浅静脉干在皮瓣成活中的作用实验研究

目的 :探讨浅静脉干在局部皮瓣成活中的作用。　方法 :在猪的大腿及腹部设计蒂在近端的长宽比为 4:1的局部皮瓣 (2 0× 5 cm) ,按静脉干的处理不同分三组 : 组包含浅静脉干及其周围组织 , 组将浅静脉干在皮瓣蒂部栓塞 , 组将浅静脉干及其周围 0 .5 cm内的软组织结扎切断。术后即刻 ,2 4h,48h用激光多普勒血流探测仪检测皮瓣蒂部 ,中部 ,远端的微循环血流情况 ,7天观察各组皮瓣成活情况 ,术后 7天切取 、 组皮瓣 ,自蒂部用 10 %硫酸钡钡餐乳剂行静脉干逆行造影。　结果 : 、 组间蒂部不同时期微循环血流灌注速率 ,峰值均数比较无显著差别 (P>0 .0 5 )。　结论 :局部皮瓣带上浅静脉干不仅可以通过其本身的滋养系统为皮瓣提供部分血供 ,同时其与周围组织的广泛联系亦有助于皮瓣的引流 ,尤其是浅静脉干的引流作用更重要 ,实验中未发现有静脉血倒灌现象存在     

兔耳岛状皮瓣静脉干滋养系统的活体观察

目的：探讨浅静脉干滋养血管的分布及其在皮瓣成活中的意义。方法：新西兰大白兔32只，每只兔耳形成蒂在近心端的岛状皮瓣2块，按对血管蒂的处理不同分为四组：Ⅰ组单纯静脉干组；Ⅱ组结扎静脉干组；Ⅲ组动静脉干组；Ⅳ组无血管组。在兔耳的背侧开窗，灌注液连续灌注下，OlympusBH-2型微循环仪连续24小时观察滋养血管的来源、分布及管径变化等结果：可见边缘静脉和中央静脉附近有数条较直的细小血管分布，沿静脉干呈网状分布于静脉干壁，并向远端和静脉干以外的区域分布，与中央动脉及其周围血管相沟通。结论：浅静脉干有自身的滋养血管，其对皮瓣的成活具有重要意义。     

家兔逆行隐动脉皮瓣中静脉干对静脉回流影响的实验研究

目的通过活体动物实验模型，研究家兔逆行岛状皮瓣中静脉干对皮瓣静脉回流的影响。方法利用家兔隐动静脉模型做成逆行岛状皮瓣的实验模型，实验分为3组：A组静脉干组（皮瓣蒂远端结扎静脉干）；B组无静脉干组（皮瓣近端、远端结扎静脉干）；C组静脉干＋表面渗出组（皮瓣远端结扎静脉），在皮瓣表面作切口引流。观察初始、术后各个时间段静脉干对皮瓣静脉回流的影响。观察指标：皮瓣大体观察；静脉压力测定；血管口径、血流情况观察；组织学检查。结果静脉压测定：A，B，C组皮瓣术后静脉压力均较术前升高（P〈0.05）；A，B组皮瓣的静脉压在术后各时间点的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05），C组与A组无明显差异。微循环观测：三组皮瓣蒂部静脉干的血管口径在术后均有不同程度扩张，B组管径扩张程度较A，C组明显，A，C组血管管径至术后7d时接近术前水平；但B组仍高于初始水平。A，C组皮瓣蒂部静脉干开始血流方向由皮瓣蒂部向皮瓣远端流动，而后血流速度减慢；自术后2h，皮瓣内血液开始直接通过静脉干向皮瓣蒂部逆流。B组皮瓣蒂部静脉干未见静脉中有血液流动。术后12d观察，B组皮瓣中可见新生小血管，皮瓣成活率最低。结论静脉干对逆行岛状皮瓣的静脉回流起促进作用；静脉瓣膜失效机制在逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流过程中起主要作用；单纯依靠迷宫式回流不能保证皮瓣静脉充分回流；增加皮瓣表面渗出在皮瓣静脉回流中未见明显作用。     

皮神经伴行血管皮瓣内浅静脉干不同处理方法的临床研究

目的 探讨皮神经伴行血管皮瓣内浅静脉干不同处理方法对皮瓣的影响。方法 对137例手、足软组织缺损的患者，分别采用带桡神经浅支、尺神经手背支及腓肠神经伴行血管为主的筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣，术中对皮瓣内浅静脉采取静脉干不结扎、结扎组和吻合等三种不同的处理方法。结果 术后浅静脉干不结扎组（27例），皮瓣出现不同程度的水泡、肿胀、青紫色，术后第7天皮瓣远端部分坏死。结扎组（87例）和吻合组（23例），术后皮瓣无静脉危象出现，两组皮瓣全部成活。结论 对皮神经伴行血管皮瓣内浅静脉干吻合是三种术式中最理想的方法，而对浅静脉干结扎是三种中最实用、有效的方法。     

感觉神经植入兔带蒂皮瓣转移再造阴茎后的再生神经形态学观察

目的 观察兔隐神经与阴茎背神经吻接植入腹壁浅血管蒂岛状皮瓣阴茎再造术后，再造阴茎感觉神经的再生过程和机制，探索再造阴茎感觉功能重建的有效方法。方法 雄性新西兰兔40只随机均分为实验（神经植入）组和对照（未植神经）组。建立隐神经与阴茎背神经吻接植入腹壁浅血管蒂岛状皮瓣阴茎再造术的动物模型，术后1、2周及1、3、6个月，应用组织学、免疫组化及电镜等方法对再造阴茎感觉神经的再生情况进行形态学观察。结果 组织学观察发现实验组皮瓣内神经束数量不断增多，至术后6个月时尚可见神经长人脂肪层，对照组皮瓣内残存神经呈萎缩改变；免疫组化结果显示：术后实验组神经植入后再生感觉神经纤维、触觉小体、表皮内游离神经末梢的密度和数量明显高于对照组；电镜结果表明：术后3个月以内早期，皮肤感觉神经的再生以无髓神经纤维为主，之后有髓纤维和无髓纤维均有出现。结论 隐神经移植与阴茎背神经端端吻合植入兔腹壁浅血管蒂岛状皮瓣阴茎再造术，再造阴茎至少在6个月时可以获得良好的感觉神经再生和末梢感受器的神经再支配。     

改良指背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复指端皮肤缺损

目的探讨改良指背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复指端皮肤缺损的疗效及临床分析。方法切取指背筋膜蒂皮瓣时,皮瓣近端预留一条长1～2cm指背静脉,皮瓣切取后,松开止血带,温盐水复温,皮瓣蒂部局部应用罂粟碱解痉,观察并判断皮瓣供血与回流情况。若皮瓣出现血供不足,通过皮瓣内预留指背静脉与指动脉断端吻合,形成静脉动脉化皮瓣（10例）;若皮瓣出现静脉回流障碍,则将皮瓣内指背静脉与受区皮下静脉吻合,改善其回流（12例）;若皮瓣供血与回流基本平衡,则无需进行血管吻合（13例）。结果临床应用改良的指背筋膜蒂皮瓣修复指端皮肤缺损35例,皮瓣面积：1．2cm×1．6cm-2．7cm×3．2cm,其中辅助吻合预留血管22例,辅助血管吻合率63％,皮瓣全部成活。术后72h除静脉动脉化皮瓣有3例出现张力性水疱外．其余病例伤口均一期愈合,皮瓣供区植皮成活。术后随访6～18个月,平均9个月,手指功能与外观均满意,皮瓣质地良好,指端饱满,无触压痛。结论传统指背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣经选择性辅助吻合血管处理,其成活率和成活质量均有明显改善。     

头静脉周围血管营养皮瓣修复皮肤缺损45例

目的：探讨头静脉周围血管营养皮瓣修复皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法对2008年2月-2012年3月收治的45例皮肤缺损患者采用头静脉周围血管营养皮瓣的方法治疗,共切取45个皮瓣。术后随访6～12个月,平均10个月。根据皮瓣的手术方法分两类,一类：顺行皮瓣,皮瓣位于蒂部的远端。二类：逆行皮瓣,皮瓣位于蒂部的近端。二类一型：创面内能找到可吻合的回流静脉,将皮瓣内的头静脉与创面内的回流静脉吻合。二类二型：创面内找不到可吻合的静脉,皮瓣组织内的头静脉结扎。皮瓣切取位于筋膜层深层,蒂宽以头静脉为中心,不大于3.0 cm。皮瓣长宽比例不能大于5：1。游离皮瓣蒂部根据情况带一条形皮肤,缝合时减少张力。在切取皮瓣时遇到表浅皮神经要注意保留。结果通过头静脉周围血管营养皮瓣的方法,45例皮瓣均成活。由于切取皮瓣时保留了皮神经,皮瓣修复后肢体的感觉功能良好。结论头静脉存在于筋膜组织中,其周围伴行着比较集中的小动脉营养供血,营养着头静脉及其周围组织,利用这套组织供血,可以设计各种头静脉周围血管营养皮瓣。由于皮瓣只含头静脉不损伤神经及动脉,因此对肢体损伤小,成活率高,有广阔的应用前景。     

静脉皮瓣成活过程的实验研究

我们以兔为实验动物，通过微循环观察及血管内灌注填充剂，研究静脉皮瓣的成活过程。这一过程可分为２个阶段。第一阶段（术后７２小时内）为静脉血营养期：静脉血由静脉干通过小静脉吻合支、微静脉干间吻合支及终末微静脉吻合支回流至另一静脉。术后４８小时内毛细血管内无血液运动。第二阶段（术后７２小时～６周）为动脉血营养及血管改造期：术后７２小时新生血管开始向皮瓣内生长。术后７２无皮瓣动脉同主要来自皮瓣周围正常组织内的新生血管吻合使动脉血分布于整个皮瓣，这是静脉皮瓣成活的关键     

静脉皮瓣成活过程的实验研究

我们以兔为实验动物，通过微循环观察及血管内灌注填充剂，研究静脉皮瓣的成活过程。这一过程可分为２个阶段。第一阶段（术后７２小时内）为静脉血营养期：静脉血由静脉干通过脉吻合支、微静脉干间吻合支及终末微静脉吻合支回流至另一静脉。术后４８小时内毛细血管内无血液运动。第二阶段（术后７２小时～６周）为动脉血营养及血管改造期：术后７２小时新生血管开始向皮瓣内生长。术后７２天皮瓣动脉同主要来自皮瓣周围正常组织内的     

兔耳逆行皮瓣中浅静脉干的压强测定

目的：明确静脉血是否会顺着浅静脉干倒灌入逆行皮瓣内,从而为探索浅静脉干在逆行皮瓣中的作用提供依据。方法：采用墨汁灌注以明确静脉是否会顺着浅静脉干倒灌入逆行皮瓣内,并用病理切片以明确。浅静脉干内压强的测定,进一步说明是否倒灌的原因。结果：墨汁未顺浅静脉干倒灌入逆行皮瓣内,逆行皮瓣内的静脉压显著高于蒂部的静脉压。结论：静脉血不会顺着浅静脉干倒灌入逆行皮瓣内,不会增加逆行皮瓣的静脉回流负担。但浅静脉干是否能促进逆行皮瓣的静脉回流尚需进一步研究。     

逆行皮瓣中浅静脉干的形态学与血流动力学观察

目的：通过对浅静脉干的形态学和血流动力学观察，探索浅静脉干促进逆行皮瓣静脉回流的机理，进一步指导带浅静脉千逆行皮瓣的临床应用。方法：用小鼠耳制成带浅静脉干的逆行皮瓣模型共48例，每个皮瓣内只有一条浅静脉干，用微循环观察仪对浅静脉干进行形态学和血流动力学观察。结果：根据形态可将逆行皮瓣中的浅静脉千分为3种类型：“I”形，“Y”形和树枝形，各种类型的浅静脉干都是皮瓣静脉逆向回流的主要通道，如果在蒂部将浅静脉干闭塞，皮瓣的静脉回流基本停滞。结论：浅静脉千的存在有助于逆行皮瓣的静脉逆向回流，并在回流中起类似“枢纽”的重要作用，临床应尽量选用“I”形浅静脉干。     

Neurovenous superficial inferior epigastric flaps in rats

BACKGROUND: We performed an experimental study on 46 male rats to evaluate the vitality of superficial inferior epigastric neurovenous flaps performed following different procedures. METHODS: Rats were divided into 5 groups: A (n=6), B (n=10), C (n=10), D (n=10) and E (n=10). On each rat a hemi-abdominal flap based on the superficial inferior epigastric pedicle was raised. In group A the flap was sutured into its original position, isolating it from underlying tissues by a latex glove patch. In group B an arteriectomy of the superficial inferior epigastric artery was performed. In group C the superficial inferior epigastric artery was sectioned at its origin, without dissecting it out of the pedicle. In group D and E the same procedures performed respectively in group B and C were followed, but the epigastric pedicles were immediately explanted for optic microscope observation. Flap vitality in groups A, B and C was checked after 7 days. RESULTS: Flaps in group A appeared completely vital: the glove did not interfere with flap survival. All flaps in group B looked necrotic. In group C, 9 flaps survived completely and 1 flap underwent complete necrosis. Pedicle specimens of the viable flaps (group C) were explanted for observation under the optic microscope. Each specimen from groups C, D, E revealed a rich vascular plexus in the connective tissue around the pedicle. Seven days after surgery, neo-microangiogenesis was evident. CONCLUSIONS: The results witness the importance of perivenous and perineural arterioles for neurovenous flaps survival, also considering the adaptive increase in capillary development in the days following surgery.     

Comparison of normal and venous flaps. An experimental study]

The abdominal skin of 135 rats was fashioned to be normal on venous flap for investigating the difference in quality of the two. For normal flap, the right superficial epigastric artery was used to serve as the nourishing vessel and the left superficial epigastric vein the draining one. For venous flap, the right superficial epigastric vein was made to be the nourishing vessel and the left superficial epigastric vein the draining one. The flap in group I was fed with blood from the distal end of the femoral vein; the flap in group II was supplied with blood from the distal end of the femoral artery; and the flap in group III was nourished with blood from the femoral artery. It demonstrated that the venous flaps in group I were better in quality than the normal flaps in terms of survival rate, elasticity and size of ulcer. However, the results in group II and group III were quite different. As for clinical use, it would be all right to cover small wound with venous flap; while repairing large defect, particularly in exposed part or area near a joint, normal flap should be of the choice.     

Evaluation of Role of Arterialization of Venous Flaps in Abdomen in Rats

Introduction  Reconstruction forms the primary tenet in plastic surgery. Venous flaps are a known option but the survival is limited. Arterialization of venous flap can enhance its survival. While various techniques of arterialization of venous flaps are described, there are very few studies comparing them. Material and methods  The current study was conducted among 34 rats weighing 160 to 200 grams. The rats were divided into four groups. Group I—islanded epigastric flap was raised with superficial caudal epigastric vessels as pedicle. Group II—arterialized flow through venous flap was raised with superficial caudal epigastric vein (SCEV) as afferent and lateral thoracic vein as drainage vein. Side-to-side anastomosis was done between femoral artery and vein, lateral to the origin of superficial caudal epigastric artery. Group III—after raising the flap, as in group II, femoral vein was ligated proximal to superficial caudal epigastric vessels. Group IV—an arterialized flow through venous flap was raised with superficial caudal epigastric vein as afferent and lateral thoracic vein as drainage vein. End-to-side anastomosis was done between femoral artery and superficial caudal epigastric vein. Animals that died before completion of the study were excluded. The color changes of flaps were noted. Flap survival was expressed as a percentage of the total flap surface area. The patency of anastomosis was seen on postoperative day 5. Results  There was no total flap failure. On statical analysis, the flap survival area on day 5 between Group I and Group IV was not significant ( p value 0.431). The survival area in Group I (78.85 ± 10.54%) was comparable to Group IV (65.71 ± 20.70%). Group II and III had poor results as compared with Group I. In four rats, thrombosis of arteriovenous anastomosis was noted with flap survival area of 30 to 33%. Conclusion  It was noted that epigastric venous flaps with end-to-side anastomosis between femoral artery and superficial caudal epigastric vein (group IV) have survival area comparable to islanded flaps.     

Beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygen on island flaps subjected to secondary venous ischemia

The potential for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) to decrease the untoward effects of a secondary ischemic event was studied in the rat superficial epigastric flap model. The secondary venous ischemic flap was created by cross-clamping the vascular pedicles for 2 h. Twenty-four hours later, the flap was reelevated and the venous pedicle was occluded for 5 h. Thirty-two rats were divided into three groups. In experimental group 1, animals received HBO treatment immediately prior to the initial flap elevation and ischemia at 2 atmosphere pressures for 90 min. In experimental group 2, the rats underwent a similar course except for a second 90-min HBO course immediately prior to the secondary venous occlusion. The rats without HBO therapy were used as controls. The results showed that all control flaps were nonviable at 1 week by clinical inspection and fluorescein injection. Complete flap survival occurred in 20% of group 1 flaps and 30.8% of group 2 flaps. Partial flap survival occurred in the rest of the flaps in these two groups, with mean survival areas of 48% and 55%, respectively. In conclusion, HBO treatments significantly increase the survival of flaps subjected to a secondary ischemia, even if administered before the primary ischemia. Administering HBO prior to secondary venous ischemia was marginal, which may be due to the effect of O(2) given by HBO not lasting longer than 5 h.     

Fat prefabrication using a fascial flap in the rat model.

Prefabrication of fat tissue using a fascial flap based on the superficial inferior epigastric artery was studied in rats. First, the superficial inferior epigastric fascia was transposed over the inguinal fat pad. Two weeks later fascia and fat were elevated together as a prefabricated composite flap. At this stage, a pilot study was done in ten rats and perfusion of the flaps was tested with fluorescein. After confirming fluorescein staining of the prefabricated flaps, the study continued with experimental and control groups of rats. In the experimental group, prefabricated flaps were transposed to the subcostal area. In the control group, the pedicles of the flaps were severed, creating composite grafts. These grafts were transferred to the subcostal area in the same manner as in the experimental group. One week later the flaps were re-elevated and grafts were exposed. Fluorescein tests and Indian ink microangiography were carried out. In the experimental group, the flaps were stained, while grafts in the control group were not stained. Fat and fascia were found to be viable in the experimental group, while they were necrotic in the control group on histopathological examination. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the prefabrication of fat by vascular fascia is successful and may have application in plastic surgery.     

Use of stretch expanded polytetrafluoroethylene as a microvascular graft in a low-pressure situation

OBJECTIVE: Microvascular reconstruction is often limited by the availability and length of the pedicle. The harvesting of autologous vein grafts adds morbidity and may not provide a good match. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts have been used routinely in macrovascular surgery. However, there are no conclusive data on the performance of small-diameter PTFE grafts for pedicle lengthening in free flaps in a low-pressure situation. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of 3-mm diameter stretch ePTFE grafts to lengthen the venous pedicle of a free flap. METHODS: Fifteen male New Zealand white rabbits were operated on under sterile conditions. Using an operating microscope, an epigastric flap was raised and the pedicle was exposed and dissected to its origin from the superficial femoral vessels. A segment of the vein of 1 cm to 3 cm was replaced with a stretch ePTFE graft. Microsurgical anastomoses were performed using 9-0 nylon sutures. Four weeks postoperatively, the flaps were raised again with the pedicles re-explored. The graft was then removed and examined histologically. RESULTS: All the grafts demonstrated immediate patency. There were no cases of flap loss on the control side at 4 weeks postoperatively. When re-explored, the patent ePTFE grafts appeared to be covered by connective tissue. Light microscopy showed neoendothelialization with fibrovascular in growth. CONCLUSION: From this study, we can conclude that 3-mm diameter stretch ePTFE grafts can be used successfully as an alternative to bridging autologous vein grafts in free-flap pedicles.     

The importance of the superficial venous anatomy of the abdominal wall in planning a superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap: case report and clinical study

The importance of the venous drainage of the anterior abdominal wall to free tissue transfer in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap surgery has been highlighted in several recent publications in this journal, however the same attention has not been given to superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps, in which the flap necessarily relies on the superficial venous drainage. We describe a unique case, in which the presence of two superficial inferior epigastric veins (SIEVs) draining into separate venous trunks was identified. The use of only one trunk led to a well-demarcated zone of venous congestion. A clinical study was also conducted, assessing 200 hemiabdominal walls with preoperative computed tomographic angiography imaging. The presence of more than a single major SIEV trunk was present in 80 hemiabdominal walls (40% of overall sides). There was considerable variability in the source of drainage of the SIEV, draining variably into the deep inferior epigastric vein, the great saphenous vein, the saphenous bulb, a common trunk with the superficial circumflex iliac vein or a common trunk with a second branch of the SIEV. These findings highlight the considerable variation in the number of SIEV trunks as well as their source of regional drainage, and show the importance of consideration of such variation.