病知识知晓率低,对HIV感染者存在恐惧和歧视,安全套发放、知识宣传这些干预工作开展力度和普及面尚不能满足目前艾滋病防治工作的需要。应充分关注本地区孕产妇的艾滋病预防工作,并采取更为有效的艾滋病健康促进干预措施。建议开展产前门诊常规HIV检测,提高孕妇HIV自愿咨询检测率。     

四川省艾滋病高发区孕妇HIV感染及相关危险因素调查分析

目的 了解艾滋病高发区孕妇HIV感染现状及相关危险因素。方法 对凉山州第一医院和妇幼保健院的824名门诊孕妇进行调查。同一孕妇不能调查第二次。结果 HIV抗体均为阴性，有0.5%的人吸毒，2.3%人献血，12.6%的人曾外出打工，1.84%的人患者病，在她们的丈夫中，有0.9%的人吸毒，1.8%的人献血，11.9%的人外出打、工，夫妻双方都患性病的14对中有12对人不使用避孕套。结论 这些孕妇存在感染HIV的诸多危险因素。应在她们当中加强预防艾滋病的宣传教育。     

Key aspects of sexual behavior and safer sex practice among men in the city of São Paulo

Heterosexual relations currently constitute the predominant route of HIV transmission to women in Brazil. Few studies have approached male sexual behavior taking women into account. This study included 597 men ages 21 to 50 in S?o Paulo city and explored several aspects pertaining to safer sex, such as sexual partners, knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/AIDS, risk perception, and protective practices aimed at AIDS prevention. The results showed that, similar to other countries, the proportion of men who have sex with men is low (5%), that younger men adopt more protective behavior than older men regarding multiple partners and condom use, that knowledge of AIDS is widespread (but that there is still a lack of knowledge concerning STDs in general), and that although risk perception increases protective behavior, presumption of the partner's behavior influences this perception, placing men and women in a vulnerable situation.     

2016—2018年瑞安市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解瑞安市2016—2018年孕产妇艾滋病知晓情况和相关性行为特征,为制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施提供依据。 方法 对2016—2018年每年4—7月期间首次到瑞安市妇幼保健院进行孕产期保健的孕产妇进行问卷调查,并采血进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、HCV抗体血清学检查。 结果 2016—2018年共监测孕产妇1 200人,其艾滋病知识总体知晓率86.25%,各年度分别为82.00%、85.00%、91.75%,呈逐年上升趋势(χ²＝16.82,P＜0.001)。年龄大于25岁、文化程度越高、初次孕产及生育次数越少者知晓率越高。孕产妇本人和其丈夫去过外地打工经商的比例分别为16.08%、19.25%,吸毒的比例分别为0.25%、1.16%,丈夫患过艾滋病或性病的占0.08%。孕产妇HIV抗体、梅毒抗体和HCV抗体阳性检出率分别为0、0.17%和0.08%。 结论 瑞安市孕产妇艾滋病HIV感染率总体处于低流行水平,但部分孕产妇存在本人或丈夫吸毒、丈夫患性病等现象,存在感染艾滋病/性病的风险,应当进一步采取有效措施,控制艾滋病/性病在该人群中传播。     

Heterosexual women of color and HIV risk: sexual risk factors for HIV among Latina and African American women

This paper examines sexual risk for HIV among 2,318 Latina (60%) and African American (40%) women with a steady male partner who were attending an urban outpatient clinic. We compared ethnic groups on demographic characteristics (including being born in the U.S.) and sexual HIV risk factors (number of partners, history of sexually transmitted infection, condom use, and reported knowledge and perception of partner risk) while controlling for other demographic characteristics. African American women were about 1.5 times more likely than Latinas to report five or more sexual partners in their lifetime, to report two or more partners in the past year, and to perceive their partners as being risky. African American women were about 2.5 times more likely than Latinas to have had a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They were also nearly twice as likely as Latinas to report having used condoms with their main partner in the past 90 days. Intervention strategies for HIV prevention must address ethnic/racial differences in sexual risk factors for HIV among Latina and African American women.     

AIDS-related risk among adolescent males who have sex with males, females, or both: evidence from a statewide survey

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence of AIDS-related risk behaviors among adolescent males with female, male, and both-sex sexual partners and explored factors related to these behaviors. METHODS: Three waves of a population-based survey provided data on male high school students: 3065 with only female sexual partners, 94 with only male partners, and 108 with both. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine AIDS-related outcomes. RESULTS: Youths with any same-sex experience reported less school AIDS education. Bisexual experience predicted multiple sexual partners, unprotected intercourse, sexually transmitted disease, and injection drug use. School AIDS education and condom instruction predicted less AIDS-related risk. CONCLUSIONS: Bisexually active adolescent males report especially high levels of AIDS risk behavior. School-based AIDS prevention should address the needs of all sexually active youths.     

Seroepidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis in rural women in Zimbabwe and patterns of association with HIV infection

Serological assays using dried blood spots from 5221 women in rural areas of eastern Zimbabwe were used to assess the epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and its association with HIV. Antibodies to T. vaginalis and to HIV were detected by enzyme immunoassays. Behavioural and demographic data were collected by confidential questionnaires. In total, 516 (9.9%) women were seropositive for T. vaginalis and seroprevalence increased with age among younger women. Divorced, widowed and single women were more likely to be seropositive. After controlling for age, seropositivity was significantly associated with being sexually active, having multiple sex partners, having a partner who had multiple sex partners, and having a new sex partner in the past year. Seropositivity was associated with a recent history of genital discharge. Overall, 208 (40.3%) T. vaginalis-positive samples were also positive for HIV, compared with 1106 (23.5%) T. vaginalis-negative samples (age and sex adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.74-2.55, P < 0.001). There was increased risk for being HIV-positive amongst T. vaginalis-seropositive women regardless of residence, employment or education. In a logistic regression controlling for common risk factors, the association remained significant. T. vaginalis-seropositive young women with a history of genital discharge were much more likely to be HIV-positive than women who were T. vaginalis-seronegative and had no history of discharge (OR 6.08, 95 % CI 2.95-12.53). Although a causal relationship cannot be assumed, detection and treatment of trichomoniasis may be important in strategies to reduce HIV transmission through sexually transmitted infection control.     

Seroprevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in the Veneto region (north-east Italy)

A heterogeneous population of 4396 consecutive pregnant women (86.6% indigenous, 13.4% immigrants) attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Padua (north-east Italy) were counselled and tested for HIV infection between September 1995 and December 1997. Sociodemographic and sanitary data were collected on each case. Anti-HIV prevalence was 0.57%. Intravenous drug use and foreign birth accounted for 28% and 24%, respectively, of the anti-HIV positive cases; 44% of the HIV-positive subjects reported no risk factors. In the logistic regression HIV positivity proved independently associated with intravenous drug use (adjusted OR 76. 6), sexually transmitted diseases (adjusted OR 13.2), unmarried status (adjusted OR 4.8), birth outside the European Union (EU) (adjusted OR 3.1) and age (adjusted OR 1.1). Heterosexual HIV spread appears to be a major concern. The monitoring of trends in HIV infection among subgroups should be continued in order to control the AIDS epidemic appropriately both by promoting HIV counselling and individual care, and by watching for changes in the social background.     

AIDS: the situation in Mogadishu during spring 1987

To determine if AIDS was present in Mogadishu during spring 1987, we screened hospital patients for the presence of diseases compatible with acquired immunodeficiency. Twenty-nine such patients were identified and had their serum tested for antibodies to HIV by standard serologic techniques. All these sera were negative for HIV antibodies. During the same time, at the Mogadishu clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, 48 individuals were examined for evidence of HIV infection. No patient had clinical signs compatible with AIDS, but one serum was anti-HIV antibodies positive in both the ELISA and western blot assay. We conclude that there was no clinical AIDS in Mogadishu in early 1987 and that prevalence of HIV infection in high risk individuals was very low.     

萍乡市男男同性恋性病艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解男同人群的性相关危险因素特点,找出有效的途径或策略,进一步有效控制艾滋病的流行。方法问卷调查与实验室检测。结果总共监测310名男同,其中酒吧会所监测占30.97%,网络监测占69.03%;90%被监测男同是高中以上文化程度;最近一年患性病的占14.19%;310人当中HIV感染者8例,感染率为2.58%;网络招募人中HIV感染为3.27%。艾滋病知识知晓率为98.71%;有将近15%的感染者有过商业性行为(包括3名感染者);有商业性行为的男男同性恋艾滋病感染率与没有商业性行为的男男同性恋的艾滋病感染率两者比较有明显差异;与女性发生性关系的时候有三分之一不使用安全套,每次都会使用的不到一半,最近一次与女性发生性关系有三分之一没有使用安全套。结论男同容易将艾滋病性病进行婚内、外传播;男同存在掌握相关HIV防治知识与实际防范结果背离现象;网络加大了男同交往的频率和范围,也加大了艾滋病传播风险;同性商业性行为风险性更高;男同的双性性关系及无保护性性交在艾滋病传播中起到一个非常重要的桥梁作用;今后要把宣传干预重点放在双性恋、男性性商业服务人群、男同配偶或性伴、甚至青年妇女、青年学生身上。     

Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for, HIV-1 infection among factory workers in Ethiopia, 1997-2001

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for HIV infection among factory workers at two sites in Ethiopia. During February 1997-December 2001, a structured questionnaire was used for obtaining information on sociodemographics, sexual behaviour, and reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from a cohort of 1679 individuals. Serum samples were screened for antibodies against HIV, Treponema pallidum haemaglutination (TPHA), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The overall baseline prevalence of HIV was 9.4%-8.5% among males and 12.4% among females. For both the sexes, the factors independently associated with an increased risk of HIV infection were widowhood and having had antibodies against TPHA and HSV-2. The risk factors specific for males were being orthodox Christian, having had a higher lifetime number of sexual partners, and genital discharge in the past five years. The risk factors for females, included low income, one or more rape(s) over lifetime, and casual sex in the last year. The overall incidence of HIV infection was 0.4 per 100 person-years. The highest rate of incidence was observed among young women aged less than 30 years (1 per 100 person-years). The study confirmed that high-risk sexual behaviour and STIs play major roles in the spread of HIV infection in the Ethiopians of both the sexes, but the factors, such as rape and low economic status, make women more vulnerable than men.     

Low prevalence of HIV infection in Djibouti--has the AIDS epidemic come to a stop at the Horn of Africa?

To determine if the HIV-epidemic had reached Djibouti by autumn 1987, we investigated 645 subjects belonging to various risk groups; 150 were patients with a disease compatible with acquired immune deficiency or with a mycobacterial infection, 115 were young males having a sexually transmitted disease, 295 were female prostitutes, and 69 were villagers from a rural area; the remaining 16 belonged to other groups. All subjects answered an epidemiological questionnaire and had their serum tested for evidence of HIV antibodies. Eight sera were HIV-antibody positive by both ELISA and Western blot. Of these, 2 were from young men while 6 were from young women who admitted to prostitution. This accounts for an HIV seropositivity rate of 2.0% +/- 1.6% in the prostitute population. Also, one antibody-positive subject was positive for circulating HIV antigen. Seven of the seropositive individuals had no general complaints or abnormal clinical signs. The eighth subject was a 28 year old man in hospital for pneumonia. We conclude that in Djibouti, in late 1987, the prevalence of both AIDS and HIV infection in high risk individuals was much lower than that reported from other East African countries.     

High-risk behaviors in women who use crack: knowledge of HIV serostatus and risk behavior

PURPOSE: To determine whether crack cocaine-using women who are aware of their HIV serostatus have made modifications in risk behaviors, we compared known HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) users with respect to sexual risk behaviors, prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and vaginitis, and correlates of unprotected sex. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional design with street outreach, recruitment, and interviews of sexually active crack cocaine using women. Women received testing for HIV, STIs, and vaginitis. RESULTS: Sixty-one HIV+ and 117 HIV- women were enrolled. HIV+ women were significantly more likely to be African-American. There were no significant differences in drug use, types of sexual partners, number of paying partners, attitudes regarding condoms, or STI diagnoses. HIV+ women were less likely to engage in unprotected sex compared with HIV- women (56% vs. 75%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.99). Among HIV+ women, unprotected sex was negatively associated with stronger beliefs regarding the protective value of condoms (AOR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.67) and concurrent injection-drug use (AOR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of crack using HIV+ crack using women in this sample continued to engage in high-risk sexual activities, they were less likely to do so than HIV- women. Interventions targeting this population are needed.     

A survey of HIV and HCV among female prison inmates in Portugal

HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) monitoring among prison inmates is instrumental in countries with concentrated HIV/AIDS epidemics. Knowledge on these dynamics in imprisoned women in Portugal is scarce. The HIV and HCV prevalence was estimated among inmates in the largest Portuguese prison for women, which holds 57% of all female inmates in Portugal, according to sociodemographic and behavioural variables and characterised attitudes towards HIV/AIDS according to serological status. Collected variables included age, education, country of birth, penal status, and accumulated time in prison. Drug injection and sharing of injection material were inquired, as well as age at first sexual intercourse. Inmates also characterised their attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. A venous blood sample was collected and tested for anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies. In this sample of 445 female inmates, 10% were HIV-positive, while 11% were HCV-positive. Longer imprisonment periods were associated with relatively higher HCV prevalence and women with later ages at first sexual intercourse were less frequently HIV-positive, regardless of drug injecting behaviour. HIV prevalence was 44% in women who had ever injected drugs and 6% in those who had never injected. HCV frequency was 69% among injecting drug users (IDUs) and 4% among non-IDUs. In women who injected drugs both HIV and HCV were more frequent when the number of injections was higher and when women reported sharing of injection material. Similar attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were found for HIV-positive and negative women, but those living with HIV had more tolerant positions. This study emphasizes the role of injecting drug use in the transmission of HIV and HCV in women in Portuguese prisons and reinforces the need for the systematic adoption of harm reduction measures.