先天性胆道闭锁与巨细胞病毒感染的临床研究

为了探讨先天性胆道闭锁（ＣＢＡ）的原因，分析肝脏病理变化、临床预后与巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染的关系。取１４例ＣＢＡ患儿术中肝脏及肝门淋巴结标本，一份进行多聚酶链反应巨细胞病毒基因（ＰＣＲ－ＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ）检测，另一份肝脏标本做ＨＥ染色光镜检查。结果：１４例中ＣＭＶ阳性占８例。肝脏病理检查表明随手术时日龄增加，胆管增生明显。比较ＣＭＶ阳性组与ＣＭＶ阴性组肝细胞病变、淤胆无差异，肝纤维化ＣＭＶ阴性组重于阳性组；肝细胞坏死ＣＭＶ阳性组重于阴性组。随访８～２０个月，生存６例，其中ＣＭＶ阳性５例，死亡８例。ＣＭＶ感染可能是ＣＢＡ的病因之一，肝纤维化程度、术后胆管炎发生的频率和程度与预后关系密切。从临床归转看ＣＭＶ感染阳性组预后较好。     

APRI评价胆道闭锁和胆汁淤积综合征肝脏纤维化程度的临床意义

目的 探讨肝功能检查和门冬氨酸氨基转移酶/血小板指数(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index,APRI)与肝脏纤维化程度的关系,阐述其在BA肝纤维化评估中的临床价值.方法 收集2006年2月至2011年8月间在我院治疗的胆道闭锁患儿38例和胆汁淤积综合征患儿25例为研究对象.临床观察指标包括肝功能检查,肝脏活检切片,血小板指数;肝硬化程度采用Metavir分类,APRI的诊断性评估采用ROC曲线,应用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行统计分析.并对本组患儿进行随访,随访时间是3～69个月(平均随访时间:20.7个月).结果 胆道闭锁组患儿ALP、γ-GT、DBIL(564.14±257.75、153.36±97.47、7.55±2.57)较胆汁淤积综合征组患儿存在明显升高(P＜0.05);胆道闭锁肝硬化组患儿Age、ALT、AST、γ-GT(84.50±24.72、225.07±109.68、331.64±130.93、951.07±667.24)较非肝硬化组明显升高,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);胆汁淤积综合征肝纤维化组患儿Age、ALT、AST(84.76±14.28、159.92±61.76、238.15±62.60)较非肝纤维化组(54.17±11.17、98.92±58.08、151.17±41.44)明显升高,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).患儿绘制APRI的ROC曲线,用于判定肝硬化程度,胆道闭锁组敏感性为79％,特异性为88％;胆汁淤积综合征组敏感性为91％,特异性为79％.胆道闭锁中肝硬化组病死率显著高于非肝硬化组,且自体肝生存情况低于非肝硬化组.结论 肝功能检查可以作为胆道闭锁的初步判断指标,绘制APRI的ROC曲线对于评价胆道闭锁及胆汁淤积综合征患儿的肝脏纤维化情况均有较高准确性和可靠性,可用于预测预后和提早做好肝移植准备,因其简单、无创性可以在临床上广泛应用.     

巨细胞病毒感染与胆道闭锁Kasai手术预后的关系

目的探讨巨细胞病毒感染与胆道闭锁预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年8月我们收治的87例胆道闭锁病例,根据巨细胞病毒IgM抗体的测定结果分为阴性组55例和阳性组32例,分析术中肝活检组织的病理结果,AST与血小板比值指数(APRI),术后黄疸清除率和生存时间,比较其差异。结果术前两组年龄、总胆红素、ALT、AST和GCT比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。术中肝活检病理结果根据Ohkuma Y分级,阴性组肝纤维化程度低于阳性组(P=0.002);两组APRI比较,术前差异无统计学意义(P=0.615),术后阳性组活动性肝纤维化占40.6%(13例),高于阴性组(11例,占20.0%),P=0.048;术后6个月阳性组黄疸清除率62.5%,阴性组78.2%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.139);两组累计生存率经log-rank检验比较,阴性组高于阳性组(P=0.034)。结论巨细胞病毒感染可能加重肝纤维化程度,影响胆道闭锁患儿的预后。     

胆道闭锁患儿5种嗜肝DNA病毒感染状况检测报告

目的 检测几种常见嗜肝DNA病毒在胆道闭锁患儿肝脏组织中的感染率,探讨其与胆道闭锁发生的关系.方法 用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测随机选取的85例胆道闭锁和10例对照组患儿肝脏组织中的5种嗜肝DNA病毒,包括人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)、腺病毒(ADV)、EB病毒(EBV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)和乙肝病毒(HBV),同时进行石蜡切片的病理染色和巨细胞病毒晚期蛋白PP65免疫组化方法检测.结果 在85例胆道闭锁患儿肝脏组织中,嗜肝DNA病毒阳性56例(65.9%),其中HCMV阳性51例(60.0%),ADV阳性5例(5.9%),EBV阳性3例(3.5%),HSV和HBV阳性0例(0%),对照组10例中均未检测到以上病毒的存在.免疫组织化学结果显示:HCMV多集中于肝脏组织中的肝细胞、血管内皮细胞、炎症浸润细胞当中,胆管上皮细胞呈强阳性反应.结论 胆道闭锁与嗜肝DNA病毒感染之间存在相关性,其中以人巨细胞病毒感染关系最为密切.     

胆道闭锁肝脏CX3CR1+T淋巴细胞的比例与肝纤维化及预后的相关性研究

目的探讨表达CX3C趋化因子受体1(CX3C chemokine receptor 1, CX3CR1)的T淋巴细胞(即CX3CR1+T淋巴细胞)在不同儿童肝脏疾病中的表达情况, 以及胆道闭锁肝组织浸润的表达CX3CR1的T淋巴细胞亚群与胆道闭锁患儿临床指标以及预后之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心接受手术的24例胆道闭锁患儿临床资料, 同时选取同期进行手术的胆总管囊肿20例(接受胆总管囊肿根治手术)、胆汁淤积症4例(术中胆道造影排除BA)、门静脉高压9例(行门静脉高压治疗手术)作为对照组。对24例胆道闭锁患儿肝脏标本进行肝纤维化评分。利用流式细胞技术对所有患儿肝脏中浸润的T淋巴细胞亚群进行分析。比较T淋巴细胞亚群在不同疾病患儿肝脏中的表达差异。采用Spearman检验对BA患儿肝脏中CX3CR1+CD8+T淋巴细胞比例与肝功能指标、BA肝纤维化评分分别进行相关性分析。对BA患儿随访2年, 比较预后良好及预后不良患儿肝脏表达CX3CR1的T淋巴细胞比例。结果胆道闭锁组肝脏CD69-CX3CR1+CD8+T淋巴细胞比例为(7.91±8.81)...     

婴儿巨细胞病毒感染与胆道闭锁的关系

目的　探讨巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染与胆道闭锁的关系 ,了解婴儿CMV肝炎并胆道闭锁的临床特点。方法　对确诊为CMV感染并胆道闭锁 1 6例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,并与同期诊断为单纯CMV肝炎 2 9例患儿进行比较。结果　CMV感染并胆道闭锁患儿血清CMV IgM抗体和外周血多形核白细胞中CMV pp65抗原均阳性 9例 ,IgM阳性 1例 ,仅pp65阳性3例 ,IgM和pp65均阴性 3例 (但其肝组织CMV pp65阳性 )。 1 5例肝组织标本中CMV pp65阳性 1 4例。CMV感染并胆道闭锁患儿各项指标明显重于有黄疸的单纯CMV肝炎 (P均 <0 .0 5) ,肝组织病理检查 1 5例显示胆小管增生伴肝纤维化 ,继发性胆汁性肝硬化 2例。结论　CMV感染可同时累及肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞 ,导致胆管闭锁。对以胆汁淤积为主要表现且已明确为CMV感染患儿应警惕是否并胆道闭锁 ,避免丧失手术治疗机会。     

胆道闭锁患儿肝脏组织肥大细胞的表达及意义

目的 探讨胆道闭锁患儿肝脏组织肥大细胞表达及其与肝脏病变程度及预后的关系.方法 30例胆道闭锁患儿肝脏组织标本,肥大细胞采用甲苯胺兰染色和免疫组织化学染色.根据临床肝功能将患儿分为预后良好组与预后不良组,并取非消化系统疾病死亡的新生儿尸检肝脏标本作为对照组,比较各组肝组织肥大细胞表达情况.结果 胆道闭锁患儿肥大细胞数显著多于对照组(P<0.01),预后不良组肥大细胞数显著多于预后良好组(P<0.05).结论 肥大细胞参与胆道闭锁患儿肝脏损害、纤维化等病理过程,肥大细胞过度表达与胆道闭锁患儿肝脏的纤维化程度及预后密切相关.     

胆道闭锁肝脏CX3CR1^(+)T淋巴细胞的比例与肝纤维化及预后的相关性研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨表达CX3C趋化因子受体1(CX3C chemokine receptor 1,CX3CR1)的T淋巴细胞(即CX3CR1^(+)T淋巴细胞)在不同儿童肝脏疾病中的表达情况,以及胆道闭锁肝组织浸润的表达CX3CR1的T淋巴细胞亚群与胆道闭锁患儿临床指标以及预后之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心接受手术的24例胆道闭锁患儿临床资料,同时选取同期进行手术的胆总管囊肿20例(接受胆总管囊肿根治手术)、胆汁淤积症4例(术中胆道造影排除BA)、门静脉高压9例(行门静脉高压治疗手术)作为对照组。对24例胆道闭锁患儿肝脏标本进行肝纤维化评分。利用流式细胞技术对所有患儿肝脏中浸润的T淋巴细胞亚群进行分析。比较T淋巴细胞亚群在不同疾病患儿肝脏中的表达差异。采用Spearman检验对BA患儿肝脏中CX3CR1^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例与肝功能指标、BA肝纤维化评分分别进行相关性分析。对BA患儿随访2年,比较预后良好及预后不良患儿肝脏表达CX3CR1的T淋巴细胞比例。结果胆道闭锁组肝脏CD69-CX3CR1^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例为(7.91±8.81)%,低于胆总管囊肿患儿(21.53±13.85)%以及门静脉高压患儿(13.82±7.75)%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001,P=0.016);胆道闭锁组肝脏CD69-CX3CR1^(+)CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例为(3.96±5.39)%,低于胆总管囊肿患儿(8.76±9.16)%以及门静脉高压患儿(7.68±5.98)%,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.020,P=0.003)。胆道闭锁肝脏CX3CR1^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例与患儿γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平及直接胆红素水平呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.002和P=0.048)。胆道闭锁肝纤维化评分与肝脏中CX3CR1^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例及CX3CR1^(+)Ki67^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例呈负相关(P=0.025,P=0.030)。预后良好患儿肝脏中CX3CR1^(+)T淋巴细胞的比例较预后不良患儿高(P<0.05)。结论CX3CR1^(+)CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞和CX3CR1^(+)CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞可以反映肝脏的免疫状态,参与肝纤维化,可能是预测胆道闭锁患儿预后的重要指标。     

胆道闭锁与婴儿肝炎综合征肝活检病理对比分析

目的对比分析胆道闭锁、婴儿肝炎综合征患儿肝组织活检病理表现,明确胆道闭锁与婴儿肝炎综合征的相关性及不同病理表现。方法收集2004年1月至2014年1月在本院因黄疸保守治疗效果不佳而疑为胆道畸形并行胆道探查、胆道造影患儿的肝活检标本32例,其中胆道闭锁25例,婴儿肝炎综合征7例,分别就两者肝活检HE染色切片肝细胞淤胆、变性,毛胆管淤胆,汇管区胆管增生,胆管内胆栓,汇管区炎性细胞浸润,肝脏纤维化程度进行比较。结果虽然婴儿肝炎综合征胆道造影存在胆道形态异常,但同年龄段胆道闭锁与婴儿肝炎综合征患儿肝细胞淤胆、变性,毛胆管淤胆,汇管区炎性细胞浸润等情况比较无明显差异;胆道闭锁患儿汇管区胆管增生,肝脏纤维化程度明显高于婴儿肝炎综合征组(P0.05)。结论婴儿肝炎综合征与胆道闭锁病理表现明显不同;汇管区胆管增生、肝纤维化程度是鉴别胆道闭锁与婴儿肝炎综合征的主要病理依据;婴儿肝炎综合征能否最终发展为胆道闭锁尚需进一步随访研究。     

42例EHBA婴儿尸检临床病理分析

本文收集肝外胆道闭锁42例的临床和病理资料。对6个月前、后两组的肝脏组织形态进行观察对比,其差异有显著意义,肝细胞巨变占6个月前病例的41％,多呈局灶性分布,偶 然整个肝小叶巨细胞变。肝脏患有病毒性或与病毒感染有关的疾病占本组病例的45％,包括麻疹病毒、HBV、CMV、RubV和引起新生儿肝炎有关联的病毒是肝外股道闭锁的主要致病原因。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.