Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine

Human volunteers who smoked cigarettes were given the opportunity to press a lever that resulted in intravenous injections of saline or nicotine. Nicotine injections were taken in orderly patterns that were related to unit dose, whereas patterns of saline injections varied widely. Furthermore, the volunteers reported that nicotine produced subjective effects similar to those produced by administration of abuse drugs such as morphine or cocaine.     

Skin exposure to deodorants/antiperspirants in aerosol form

Many cosmetic products are available in spray form. Even though the principal targets of these products are the skin and hair, spraying leads to the partitioning of the product between the target and the surrounding air. In the previous COLIPA study (Hall et al., 2007) the daily use of deodorant/antiperspirant (Deo/AP) in spray form was quantified in terms of the amount of product dispensed from the spray can, without specifically quantifying the product fraction reaching the skin during use. Results of the present study provide this additional information, necessary for a reliable safety assessment of sprayed Deo/AP products. In a novel experimental approach the information obtained from real-life movement analysis (automated motion imaging) of volunteers using their own products was integrated with the aerosol cloud sampling data obtained from the same products, leading to the computation of the product deposited on the skin. The 90th percentile values, expressed as percent deposition relative to the can weight loss after spraying, are 23.5% and 11.4% for ethanol-based and non-ethanol-based products, respectively. Additionally, the study has generated data on the skin area covered by the products, spray duration time, spray angle and spray distance from the skin.     

异丙酚联合舒芬太尼在无痛胃镜检查中的应用

目的研究异丙酚联合舒芬太尼在胃镜检查中麻醉效果及安全性。方法60例行胃镜检查的患者按随机数字法分为对照组（n=30）和麻醉组（n=30）。对照组静脉注射芬太尼1μg／kg、咪达唑仑1mg和异丙酚（1．5mg／kg）行麻醉诱导;麻醉组静脉注射舒芬太尼0．1μg／kg、咪唑安定（1mg）和异丙酚（1．5mg／kg）行麻醉诱导;2组患者意识消失后进行胃镜检查。2组患者在胃镜检查中均观察血压、心率、血氧饱和度、清醒时间、呼吸暂停、低氧血症、心动过缓、低血压等术中并发症的发生率。结果麻醉组心率和血压与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;2组血氧饱和度和苏醒时间差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。对照组呼吸暂停发生率明显高于麻醉组（P〈0．05）;而麻醉组低氧血症、心动过缓、低血压发生率和苏醒时间与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论异丙酚联合舒芬太尼进行胃镜检查是一种安全、有效、无痛苦的胃镜检查方法。     

舒芬太尼在无痛胃镜手术中的应用

目的探讨舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛胃镜检查中的可行性和安全性。方法择期无痛胃镜手术80例,随机分成舒芬太尼组（S组）和芬太尼组（F组）,每组40例,分别采用舒芬太尼0．1μg／kg或芬太尼1μg／kg复合丙泊酚行静脉全麻。记录两组患者麻醉前（T0）、置镜后5min（T1）、手术结束时（T2）的MAP、HR、SPO2、手术时间、麻醉药物用量、苏醒时间、体动以及血压下降、低氧血症、心动过缓等术中并发症的发生率。结果两组在手术结束时的HR、MAP低于麻醉前（P〈0．05）;S组置镜后5minHR、MAP低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组苏醒时间、丙泊酚的总用量均低于F组（P〈0．05）;S组术中并发症、术后不良反应较F组少。结论舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛胃镜检查中能有效抑制机体的应激反应,呼吸抑制轻,比芬太尼能更好地满足门诊无痛胃镜检查的需要,更具优势。     

Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine

The acquisition of low-dose (0.25 mg/kg/infusion) intravenous cocaine self-administration was measured in rats that had received nine daily injections of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, IP), nicotine (0.6 mg/kg base weight, SC) or vehicle. For control rats, the acquisition of self-administration was gradual with the number of responses per 2 h daily test session increasing between days 3 and 9. By comparison, rats preexposed with amphetamine and nicotine demonstrated elevated response means during the early days of testing, suggesting more rapid acquisition. All groups eventually reached similar asymptotic levels of responding. The enhanced responding observed during the early days of testing in the rats preexposed with amphetamine and nicotine was due to an increased number of subjects that reliably self-administered cocaine. Thus, the rats preexposed with amphetamine and nicotine seemed predisposed to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In contrast to the self-administration data, preexposure to nicotine failed to sensitize rats to the locomotor activating effects of cocaine. In fact, the same preexposure regimen appeared to produce tolerance to this effect of cocaine. These data give evidence that different mechanisms may mediate sensitization to the reinforcing and locomotor activating effects of cocaine.     

芬太尼与舒芬太尼在神经外科手术麻醉中的应用效果比较

目的比较芬太尼和舒芬太尼在神经外科手术前麻醉中的运用效果。方法择期行神经外科颅脑肿瘤切除患者183例,其中应用舒芬太尼的患者93例为试验组;应用芬太尼的患者90例为对照组,在麻醉的前中后,记录2组患者术前心率和血压,术后到清醒的时间和插管拔管的时间。结果 2组患者麻醉前心率、收缩压和舒张压差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。麻醉中试验组收缩压和舒张压与基础值有差异（P〈0.05）,拔管时试验组与对照组心率有差异（P〈0.05）,且比对照组平稳。试验组术后清醒时间短于对照组,拔管时间长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论舒芬太尼在临床神经外科手术中的麻醉效果在稳定血压和心率方面均具有较大的优势,提高了患者手术过程的安全系数,所以舒芬太尼在临床手术中有很好的应用价值。     

舒芬太尼硬膜外镇痛的临床应用

目的观察舒芬太尼应用于硬膜外镇痛的临床效果和不良反应。方法选取2009年10月-2012年12月在本院行下肢手术且术后自控镇痛的患者110例,将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各55例。观察组患者给予0．75μg／ml舒芬太尼和0．179％甲磺酸罗哌卡因,对照组患者给予0．05mg/ml芬太尼和0．179％甲磺酸罗哌卡因,记录两组患者不同时段VAS评分、48h内患者自控静脉镇痛（PCA）按压次数、48h内患者硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）用药总量和不良反应。结果术后8、16、24、48h观察组患者平均VAS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组患者48h内PCA按压次数和48h内PCEA用药总量明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,两组术后不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论舒芬太尼用于硬膜外镇痛能显著降低患者的疼痛程度,术后不良反应较少。值得临床推广应用。     

舒芬太尼在全麻腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的观察舒芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻在腹腔镜手术中对血流动力学的影响。方法40例全麻下腹腔镜胆囊或妇科手术患者手术时间1．5～2h。随机分为两组，Ⅰ组为舒芬太尼-七氟醚组，Ⅱ组为芬太尼-氟醚组。记录诱导前后血流动力学的变化及苏醒时间和拔除气管导管的时间。结果舒芬太尼组较芬太尼组能更好的抑制气管插管时的心血管反应，苏醒时间及拔除气管舒芬太尼组较芬太尼组早。结论舒芬太尼用于腹腔镜手术麻醉效果好。     

舒芬太尼与布托啡诺联合用于高龄患者术后镇痛的疗效研究

目的分析探讨舒芬太尼与布托啡诺联合用于高龄患者术后镇痛的临床疗效。方法将70例ASAI～Ⅱ级老年腹部手术患者分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和舒芬太尼联合布托啡诺组(BS组),每组各35例。S组给予舒芬太尼100μg/100ml以及BS组给予舒芬太尼50μg+布托啡诺6mg/100ml行术后PCIA镇痛治疗,分别记录术后VAS疼痛评分及Ramsay镇静、恶心、呕吐评分,患者总体满意度等。结果两组患者术后各时间点VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),BS组Ramsay镇静评分明显高于S组(P<0.05),BS组镇痛总体满意度明显高于S组(P<0.05),BS组不良反应的发生率明显低于S组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼与布托啡诺联合应用于高龄患者术后镇痛是一种镇痛效果好,安全且不良反应少的术后镇痛方法,值得临床推广应用。     

舒芬太尼复合地佐辛在术后镇痛中的应用

目的：探讨舒芬太尼复合地佐辛应用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法择期行开胸手术的患者120例,随机分为三组,每组40例,术后均行PCIA。镇痛药配方：A组,舒芬太尼复合地佐辛组,舒芬太尼1.25μg/kg+地佐辛0.4 mg/kg+昂丹司琼8 mg+生理盐水稀释至100 ml;B组,舒芬太尼组,舒芬太尼2.5μg/kg+昂丹司琼8 mg+生理盐水稀释至100 ml;C组,地佐辛组,地佐辛0.8 mg/kg +昂丹司琼8 mg+生理盐水稀释至100 ml。术中采用静吸复合全身麻醉,术毕接PCIA 镇痛。观察三组患者术后4、8、12、24、48 h 视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静程度评分(Ramsay)及不良反应的情况。结果在术后4、8、12 h 时间点C组VAS评分高于A组和B组(P<0.05)。术后4、8、12 h 时间点B组和C组Ramsay 评分高于A 组(P<0.05)。B组患者头晕嗜睡、恶心呕吐发生率明显高于A、C组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合地佐辛可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,镇痛效果较好,不良反应少。     

Total synthesis of sufentanil

Sufentanil, a potent anilidopiperidine analgesic, was synthesized from a simple thiophenylethylamine via six step sequence. The key parts of this synthesis involved an efficient construction of thiophenylethylpiperidone by aminomethano desilylation-cyclization followed by Swern oxidation and a direct regioselective N-nucleophilic spiral epoxide cleavage with aniline promoted by Lewis acids.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于开胸手术术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于开胸术后镇痛的有效性,安全性.方法 择期开胸手术术后患者60例,随机分两组比较舒芬太尼与等效价芬太尼在术后镇痛的镇静镇痛评分及副作用发生情况.结果 舒芬太尼镇静镇痛效果优于芬太尼,副作用发生情况低于芬太尼.结论 舒芬太尼用于开胸术后镇痛效果确切,患者安静,临床安全,有效.     

丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼用于神经外科手术的比较

目的：比较丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼在神经外科手术中的应用效果。方法：50例行神经外科手术的患者随机分为两组（每组各25例）：麻醉维持时舒芬太尼组予舒芬太尼1.0-1.5μg·kg^-1·h^-1静脉泵注,而瑞芬太尼组予瑞芬太尼9μg·kg^-1·h^-1静脉泵注。两组患者全麻诱导方法相同,麻醉维持时的丙泊酚和阿曲库铵泵注剂量相同。记录两组患者平均动脉压及心率的基础值（T0）,开颅时（T1）、颅内手术时（T2）、关颅时（T3）、拔管时（T4）的平均动脉压和心率值,以及术毕苏醒情况。结果：舒芬太尼组（SF组）和瑞芬太尼组（RF组）在开颅时、颅内手术时、关颅时的平均动脉压和心率均明显低于基础值（P〈0.05）,两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。但拔管时RF组平均动脉压及心率明显高于SF组（P〈0.05）,并且高于基础值（P〈0.05）。SF组呼吸恢复及拔管时间长于RF组（P〈0.05）,但仍在较理想范围内,拔管后意识状态（OAAS评分）两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组均无术中知晓。RF组拔管后疼痛评分（VAS）及躁动发生率高于SF组（P〈0.05）。结论：丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉在神经外科手术中具有极大的应用价值。     

舒芬太尼对罗哌卡因腰麻的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因腰麻在妇科手术应用中,舒芬太尼对罗哌卡因麻醉效果的影响.方法 选择行妇科手术患者80例随机分为C组和S组,每组40例.实施腰麻,两组的腰麻用药分别为:C组0.5％罗哌卡因3ml;S组0.5％罗哌卡因3 ml+舒芬太尼2.5 ug/ml.观察并记录腰麻后痛觉减退平面、痛觉消失平面、感觉阻滞起...     

舒芬太尼在剖宫产硬膜外麻醉中的临床应用

目的分析舒芬太尼在剖宫产硬膜外麻醉中的临床应用价值。方法取本院产科2008年2月-2011年2月收治的剖宫产产妇178例,随机分为观察组与对照组各89例。对照组使用罗哌卡因进行硬膜外麻醉,观察组在对照组的基础上加用舒芬太尼,比较两组产妇的术中基本生命体征变化和术后疼痛评分情况。结果观察组产妇在麻醉中的基本生命体征情况如收缩压、舒张压、心率等明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组产妇术后4 h的疼痛明显轻于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论舒芬太尼可稳定剖宫产产妇的术中生命体征,减轻术后的疼痛不适,值得临床推广应用。     

地佐辛联合舒芬太尼在术后镇痛中的疗效分析

目的探讨地佐辛联合舒芬太尼在术后镇痛中的疗效。方法选取本院2011年1月～2012年1月收治的80例ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级行择期手术的老年患者,平均、随机分为观察组与对照组,观察组采用地佐辛联合舒芬太尼、甲氧氯普胺进行术后镇痛,对照组采用舒芬太尼联合甲氧氯普胺进行术后镇痛,比较两组术后镇痛、镇静评分以及不良反应的结果。结果观察组术后1、3、6、12、48h疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）分值及不良反应率均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论地佐辛联合舒芬太尼在术后镇痛、镇静方面效果较为明显,副作用较少,安全性高。     

Time and sex-dependent effects of an adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonist on motivation to self-administer cocaine in rats

Adenosine is an important neuromodulator, known to interact with both dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems to influence psychostimulant action. In the present study, we examined the effects of ATL444, a novel adenosine receptor antagonist, on motivation for cocaine in male and female rats. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (1.5 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule with a daily maximum of 20 infusions. Following 5 consecutive sessions during which all 20 available infusions were obtained, motivation for cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) was assessed under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, and once responding stabilized, the effect of treatment with ATL444 (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was examined. As a control, we also assessed its effects on PR responding for sucrose. Binding studies revealed that ATL 444 was 3‐fold, 25-fold, and 400-fold more selective for the A2A receptor as compared to A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, respectively. ATL444 produced a significant increase in motivation for cocaine on the day of treatment in females with a trend for an increase in males. In addition, over the two PR sessions following ATL444 treatment a significant decrease in responding was observed in males but not females. Responding for sucrose was unaffected by ATL444 treatment. Our results reveal that adenosine receptor blockade may mediate both acute increases in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, and longer term inhibitory effects on cocaine reinforcement that differ according to sex.     

氯诺昔康复合舒芬太尼用于妇科术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察氯诺昔康联合舒芬太尼用于妇科术后的镇痛效果及不良反应.方法 90例择期妇科手术的患者,随机分为3组,分别以氯诺昔康(A组)、氯诺昔康加舒芬太尼70μg(B组)、舒芬太尼120μg(C组)作为术后静脉自控镇痛(PCA).以视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和警觉与镇静评分法(OAA/S)来记录术后镇痛期间的疼痛评分和镇静程度,并观察3组的不良反应.结果 B、C组在术后4、8、12h的VAS评分明显低于A组(P<0.01,P<0.05),C组在术后4h的镇静评分中达到3级的病例数要明显高于A组与B组(P<0.05).3组不良反应发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 氯诺昔康复合小剂量舒芬太尼作为术后静脉镇痛的效果满意,并且优于单纯使用氯诺昔康,不良反应发生率未增加.     

高龄患者下肢骨科手术时应用舒芬太尼硬膜外镇痛的可行性

目的比较不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于高龄患者下肢骨科手术硬膜外镇痛的镇痛效果及相关不良反应。方法高龄下肢骨科手术患者36例,随机双盲分为A、B、C组,术后硬膜外镇痛分别应用舒芬太尼复合0.2、0.3、0.4μg/mL0.125罗哌卡因。于手术后4、8、16、24、48h观察患者的模拟视觉评分(VAS)、舒适度评分(BCS)、Ramsay镇静评分、镇痛药使用剂量、低血压例数、追加量(5mL/次)及不良反应。结果随着舒芬太尼浓度的增加,VAS评分、累计追加量逐渐下降,术后4、8、16hA组VAS评分高于B组、C组(P<0.05或0.01),BCS评分低于B组、C组(P<0.01或0.05)。术后8、16h,A组的Ramsay评分低于B组、C组(P<0.05或0.01)。A组镇静、恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒发生率低于C组(P<0.05)。与A组、B组比较,C组低血压例数有增加的趋势。结论舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于高龄患者术后硬膜外镇痛效果明确,不良反应发生率低。0.3μg/mL舒芬太尼与0.125罗哌卡因配伍在获得满意镇痛效果的同时,也增了舒适度,不良反应相对较少,更适合高龄患者应用。