趋化因子SDF-1α及其受体介导涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞的趋化与侵袭

探讨趋化因子SDF-1α及其受体CXCR4对涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞趋化与侵袭活性的促进作用。采用RT-PCR法检测涎腺腺样囊性癌肺高、低转移细胞株ACC-M和ACC-2中CXCR4 mRNA的表达;Boyden趋化小室法检测在SDF-1α作用下ACC-M细胞和ACC-2细胞的趋化与侵袭活性;检测CXCR4 mAb对ACC-M细胞和ACC-2细胞趋化活性和侵袭活性的抑制作用。结果显示:2株涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞中均存在不同程度CXCR4 mRNA的表达,其在肺高转移细胞株ACC-M中的表达显著高于肺低转移细胞株ACC-2;SDF-1α对2种细胞均具有趋化活性和侵袭活性,且对ACC-M细胞的趋化活性和侵袭活性显著强于ACC-2细胞;CXCR4 mAb能够抑制涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞的这种趋化活性和侵袭活性。趋化因子SDF-1α及其受体CXCR4能够介导涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞的趋化与侵袭。     

CXCR4对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞淋巴转移潜能的影响

目的探讨趋化因子受体CXCR4表达水平对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞淋巴转移潜能的影响。方法采用RT-PCR,流式细胞仪检测趋化因子受体CXCR4在小鼠腹水性肝癌细胞株Hca-F和Hca-P细胞的表达。通过归巢实验测定用抗体封闭CXCR4表达前后细胞特异性的向淋巴管迁移能力。结果CXCR4及其mRNA在高转移潜能小鼠肝癌细胞系Hca-F的表达高于低转移潜能小鼠肝癌细胞系Hca-P的表达。CX-CR4中和抗体能够抑制Hca-F细胞在体内向淋巴结转移。结论CXCR4在Hca-F、Hca-P细胞表面表达水平不同,可能是导致它们向淋巴管转移的潜能不同的影响因子之一,CXCR4表达水平与Hca-F、Hca-P细胞的特异性淋巴管转移潜能有关。     

卵巢肿瘤干细胞中趋化因子表达与细胞侵袭后的转移能力

背景：利用趋化因子或趋化性多肽招募免疫效应细胞汇集于肿瘤,激发抗肿瘤免疫的方法有望成为肿瘤治疗的新策略。 目的：探讨卵巢肿瘤细胞中趋化因子的表达与细胞侵袭转移能力关系。 方法：采用RT-PCR方法检测卵巢肿瘤细胞系SW626和Anglne细胞株中CXCR4的表达,然后在Transwell小室检测CXCL12与CXCL12/CXCR4对SW626细胞趋化活性和侵袭活性的影响。 结果与结论：RT-PCR检测结果提示SW626卵巢细胞株中有CXCR4分子的表达,而在Anglne细胞中CXCR4无表达。CXCR4的表达能促使卵巢肿瘤细胞中发生趋化与侵袭转移的细胞数目增多,而加入CXCR4中和抗体时,能抑制上述效果。结果可见卵巢肿瘤细胞干细胞趋化因子CXCL12对SW626细胞有明显的趋化活性和侵袭转移活性,其活性是通过其受体CXCR4介导的。     

基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4在肿瘤转移中的作用

基质细胞衍生因子-1(Stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4与人类多种肿瘤转移密切相关,CXCR4在一些肿瘤细胞系、原发肿瘤组织均呈高表达。SDF-1在肿瘤细胞潜在转移靶器官的表达量比非常规转移靶器官高,肿瘤细胞利用CXCR4与其天然配体间的趋化效应实现远距离转移。SDF-1/CXCR4驱动癌细胞转移模式的提出及其相互作用机制的深入研究对于肿瘤治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

SDF-1α/CXCR4轴通过诱导胰腺癌上皮-间充质转化促进肿瘤迁移和侵袭

目的:探讨SDF-1α/CXCR4轴对胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响及其作用机制。方法:应用RT-qPCR检测4种胰腺癌细胞株CXCR4 mRNA的表达。Transwell实验检测外源性SDF-1α及其受体CXCR4靶向抑制剂AMD3100对胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响。MTS法检测外源性SDF-1α及AMD3100对胰腺癌细胞活力的影响。Western blot法检测外源性SDF-1α及AMD3100对胰腺癌细胞上皮-间充质转化(EMT)相关标志物表达的影响。结果:(1) 4种胰腺癌细胞株均不同程度地表达CXCR4 mRNA,其中PANC-1细胞株表达量最高。(2)外源性SDF-1α可增强PANC-1细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,该作用可被AMD3100所阻断。(3)外源性SDF-1α处理PANC-1细胞72 h可增强细胞活力,该作用可被AMD3100阻断。(4)外源性SDF-1α通过上调SNAIL和TWIST促使PANC-1细胞发生EMT,该作用可被AMD3100所阻断。结论:SDF-1/CXCR4轴通过促进胰腺癌细胞发生EMT而促进肿瘤迁移和侵袭。     

黄芪甲苷对EPCs中SDF-1α/CXCR4的调控作用

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷(AS-IV)对内皮祖细胞(EPCs)中CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)和基质细胞衍生因子1α(SDF-1α)的调控作用及其作用机制。方法:体外培养大鼠骨髓源性EPCs,观察应用AS-IV及CXCR4的特异性阻断剂AMD3100后EPCs的增殖、黏附、迁移、凋亡和管状结构形成能力的变化,并分析AS-IV对EPCs中SDF-1α及CXCR4的mRNA和蛋白,以及p-CXCR4蛋白水平变化的影响。结果:AS-IV可以显著提升EPCs的增殖、黏附、迁移和管状结构形成能力,减轻EPCs的凋亡,上调EPCs中SDF-1α和CXCR4的mRNA和蛋白及p-CXCR4蛋白的水平(P0.05);AMD3100可以阻断AS-IV对CXCR4的mRNA和蛋白及p-CXCR4蛋白水平的上调作用,但不影响AS-IV对SDF-1α的mRNA和蛋白水平的上调作用。结论:AS-IV可能通过调控EPCs中SDF-1α/CXCR4的表达而增强EPCs的生物学作用。     

SDF-1/CXCR4轴活化诱导内皮祖细胞增殖、迁移及管型形成

目的观察趋化因子SDF-1促内皮祖细胞增殖、迁移和管型形成的作用。方法用免疫细胞化学检测内皮祖细胞SDF-1和CXCR4表达;用MTT法、Millicell趋化法及Matrigel体外三维成型法分别检测不同浓度的趋化因子SDF-1促内皮祖细胞增殖、迁移和管型形成。并应用CXCR4受体抑制剂AMD3100观察上述指标的变化。结果免疫细胞化学显示内皮祖细胞表达SDF-1和CXCR4蛋白。SDF-1可促进内皮祖细胞的增殖、迁移和体外小管样结构的形成。AMD3100可抑制SDF-1的诱导作用。结论SDF-1/CXCR4轴在内皮祖细胞参与血管新生中可能发挥重要作用。     

基质细胞衍生因子-1_α/CXCR4/CXCR7轴对骨髓间充质干细胞迁移的影响

目的探讨基质细胞衍生因子-1α(SDF-1α)受体CXCR4、CXCR7在骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)中蛋白和mRNA的表达;及SDF-1α/CXCR4/CXCR7轴对BMSCs迁移作用的可能机制。方法体外培养大鼠BMSCs,流式细胞术鉴定细胞表面抗原CD29、CD44和CD34。应用CXCR4特异性拮抗剂AMD3100及CXCR7中和抗体分别阻断CXCR4及CXCR7,通过Western blotting和RT-PCR分别检测BMSCs蛋白和mRNA的表达变化;Transwell法检测细胞迁移能力。本次实验分为单纯BMSCs组(A)、AMD3100预处理BMSCs组(B)、CXCR7中和抗体预处理BMSCs组(C)及AMD3100+CXCR7中和抗体预处理BMSCs组(D)。结果经鉴定第3代大鼠BMSCs中CD29和CD44均呈阳性表达,而CD34表达阴性。BMSCs中CXCR4、CXCR7蛋白和mRNA均有表达。与A组相比,B组及D组CXCR4及CXCR7蛋白表达明显受到抑制(P0.05),C组只有CXCR7蛋白表达降低(P0.05);各组CXCR4 mRNA和CXCR7 mRNA的表达差异均无显著性。SDF-1α可以诱导BMSCs迁移,与0μg/L组相比,10μg/L组和100μg/L组穿膜细胞数均显著增多(P0.01),与10μg/L组相比,100μg/L组穿膜细胞数亦明显增多(P0.01);AMD3100和CXCR7中和抗体均能抑制BMSCs的迁移作用(P0.05),当两者同时作用时,抑制效应更为显著(P0.05)。结论 BMSCs共表达CXCR4、CXCR7蛋白及mRNA;BMSCs的迁移具有SDF-1α浓度依赖性;SDF-1α/CXCR4/CXCR7轴介导BMSCs的迁移作用,CXCR4受体和CXCR7受体对BMSCs的迁移可能具有协同促进作用。     

gp130信号可上调神经前体细胞表面分子CXCR4的表达

gp130信号参与了神经前体细胞(NPC)的自我更新,敲除gp130分子的胚胎不能正常地发育,可导致胎儿在出生前夭折。CXCR4是趋化因子基质细胞源因子(stromalcellderivedfactor-1α,SDF-1α)已知的唯一受体,表达CXCR4的NPC可在体外被SDF-1α趋化而定向迁移,在神经功能缺损的修复中起着重要的作用。gp130和CXCR4分子之间可能存在着一定的相关性。本实验在发现NPC表达gp130和CXCR4的基础上,采用gp130激发型单克隆抗体激发NPC,结果表明能上调NPC表达CXCR4分子以及增强NPC的迁徙能力,从而揭示了gp130信号在胚胎NPC定向迁移中可能起着重要的作用。     

CXCR4+骨髓间充质干细胞迁移与氧化型低密度脂蛋白致内皮细胞损伤

目的 研究内皮细胞分泌的基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)是否影响CXCR4+干细胞迁移功能.方法 从骨髓中分离出CXCR4+的骨髓间充质干细胞(CXCR4+BMSC),用氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC),用MTT法检测HUVEC细胞增殖,用RT-PCR检测SDF-1α mRNA的表达,用ELISA检测SDF-1α蛋白表达,用Transwell(R)检测CXCR4+BMSC迁移.结果 ox-LDL的刺激影响HUVEC增殖,并引起SDF-1α mRNA和蛋白表达升高;含SDF-1α培养基上清能促进CXCR4+BMSC迁移,这种迁移可被CXCR4抗体抑制.结论 CXCR4+BMSC可通过SDF-1α/CXCR4轴向引起内皮细胞发生迁移运动.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.