其他检验与临床

粪便常规检查临床价值的探讨;用16S rRNA基因克隆文库研究腹泻粪便中菌群分布;以UF-100尿分析仪的WBC和细菌定量结果建立阈值筛选尿细菌培养标本;急性肾小球肾炎患儿单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的表达及意义;     

粪便中细菌微生物检验的鉴定方法

目的：建立一种以粪便为标本的细菌学检验方法。方法：取粪便标本直接涂片做革兰染色，镜检观察标本中细菌数量、种类及比例。并进行显徽照相；对粪便标本进行菌群培养，分离病原菌，并与镜检结果进行对照；结果：因菌群失诃导致的腹泻。直接镜检表现为细菌数量和种类普遍减少，或某一类细菌增多或减少，或呈单一种类细菌；由某种病原菌引起的腹泻，直接涂片多数只能见到革兰阴性杆菌，且细菌数量少或极少!一般均与培养结果相符。结论粪便细菌菌谱分析能直接或间接为临床提供腹泻患者的肠道微生态资料。尤其能准确地提示因各种原因造成菌群失调而导致的，腹泻。为临床诊断和制定治疗方案提供快捷、科学的依据。     

肠道致病菌的鉴定方法

目的：建立一种以粪便为标本的细菌学检验方法。方法：取粪便标本直接涂片做革兰染色，镜检观察标本中细菌数量、种类及比例；对粪便标本进行菌群培养，分离病原菌，并与镜检结果进行对照。结果：因菌群失调导致的腹泻，直接镜检表现为细菌数量和种类普遍减少，或某一类细菌增多或减少，或呈单一种类细菌；由某种病原菌引起的腹泻，直接涂片多数只能见到革兰阴性杆菌，要进一步做细菌培养和分离。结论：粪便细菌菌谱分析能直接或间接为临床提供腹泻患者的肠道微生态资料，尤其能准确地提示因各种原因造成菌群失调而导致的腹泻，为临床诊断和制定治疗方案提供快捷、科学的依据。     

16S rRNA通用引物在血小板制品细菌污染检测中的应用

目的评价16S rRNA通用引物在快速检出血小板制品中污染细菌的实用性,寻找新的能够快速、准确地检出血小板中污染细菌的方法。方法用分子生物学方法提取样本中细菌DNA,用设计合成的16S rRNA和16S—23S rRNA基因区间引物进行扩增,产物经HaeⅢ酶切,酶切片段与血小板污染常见菌的酶切图谱对比,确定有无污染及污染菌种类。结果16S rRNA通用引物法可以在4h内完成全部检测,其中在保存24h的血小板标本中未检出污染菌,保存48h的血小板标本中有2份分别检出了金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌,与全自动细菌培养仪的结果一致。结论16S rRNA通用引物是一种快速、准确检出血小板制品中污染细菌的方法,结果可靠,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

16S rRNA 测序鉴定1株条件致病性人苍白杆菌

目的：探索一种基于16S rRNA 基因的细菌快速鉴定方法,为临床未知病原菌的诊断及治疗提供科学依据。方法对临床患者的痰标本分离培养纯菌落,直接以菌液为模板,以通用引物 PCR 扩增未知菌的16S rRNA 基因片段,产物直接测序。将测序结果进行 BLAST 比对,根据序列同源性鉴定病原细菌。结果未知病原菌经本实验鉴定为人苍白杆菌,经 ABI 细菌快速鉴定板条检测,确认结果一致。结论该研究简化了临床标本未知病原菌分离培养鉴定的步骤,建立了一种利用16S rRNA 基因扩增快速鉴定病原菌的简便方法。     

用间接免疫荧光法快速诊断拟杆菌感染

脆弱拟杆菌群(Bacteroides fragilis group)包括一群经常从临床感染标本中分离得到的厌氧杆菌。脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)是其中最重要并且数量最多的一株,约占菌群的70%以上。脆弱拟杆菌具有其他亚群所没有的致病特性,荚膜多糖是其唯一的毒力因素。用常规培养法作拟杆菌感染的诊断常常是缓慢而不可靠的。改良的细菌学技术方法,诸如用预还原培养基,以及提供适宜的厌氧环境等,虽能提高拟杆菌的检出率,但这样也会使原认为是无菌或仅含单一菌株的标本分离出几种细菌来,从而贻误诊断、     

口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂对人肠道乳酸菌群影响的研究

目的评价口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂后人肠道乳酸菌群的变化。方法用需氧和厌氧定量培养方法分离并鉴定烧伤病房中30例腹泻患者给予Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂治疗前后肠道中的细菌,并以正常健康体检者的粪便培养鉴定结果作为对照。同时对未鉴定出的细菌用16S rRNA基因进行鉴定。结果腹泻患者肠道中的菌群与健康体检者肠道中的菌群相比,乳酸菌的数量和种类少,而口服乳酸菌制剂治疗后肠道中的植物乳杆菌、明串珠球菌、戊糖片球菌、副酪蛋白乳杆菌大量增加。结论口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂能调节肠道的菌群失调。     

痰标本中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定方法研究

目的：探索一种基于16S rRNA 基因的细菌快速鉴定方法,为临床标本中未知病原菌的诊断提供新的方法思路。方法对1份临床发热伴呼吸道症候群患者的痰标本进行分离培养,获得3种不同的菌落。直接以纯菌落为模板,以通用引物扩增未知菌的16S rRNA 基因片段,产物直接测序后进行基于局部比对算法的搜索工具比对,根据序列同源性鉴定病原细菌。结果3种菌落分别为不易致病的表皮葡萄球菌、龋齿罗特放线菌及致病性的金黄色葡萄球菌,后者继续用特异性引物扩增检测鉴定,确认为金黄色葡萄球菌。结论本研究建立了一种利用16S rRNA 基因扩增快速鉴定临床标本中未知病原菌的简便方法。     

口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂对人肠道乳酸菌群影响的研究

目的评价口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂后人肠道乳酸菌群的变化。方法用需氧和厌氧定量培养方法分离并鉴定烧伤病房中30例腹泻患者给予Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂治疗前后肠道中的细菌,并以正常健康体检者的粪便培养鉴定结果作为对照。同时对未鉴定出的细菌用16S rRNA基因进行鉴定。结果腹泻患者肠道中的菌群与健康体检者肠道中的菌群相比,乳酸菌的数量和种类少,而口服乳酸菌制剂治疗后肠道中的植物乳杆菌、明串珠球菌、戊糖片球菌、副酪蛋白乳杆菌大量增加。结论口服Cocktail A乳酸菌制剂能调节肠道的菌群失调。     

阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的研究

目的了解阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的分布情况。方法收集2010年1月—2012年4月临床标本中分离的阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌54株。5种16 S rRNA甲基化酶基因(armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC和rmtD)的检测采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法,PCR产物采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析并将阳性扩增产物进行测序。抗菌药物的药敏试验采用纸片扩散法进行,WHONET5.5软件进行统计分析。结果 54株阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中40株检出16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA,检出率为74.1%,未检出rmtA、rmtB、rmtC及rmtD基因。54株阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对米诺环素、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为38.9%、63.0%和64.8%,对其余14种抗菌药物耐药率均在85.0%以上。结论阿米卡星耐药鲍曼不动杆菌主要携带armA型16S rRNA甲基化酶耐药基因,除米诺环素对该菌有较好的抗菌活性外,该菌对其他16种抗菌药物耐药严重。     

Comparative study of bacterial flora in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of pneumonia patients based on their pneumonia subtypes and comorbidities using 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis

IntroductionThe culture method is the gold standard for identifying pathogenic bacteria in patients with pneumonia but often does not reflect the exact bacterial flora in pulmonary lesions of pneumonia, partly owing to easiness or difficulties in culturing certain bacterial species. We aimed to evaluate bacterial flora in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples directly obtained from pneumonia lesions using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene analysis to compare the results of the BALF culture method in each category of pneumonia.MethodsBacterial florae were detected by a combination of the culture method, and the clone library method using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing in BALF directly obtained from pneumonia lesions in pneumonia patients from April 2010 to March 2020 at the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, and affiliated hospitals. Clinical information of these patients was also collected, and lung microbiome was evaluated for each pneumonia category.ResultsAmong 294 pneumonia patients (120 with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 101 with healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), and 73 with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)), significantly higher percentages of obligate anaerobes were detected in CAP than in HCAP and HAP patients by the clone library method. Corynebacterium species were significantly highly detected in HAP patients and patients with cerebrovascular diseases than in patients without, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was frequently detected in patients with diabetes mellitus.ConclusionObligate anaerobes may be underestimated in patients with CAP. Corynebacterium species should be regarded as the causative bacteria for pneumonia in patients with HAP and cerebrovascular diseases.     

Bacterial diversity associated with the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis sp. complex determined by culture-dependent and -independent methods

The bacterial communities associated with rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis sp. complex) and their culture water were determined using culture-dependent and -independent methods (16S rRNA gene clone library). The bacterial communities determined by the culture-independent method were more diverse than those determined by the culture-dependent method. Although the culture-dependent method indicated the bacterial community of rotifers was relatively similar to that of the culture water, 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses revealed a great difference between the two microbiotas. Our results suggest that most bacteria associated with rotifers are not easily cultured using conventional methods, and that the microbiota of rotifers do not correspond with that of the culture water completely.     

拟杆菌属细菌的分子生物学鉴定

目的 用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术鉴定拟杆菌.方法 以该属细菌的标准16S Rrna基因序列为靶基因设计通用引物,对该属标准菌株及不同来源的临床株进行PCR扩增,然后对扩增产物进行基因测序验证引物的特异性和敏感性.结果 设计的引物能扩增13株拟杆菌,而40株肠杆菌科细菌、本实验室分离和保存的其他非拟杆菌不能被扩增;13株拟杆菌所得的PCR产物经基因测序、比对相应标准菌的16S Rrna,同源性在81%～100%.结论 建立的方法可特异的鉴定拟杆菌,敏感性为100个细菌的基因组.     

16SrRNA、16S-23SrRNA基因测序分析检测主要血流感染病原菌比较

目的比较细菌16SrRNA、16S-23SrRNA基因测序分析在血流感染病原菌检测中的作用。方法提取临床上血流感染常见的金黄色葡萄菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洛菲不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、化脓性链球菌、奇异变形杆菌、潘尼变形杆菌、屎肠球菌、粘质沙雷菌、宋内志贺菌、产气肠杆菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、腐生葡萄球菌基因组DNA,运用16SrRNA、16S-23SrRNA基因进行PCR扩增。扩增产物经测序后在美国国家生物技术中心（NCBI）上进行比对分析,确定菌种。结果在所分析的19种临床血流感染常见细菌中,16SrRNA基因测序分析可将除粘质沙雷菌外的细菌鉴定到种的水平,但无法完全区分近缘种属;16S-23SrRNA成功鉴定17种细菌,除大肠埃希菌、宋内志贺菌外所有细菌均成功鉴定到单一种的水平。结论16S-23SrRNA基因可作为血流感染细菌检测较好的分子靶标。     

细菌性肺炎快速诊断基因芯片的初步构建

目的：根据细菌16 S rRNA基因特点设计常见病原菌的特异性探针,采用酶显色技术构建基因芯片,探讨其临床应用的可能性。方法选取肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌等8种细菌性肺炎常见的病原菌的标准菌株作为研究对象,并选择12份患者的痰液标本进行检测。在16 S rRNA基因保守区设计 PCR反应的通用引物及革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌的通用探针,利用可变区的差异设计合成特异性探针,构建基因芯片。利用细菌16S rRNA基因设计的PCR通用引物进行扩增,所有8种细菌均获得350 bp的扩增产物。以地高辛标记特异性探针,构建完成可用于8种常见病原菌检测的基因芯片,结果8种标准菌株基因芯片检测均取得了预期效果,对12份痰标本中常规培养阳性7份,其对应芯片检测结果均成阳性,5份常规培养阴性的标本中,芯片结果提示阳性的有3份,其中1份为嗜肺军团菌,2份为使用抗生素后的患者标本。结论设计合成的 PCR通用引物对扩增细菌的16 S rRNA基因具有较高的特异性及灵敏度。构建的基因芯片可用于常见细菌性肺炎病原菌的检测鉴定,且对抗生素使用后的临床标本及苛养菌有一定的诊断价值。本研究所获得基因芯片对于细菌性肺炎的检测具有简单、快速、特异性及敏感性高的特点。     

In vitro alterations of intestinal bacterial microbiota in fecal samples during storage

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors an extremely diverse and complex microbial ecosystem. Most of the existent data about the enteric microflora have been generated using stool samples, but the collection and storage of fecal samples are often problematic. The influence of the storage of stool samples on the bacterial diversity and the degradation of bacterial DNA was analysed in this study. Stool samples from 5 healthy volunteers were exposed to different storage temperatures and durations. The bacterial diversity and the amount of intact bacterial DNA were analysed by single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), both using a 16S rDNA approach. Additionally, biopsy specimens were taken from 3 of the 5 individuals to compare fecal and mucosal flora. The bacterial diversity of the fecal flora and the total number of bacteria were significantly reduced after 8 and 24 hours at both room temperature and 4°C. The mucosa-associated bacterial microflora showed substantial differences compared with the fecal flora. The observed alterations of fecal flora during storage point to the difficulty of the molecular analysis of the bacterial diversity and the enumeration of bacterial cells in fecal samples.     

Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis caused by Granulicatella adiacens in an immunocompetent child

We report a pediatric case aged 10 years with Granulicatella adiacens-associated chronic mandibular osteomyelitis. The causative pathogen was uncertain because polymicrobial species were detected from the bacterial culture in bone marrow fluid. In contrast, G. adiacens was predominantly identified in the clone library analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence. Vancomycin to which G. adiacens was reported to be susceptible was not administrated sufficiently to this patient because of its adverse event, whereas linezolid and ciprofloxacin was alternatively effective for the treatment of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis.     

DNA microarray analysis of predominant human intestinal bacteria in fecal samples

A microarray method was developed for the detection of 40 bacterial species reported in the literature to be predominant in the human gastrointestinal tract. The 40 species include seven species each of Bacteroides and Clostridium, six species of Ruminococcus, five species of Bifidobacterium, four species of Eubacterium, two species each of Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus, and single species each of Collinsella, Eggerthella, Escherichia, Faecalibacterium and Finegoldia. Three 40-mer oligos specific for each bacterial species were designed based on comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences available in the GenBank database, and were used to make the DNA-array on epoxy slides. Using two universal primers, the 16S rRNA gene from bacteria present in fecal samples were amplified and labeled with Cyanine5-dCTP by PCR, and then hybridized to the DNA-array. After resolving some difficulties caused by sequence conflicts in GenBank and inaccurate reference strains, all 40 bacterial reference species gave positive results. The microarray method was used to screen fecal samples obtained from 11 healthy human volunteers for the presence of these intestinal bacteria. The results indicated that 25-37 of the 40 species could be detected in each fecal sample and that 33 of the species were found in a majority of the samples.     

Investigation of an anaerobic microbial community associated with a corneal ulcer by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis

The bacterial community manifested in a corneal ulcer was investigated with culture-independent techniques. DNA was extracted from the eye swab, 200-bp fragments spanning the hypervariable V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) were amplified by broad-range PCR and genetic fingerprinting of the total bacterial community was performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Additionally, 16S rDNA clone libraries containing 1500-bp fragments were constructed, clones were screened by DGGE and sequenced. Microorganisms were phylogenetically most closely related to the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides phylum (eight clones), Fusobacteria (four clones), spirochetes (three clones) and to the low G+C Gram-positive bacteria (two clones). Low sequence similarity values less than 93% to sequences of known bacteria indicated that some bacteria belonged to hitherto unknown genera. Bacteria which were detected in the healthy eye of the same patient, were phylogenetically related to the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria (two clones) and to the Proteobacteria (one clone). To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a complex and anaerobic bacterial community normally found in subgingival crevices is reported to play a role in corneal ulceration. Previous treatment of the ulcer with several topical antibiotics had shown no effect for six months. The followed culture-independent identification of spirochetes and Gram-negative, anaerobic bacilli facilitated the appropriate treatment with topical penicillin G, which stopped further destruction of the eye. Results demonstrated that 16S rDNA genotyping in combination with DGGE fingerprinting are appropriate molecular methods for the investigation of severe bacterial infections which might not be detected by conventional cultivation.