Small-bowel obstruction caused by heterotopic pancreas in an adult

Aberrant pancreatic tissue has been found in several abdominal and intrathoracic locations, most frequently in the stomach or duodenum. Heterotopic pancreas in the jejunum or ileum is a rare, usually asymptomatic, incidental finding. A review of the English language literature since 1950 shows only one pediatric and one adult case of heterotopic pancreas causing small bowel intussusception. The authors report a case of ileo-ileal intussusception caused by a submucosal mass of aberrant pancreatic tissue that remained undetected during several diagnostic tests and two laparotomies.     

内镜黏膜下挖除术治疗胃异位胰腺临床价值研究

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术（ESE）治疗胃异位胰腺的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2007年8月至2010年12月复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心行ESE治疗且经病理证实为胃异位胰腺的60例病人资料,评价ESE治疗的可行性、安全性和必要性。结果 肿瘤位于胃窦部51例（85.0%）,大弯侧34例（56.7%）,23例（38.3%）伴明显脐凹。超声内镜检查 2例（3.3%）位于黏膜肌层,42例（70.0%）位于黏膜下层（有3例与固有肌层关系密切）,16例（26.7%）位于固有肌层。病灶整块挖除率98.3%（59/60）,9例（15%）术中出现动脉性出血,需热活检钳辅助止血或金属夹夹闭止血,术中发生气腹12例（20.0%）,无术中或术后穿孔和不可控性出血而转外科手术病例。中位随访时间17（4～44）个月,未见复发病例。结论 以ESE为基础的内镜外科治疗,不仅满足了胃异位胰腺局部切除的治疗原则,而且还可获得完整病理结果,避免误诊。是一种安全、有效、值得推广的方法。     

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??Endoscopic submucosal exavation for the treatment of gastric heterotopic pancreas ZHONG Yun-shi, SHI Qiang, YAO Li-qing, et al. Endoscopy Center??Zhongshan Hospital??Fudan University; Endoscopy Research Institute??Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
Corresponding author??YAO Li-qing, E-mail:yao.liqing@zs-hospital.sh.cn
Abstract Objective To evaluate endoscopic submucosal exavation(ESE) in the treatment of heterotopic pancreas in stomach??Methods The clinical data of 60 cases of gastric heterotopic pancreas diagnosed by pathology between August 2007 and December 2010 in Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University were analyzed retrospectively??The cases were all treated with ESE, and the effects and safety were evaluated. Results Heterotopic pancreas were most commonly found in gastric antrum (51/60??85%) and greater gastric curvature (34/60, 56.7%). Twenty-three cases??38.3%??were found a hollow in the top. EUS found that 2 cases??3.3%??were originated from muscular layer of mucosa, 42 cases??70%??from submucosa layer, 16 cases??26.7%?? from muscle propria. En-bloc resection rate was 98.3%??59/60??. During ESE, arterial hemorrhage happened in 9 cases ??15%??, which could be controlled by electric coagulation forceps or metal clips. Pneumoperitoneum was found in 12 cases??20%??. There was no patient converted to surgery due to complications. During a median follow-up of 17 (4-44) months, no recurrence was found. Conclusion ESE is a method not only to get the exact pathologic diagnosis but also to meet with principle of the local resection for heterotopic pancreas. It is safe, effective and worthy of spreading.     

Gastric Outlet Obstruction Caused by a Heterotopic Pancreas in a Pregnant Woman: Report of a Case

A 26-year-old Japanese woman who was 23 weeks pregnant presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Gastroduodenal endoscopic examination revealed an oval-shaped submucosal tumor obstructing the gastric outlet at the prepyloric area in the stomach. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 5-cm cystic tumor and we suspected a degenerated gastrointestinal stromal tumor. No other radiological tests were done because of the associated risks to the fetus. Distal gastrectomy was performed and a histological diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas was confirmed. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 19 days after her operation. She delivered a healthy, full-term male infant 3 months later. This case of an ectopic pancreas obstructing the gastric outlet in a pregnant woman is reported and discussed due to its rarity.     

Duodenal stenosis caused by cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas: Report of a case

We herein describe the first reported case of duodenal stenosis caused by cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas (CDHP) in Asia. A 63-year-old man was admitted to the hospital presenting with nausea and vomiting of 2 days’ duration. Laboratory examinations showed an elevation in both the serum amylase level (275 IU/l) and white blood cell count (13 600/μl). A 3-cm-diameter tumor close against the duodenum was pointed out from the results of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP); the tumor contained a cystic and solid component. Endoscopic examinations and an upper gastrointestinal series showed stenosis of the second portion of the duodenum without any mucosal change. The tumor was considered to be located at the submucosal layer of the second duodenum. The biopsy specimen of the duodenum revealed no malignancy. We strongly doubted the presence of a malignant submucosal tumor in the duodenum based on the findings of diagnostic imaging, and a pancreaticoduodenectomy was thus performed. Histopathologically, the lesion was diagnosed to be CDHP. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was symptomatic but was free of any symptoms after surgery. He continues to be regularly followed up on an outpatient basis and has had no recurrence of symptoms. This case demonstrates the need to consider CDHP in the differential diagnosis as a rare cause of duodenal stenosis.     

Ectopic Pancreas in the Duodenojejunal Flexure—Computed Tomographic and Endoscopic Ultrasonographic Images

Ectopic pancreas is a rare entity where the pancreatic tissue has no anatomic and vascular contact with the main body of the pancreas and has its own duct system and vascular supply. A detailed clinical report with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) imaging findings of a 40-year-old male came with vague symptoms. CT showed a well-defined homogeneously enhancing mass lesion in the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure. EUS revealed a well-defined hypoechoic mass lesion in the submucosal layer of the DJ flexure. Surgical resection of the mass was performed, and histopathological examination of specimen confirmed the pancreatic tissues. Here, we have described the CT and EUS imaging features which can help to differentiate the ectopic pancreas from the gastrointestinal submucosal tumours.     

Completely laparoscopic resection of a rare pyloric tumor with laparoscopically sutured gastroduodenostomy

We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with epigastric pain and weight loss. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a submucosal mass in the distal antrum and pylorus. Endoscopic biopsy of the mass was nondiagnostic. A CT scan confirmed a 3.0-cm mass in the posterior wall of the distal antrum. She underwent laparoscopic resection of the distal antrum and pylorus with end-to-end gastroduodenostomy. Pathologic examination showed an adenomyoma of the antrum and pylorus. Her postoperative course was uncomplicated, and she continues to do well 38 months postoperatively. Gastric adenomyoma is a rare, benign intramural tumor of the antrum and pylorus. Fewer than 40 cases have been described in the literature. The lesions are generally within 4 cm of the pylorus. Histologically, they are characterized by ductal structures lined by cuboidal to columnar epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle bundles and, occasionally, Brunner's-type glands and heterotopic pancreas. Treatment is by resection, and recurrence has not been reported. Laparoscopic resection of portions of the stomach has been reported. Side-to-side gastrojejunostomies (Billroth II) performed laparoscopically have been reported. This is the first report in the English-language literature of a completely laparoscopically performed sutured gastroduodenostomy. Technical details of the procedure and adenomyomas are discussed.     

A case of duodenal carcinoma presenting as a submucosal tumor

This paper describes a patient with duodenal carcinoma showing the features of a submucosal tumor, leading to difficulty in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis. A 63-year-old woman was admitted for investigation of a duodenal mass. An examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed a semicircular compression of the stomach and the duodenum. Endoscopy of the stomach and duodenum disclosed a hemispherical tumor with a deep ulcer in the apex. Computer tomography revealed a tumor of about 5 cm in diameter at the same site. Laparotomy was performed under the tentative diagnosis of a submucosal tumor. A tumor was found occupying the duodenum, which compressed the gastric antrum exteriorly, and was also adherent to the head of the pancreas by direct invasion. A curative resection was performed by combining a pancreatoduodenectomy with a transverse colectomy along with regional lymph node clearance. A microscopic examination showed that the tumor contained neoplastic cells growing in a tubular pattern, particularly in its peripheral regions. Thus, this lesion was finally diagnosed as primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum.     

A Case of Gastric Heterotopic Pancreatitis Resected by Laparoscopic Surgery

Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is a rare entity which is defined as the presence of pancreatic tissue lacking anatomical and vascular continuity with the pancreas. It is most commonly found along foregut derivatives, such as the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. It is frequently encountered incidentally in asymptomatic patients, and symptomatic patients are rare and do not exhibit any specific symptoms. Accordingly, HP is difficult to diagnose before surgery. Here we report an unusual case of gastric heterotopic pancreatitis causing gastric outlet obstruction diagnosed preoperatively using endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration cytology. A 21-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Gastroduodenal endoscopic examination revealed an oval-shaped submucosal tumor in the gastric body. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed that the tumor had a cystic component and marked perigastric inflammation. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) demonstrated a hypoechoic mass arising from the third to fourth layer of the gastric wall. Pancreatic exocrine glands were detected by EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. The lesion was diagnosed as gastric heterotopic pancreas with inflammation of the pancreatic tissue. Laparoscopic partial gastrectomy was performed, and the diagnosis was also histologically confirmed. The patient was discharged 5 days after the operation. She has remained healthy and symptom-free during 10 months of follow-up. We experienced a first case of gastric heterotopic pancreatitis which was correctly diagnosed preoperatively and resected by laparoscopic surgery. Partial resection of the heterotopic pancreatic tissue could lead to a good outcome.Key words: Stomach, Pancreatitis, Laparoscopic surgeryHeterotopic pancreas (HP) is a rare entity defined as the presence of pancreatic tissue outside its normal localization and without anatomic or vascular continuity with the pancreas itself. Other terms such as pancreatic rest, or ectopic, heterotopic, or accessory pancreas, are also used.¹ It can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its etiology is unknown. In most cases, HP does not cause symptoms, but it can occasionally present nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain.^2,3 Peptic ulceration and upper GI bleeding are rare presentations,⁴ as are malignant degeneration,^5,6 pancreatitis, and pseudocyst.Here we report a case of heterotopic pancreatitis causing gastric outlet obstruction which was correctly diagnosed preoperatively and resected by laparoscopic surgery.     

Ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm occurring in association with a heterotopic pancreas: Report of a case

Aneurysmal disease of the visceral arteries is found in only about 0.2% of the population, and the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) are involved in less than 10% of all visceral aneurysms. We present herein the case of a 71-year-old woman who suffered rupture of a SMA aneurysm. Histological examination of the periarterial tissues which existed next to the aneurysm revealed a heterotopic pancreas. To the best of our knowledge, no other case of an SMA branch aneurysm presenting in association with a heterotopic pancreas has ever been described in either the Japanese or English literature. This is the first report to indicate that a heterotopic pancreas is a likely incidental factor predisposing to visceral aneurysms.     

异位胰腺的临床特点及病理特征：附36 例报告

目的：探讨异位胰腺的临床特点、病理特征以及诊断方法。 方法：回顾近2年来收治的36例异位胰腺患者临床资料,分析其临床、病理特点及诊断方法。 结果：全组男19例,女17例,发病以30~49岁发病为多,以胃窦部为高发;36例均表现为反复上腹部不适,其中胃肠镜下诊断为异位胰腺7例,与病理诊断与的吻合率为19.4%。 结论：异位胰腺的发病原因与性别无明显关系,与年龄、浅表性胃炎及糜烂等炎性疾病有关,异位胰腺的确诊需要将临床特点与病理特点相结合。     

胃肠道异位胰腺的诊断与治疗(附18例报告)

目的探讨胃肠道异位胰腺的临床特点、诊断及外科处理原则。方法对我院近20年收治的经术后病理确诊的18例胃肠道异位胰腺病人进行了外科治疗，并对其临床症状、诊断方法、病变部位分布及治疗措施进行了回顾分析。结果本组18例病人表现为反复上腹部疼痛不适9例，消化道出血7例，腹部包块1例，无明显症状1例。异位胰腺分布部位：胃7例，十二指肠5例，空肠3例，回肠3例，其中美克尔憩室内2例。术前误诊11例，漏诊6例，仅1例确诊。全部病人均行手术治疗，无一例出现术后并发症，随访1～10年无复发，临床疗效满意。结论胃肠道异位胰腺缺乏特征性的临床表现和有效的检查手段，易漏诊和误诊；一旦发现，均应早期手术治疗，以明确诊断及避免出现严重的并发症。     

Laparoscopic resection of epidermoid cyst arising from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen: a case report with a review of the literature

We describe a rare case of epidermoid cyst arising in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen that presented as a cystic mass in the tail of the pancreas, and for which laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed successfully. A 36-year-old woman with a cystic mass in the tail of the pancreas, which had been discovered incidentally at a medical checkup, was referred to our department for further examination. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography and positron emission tomography demonstrated a multilocular cyst in the tail of the pancreas without any evidence of malignancy, although differential diagnosis was extremely difficult because of the neoplasm-like appearance of the lesion. Therefore, we performed laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy under a preoperative diagnosis of mucinous cystic neoplasm. Postoperative pathologic examination demonstrated an epidermoid cyst arising from a heterotopic spleen within the pancreas. This is the first report of successful laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for an epidermoid cyst arising in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen. One virtually has no chance to diagnose an epidermoid cyst in an accessory spleen on the basis of preoperative diagnostic workup, and consequently the type of surgical resection (open vs. laparoscopic) would be conditioned by factors other than the clinical entity suspected at the preoperative period.     

Gastric Obstruction Due to Intramural Pseudocyst Associated with Heterotopic Pancreas

An unusual case of gastric outlet obstruction caused by a gastric intramural pseudocyst associated with heterotopic pancreas is illustrated. Heterotopic pancreas is defined as the presence of aberrant pancreatic tissue that is anatomically and vascularly distinct from the pancreas itself (Liu et al. Am Surg. 78:E141–3, 2012). Heterotopic pancreatic tissue has been reported in many locations along the gastrointestinal tract, identified most commonly in the stomach where it is usually an asymptomatic anatomic curiosity than a source of clinical concern. We encountered an unusual instance in which heterotopic pancreas in the distal stomach was associated with heterotopic pancreatitis and intramural pseudocyst formation that led to gastric obstruction.     

Heterotopic pancreas as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn: Report of a case

We report herein a female infant in whom a heterotopic pancreas in the stomach caused gastrointestinal hemorrhage during the newborn period. Endoscopy was essential for ruling out other causes of hemorrhage and to follow the patient until the time of elective surgery at 6 months of age. Heterotopic pancreas should be borne in mind as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn when an unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage continues, and the lesion was discussed in relation to our experience of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and a review of the literature.     

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the oesophagus: an unusual case of dysphagia

We report the case of a 58-year-old woman presenting with dysphagia secondary to an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm arising from a heterotopic pancreas in the oesophageal wall. This was successfully treated with a laparoscopic/thoracoscopic ivor Lewis oesophagectomy. Dysphagia is the most common symptom of oesophageal tumours regardless of aetiology of the tumour and can be treated successfully with surgical resection. Through an extensive search of the literature, we found that a heterotopic pancreas in the oesophagus is extremely rare with only ten cases being reported. We describe what we believe to be the first case of a heterotopic pancreas in the oesophagus transforming into an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.     

Fractured heterotopic bone in a midline abdominal wound

PURPOSE: Heterotopic bone formation, although most often reported after trauma and elective joint surgery, can occur in abdominal surgical scars. The lesion may not be discovered for a long period of time after it occurs, and the patient, except in rare circumstances, is asymptomatic. METHODS: A patient is reported who developed heterotopic bone formation in an upper midline incision after a Nissen fundoplication with complications. The heterotopic bone became symptomatic after it had undergone complete fracture. Symptoms disappeared after the bony mass was removed. The English-language literature was reviewed to study the clinical significance of heterotopic bone formation, particularly in abdominal wounds. RESULTS: Literature reports of heterotopic bone formation in an abdominal wound are uncommon, and the etiology remains obscure. Symptoms are unusual and are often related to the patient's activity. This case appears to be the only report of fracture of heterotopic bone in an abdominal scar. CONCLUSIONS: Heterotopic bone formation should be considered when a hard mass develops in an abdominal surgical scar. Excision is not indicated unless the patient develops symptoms.     

Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Heterotopic Pancreas

Background Heterotopic pancreas (HP) in the stomach can be difficult to diagnose and there are many treatment options. The aim of this article is to review the contemporary diagnosis of and treatment options for HP in the stomach. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of patients with the diagnosis heterotopic pancreas registered at St. Olavs University Hospital in Trondheim from 1990 to 2002. We report on clinical findings, provide a histological review, and summarize the literature with particular emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of HP in the stomach. Results We found 32 cases, most of them in the stomach and the small intestine. Sixteen patients were symptomatic. A histological examination showed that most of the tumors were submucosal and had the appearance of normal pancreas tissue. Conclusion Gastric HP is not an uncommon diagnosis compared with many other gastric tumors and should more often be considered as a differential diagnosis. Symptom correlation is not always easy to determine, but symptom relief after treatment is well established. An endoscopic ultrasound examination may help when screening patients for extended biopsy and in deciding on which type of operation is to be performed. When treated, minimally invasive techniques should be applied.     

An unusual case of heterotopic pancreas of the stomach

A 56 year old man had an unusual case of heterotopic pancreas of the stomach. The patient had two lesions. One was at the gastroesophageal junction, representing the highest location in the stomach reported for this lesion. The second lesion was in the prepyloric antrum and consisted of heterotopic pancreatic tissue as well as tissue consistent with heterotopic ampulla of Vater. A general review of heterotopic pancreas is presented.