Arterial embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of cyanoacrylate and lipiodol.

PURPOSE: To assess the potential of transarterial permanent embolization with use of a mixture of cyanoacrylate and lipiodol for treatment of unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, 36 patients with histologically proven HCC were treated with transarterial embolization (TAE) of the hepatic arteries. None of these patients were candidates for surgical resection and some had advanced disease with multinodular disease or bulky tumor, thrombosis of a segmental branch of the portal vein, and/or extrahepatic spread. To induce permanent and more peripheral embolization, cyanoacrylate, an adhesive polymerizing on contact with blood, was used in TAE. From 1990 to 1998, a total of 76 embolization procedures were performed. Cumulative survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: Most of the patients presented with a self-limited postembolization syndrome. Severe procedure-related complications were found after four treatment sessions (5.2%). The 30-day perioperative mortality rate was 2.7%. The mean follow-up period was 20.3 months (range, 1-68 mo), with a median survival of 26 months. The median survival was also estimated for different Okuda stages of disease: stage II (n = 26) versus stage III (n = 5) disease (32 vs 9 months; P <.05); patients with (n = 9) or without (n = 27) extrahepatic metastasis (10 vs 26 months; P <.05); and patients with (n = 10) or without (n = 26) thrombosis of a segmental branch of the portal vein (7 versus 34 months [P <.005]). CONCLUSION: TAE with use of cyanoacrylate and lipiodol for unresectable HCC is a feasible treatment modality. This retrospective report indicates beneficial effects on survival even in patients with advanced disease.     

Nitroglycerine use in transcatheter arterial (chemo)embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and dual-energy CT assessment of Lipiodol retention

Objectives

To investigate whether the addition of nitroglycerine to transcatheter arterial (chemo)embolization (TAE/TACE) can increase the delivery and effectiveness of TAE/TACE in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by dual-energy CT.

Methods

HCC patients (BCLC stage A or B) were randomized to (n?=?51) or not to (n?=?50) receive nitroglycerine and an emulsion of Lipiodol with or without doxorubicin, followed by embolization with Gelfoam pledgets. Dual-energy CT was performed pre- and 1 to 3?months post-embolization to assess changes in tumour diameter and Lipiodol levels in tumours.

Results

Median tumour diameter decreased from baseline in both groups with and without nitroglycerine (7.11?% vs. 12.5?%, respectively), and was statistically significant in the group receiving nitroglycerine (P?=?0.023). There was no difference between the two groups in disease response (P?=?0.237). The concentration and percentage of Lipiodol retained in tumours were significantly greater in patients treated with nitroglycerine compared to those without (median concentration 15.05?mg/mL vs. 4.40?mg/mL, respectively, P?P?Conclusions Nitroglycerine increased delivery of the Lipiodol emulsion via TAE/TACE to HCC tumours with significant tumour reduction. Dual-energy CT can accurately quantify the amount of Lipiodol deposited in tumours.

Key Points

? Nitroglycerine improves delivery of tumour-targeted therapy via enhanced permeability and retention. ? In hepatocellular carcinoma, nitroglycerine added to TAE/TACE showed greater tumour reduction. ? Dual-energy CT can reliably quantify the amount of Lipiodol in TAE/TACE.     

Transcatheter arterial embolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: a long-term follow-up.

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed in 1,058 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the prognosis after TAE in HCC was then assessed from the long-term follow-up data. The results indicated that the prognosis was better for small tumors, and was significantly better for capsulated than noncapsulated tumors. For this reason, the prognosis of small tumors was not always better than that of large tumors. The prognosis worsened as the severity of portal obstruction increased. The prognosis improved with the use of Lipiodol (iodized oil). It was found that the use of anticancer drugs in combination with TAE, however, did not significantly affect the prognosis as compared with TAE alone. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 70%, 51%, 29%, 14%, and 5%, respectively.     

Accumulation of Iodized Oil Within the Non-Neoplastic Liver Adjacent to Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the Drainage Routes of the Tumor After Transcatheter Arterial Embolization

PURPOSE: After transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with iodized oil (Lipiodol), a relatively dense accumulation of Lipiodol is often seen in the nontumorous liver adjacent to a hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodule. We compared this phenomenon with the findings obtained with single-level dynamic CT during hepatic arteriography (SLDCTHA) and presumed its possible mechanism. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with HCC underwent hepatic angiography including SLDCTHA followed by segmental or subsegmental TAE with a mixture of an anticancer drug and Lipiodol. We compared the drainage area of the HCC depicted on SLDCTHA with the Lipiodol accumulation in the nontumorous liver adjacent to the HCC on CT after TAE (LpCT). RESULTS: In 26 of the 56 patients, a definite corona enhancement around the HCC, suggesting the drainage of blood from the tumor into the surrounding liver parenchyma, was seen on the late phase of SLDCTHA. In 17 of these 26 patients (65.4%), LpCT showed a more intense accumulation of Lipiodol in the nontumorous liver adjacent to the HCC that corresponded to the drainage area revealed on SLDCTHA. CONCLUSION: The drainage of blood from the HCC was considered to be a possible mechanism of the accumulation of Lipiodol in the nontumorous liver adjacent to the HCC.     

TAE治疗原发肝细胞癌(对不同组织细胞学类型疗效的初步研究)

目的：通过对一组１５７例经组织细胞学检查证实的原发性肝细胞癌患者生存资料及影像学资料的分析，初步研究经导管动脉栓塞（ＴＡＥ）对不同组织细胞学类型肝细胞癌的治疗效果。材料与方法：８种不同组织细胞学类型的资料较完整的原发性肝细胞癌患者，共计１５７例，分别接受单纯ＴＡＥ、单纯手术或ＴＡＥ＋手术切除治疗。对上述病例分别按照不同组织细胞学类型及不同治疗方法进行生存资料和影像学资料分析。结果：本组原发性肝细胞癌的１年、２年、３年和５年的累计生存率分别为７４．５２％、４８．４０％、３２．４８％和１１．４６％。各组织细胞学类型中，纤维板层型与透明细胞型肝细胞癌的５年生存率分别为２５％和２９％，。三种治疗方法中，单纯ＴＡＥ组、单纯手术组与ＴＡＥ＋手术组的平均生存时间分别为２５．０６（标准误＝１．８７）、３０．３８（标准误＝２．０５）和７２．７２（标准误＝６．９０）个月。结论：ＴＡＥ对不同组织细胞学类型的原发性肝细胞癌在治疗效果上存在差异；本组中，以透明细胞型肝细胞癌对ＴＡＥ较为敏感，而以小细胞型和低（未）分化型肝细胞癌较不敏感。     

Transcatheter arterial embolization with only particles for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To determine the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with a standardized method of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with small embolic particles intended to impart terminal vessel blockade, and to evaluate prognostic factors that impact overall survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 322 patients with HCC who underwent 766 embolizations from January 1997 to December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Selective embolization of vessels feeding individual tumors was performed with small (50 microm) polyvinyl alcohol or spherical embolic particles (40-120 microm) intended to cause terminal vessel blockade. Repeat embolization was performed in cases of evidence of persistent viable tumor or development of new lesions. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were prospectively recorded and tested for prognostic significance by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median survival time was 21 months, with 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates of 66%, 46%, and 33%, respectively. In patients without extrahepatic disease or portal vein involvement by tumor, the overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates increased to 84%, 66%, and 51%, respectively. Okuda stage, extrahepatic disease, diffuse disease (> or =5 tumors), and tumor size were independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. There were 90 complications (11.9%) in 75 patients, including eight deaths (2.5%), within 30 days of embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic arterial embolization with small particles to cause terminal vessel blockade is an effective treatment method for patients with unresectable HCC. These data support our hypothesis that particles alone may be the critical component of catheter-directed embolotherapy.     

Permanent transarterial embolization of neuroendocrine metastases of the liver using cyanoacrylate and lipiodol: assessment of mid- and long-term results

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to assess the results of hepatic artery embolization using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil for the treatment of small-bowel neuroendocrine metastases to the liver as part of a multimodality protocol for the treatment of liver metastases from neuroendocrine small-bowel tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients underwent permanent embolization of the hepatic artery using cyanoacrylate and Lipiodol for treatment of liver metastases after radical resection of small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors. All patients received additional treatment including somatostatin, and most patients received interferon as well. Cumulative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Overall, 75 embolizations (range, 1-10; mean, 3.3) were performed. Median survival time was 69 months, and the estimated cumulative survival rates reached 95.7% and 65.4% for 1 and 5 years, respectively. Two deaths (8.7%) occurred within 1 month of treatment, and one patient experienced a vascular complication at the time of embolization. CONCLUSION: Permanent embolization of hepatic arteries as part of a multimodality treatment protocol is beneficial in long-term follow-up for patients with metastasized small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors. The use of cyanoacrylate as an embolic agent is safe and effective.     

Cutaneous complications after transcatheter arterial treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma via the internal mammary artery: how to avoid this complication

Purpose

To lower the rate of cutaneous complications after transcatheter arterial treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via the internal mammary artery (IMA) we retrospectively assessed the complications.

Materials and methods

We reviewed cutaneous complications in 14 patients with 18 HCCs who had undergone 17 treatment procedures via the IMA, including selective transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy with Lipiodol (Lip-TAI) (n = 3), selective Lip-TAI + transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) (n = 3), nonselective Lip-TAI (n = 1), nonselective Lip-TAI + TAE (n = 5), and nonselective TAE (n = 5). The filling and nonfilling of subcutaneous vessels with Lipiodol was examined on postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.

Results

Skin rash (n = 3) and ulceration (n = 1) occurred after 4 of 17 (24%) procedures: two of three selective Lip-TAI procedures and two of five nonselective Lip-TAI + TAE procedures. The doses of chemotherapeutic agents for tumor sizes in selective Lip-TAI procedures were higher than those in selective Lip-TAI + TAE procedures. Cutaneous complications were encountered after two of three procedures with filling but not after any of eight procedures without filling.

Conclusion

A lower dose of chemotherapeutic agents may be less risky when undertaking a selective procedure via the IMA for HCC. If nonselective, TAE alone may be less risky. Postoperative CT may be helpful for predicting cutaneous complications.     

Arterial hepatic embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using a cyanoacrylate/lipiodol mixture

Purpose: A survival analysis in 16 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) using a combination of lipiodol and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (5 : 1) was performed in a retrospective study. Methods: A combination of lipiodol and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (5 : 1) was used for TAE. All patients had disease compatible with Okuda stages I and II. Results: Twenty-four embolizations were done; five patients had more than one embolization. Median alpha-fetoprotein levels declined from 116 to 48.6 ng/ml. A median of 0.3 ml cyanoacrylate was administered per patient. Median survival was 8.5 months (range 2–49 months). After a median follow-up of 4 years, 12 patients have died (75%). Okuda stage I and II patients had a median survival time of 34.4 and 5.5 months respectively. Few side effects (19%) were seen. Conclusion: We conclude that the TAE procedure used [lipiodol and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (5 : 1)] is safe and produced only few side effects, thus constituting a valuable therapeutic option for patients with Okuda stage I andII HCC.     

Transarterial Embolization With Cyanoacrylate for Severe Arterioportal Shunt Complicated by Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate glue embolization in the treatment of severe arterioportal shunt (APS) presenting with hepatofugal portal venous flow in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.

Materials and Methods

Between July 2000 and January 2010, 27 HCC patients with severe APS presenting with hepatofugal portal venous flow underwent transarterial angiography and treatment. Among them, four patients were excluded from the study. Twelve patients underwent transarterial chemoperfusion and embolization of APS with cyanoacrylate glue between January 2006 and January 2010 (Emb group), and the other 11 patients undergoing only transarterial chemoperfusion without embolization of APS between July 2000 and December 2005 served as a control group (non-Emb group). The change of APS, survival rates, and procedure related complications were analyzed.

Results

In the Emb group, APS was improved in all of the 12 patients after initial glue embolization; long-term APS improvement with hepatopetal portal flow was achieved in 80 % (8 of 10) patients who underwent follow-up angiography. Survival rates in the Emb group were 67 % at 6 months, 33 % at 1 year, and 8 % at 2 years, whereas those in the non-Emb group were 0 % at 6 months (P < 0.05). Median survival time in the Emb group was 275 days, which was longer than that of 107 days in the non-Emb group (P = 0.001). There were no major complications in both groups.

Conclusion

The preliminary experience suggests that glue embolization may be an effective and safe therapy in the management of severe APS accompanied by HCC and also improve patient survival.     

Transcatheter arterial embolization of unresectable renal cell carcinoma with a mixture of ethanol and iodized oil

Purpose The effectiveness of renal transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with a mixture of ethanol and iodized oil (Lipiodol) was analyzed retrospectively in 27 patients with unresectable renal cell carcinoma.Methods Symptomatic or permanent palliation by TAE was performed with the intent to achieve total or partial ablation of the kidney with 10–28 ml of embolic material in a 3 1 mixture of ethanol and iodized oil. Clinical, angiographic, and computed tomographic (CT) follow-up were analyzed. Cumulative survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.Results Partial (5) or complete (22) ablation of the embolized kidneys was achieved in all cases. Follow-up CT after 1 month revealed Lipiodol uptake in the tumor area (14/14), decreased size of the tumor (6/14), and gas formation (7/14). Pulmonary metastasis improved significantly in one patient after transcatheter arterial embolization and adjunctive chemotherapy. Overall median survival of the 27 patients was 8.5 months. The median survival was 23 months in 10 patients with stage III, three of whom are still alive, and was 7 months in 15 patients with stage IV tumors.Conclusion The mixture of ethanol and Lipiodol is not only a convenient embolic material to use, but is also effective for selective or nonselective devascularization for unresectable renal cell carcinoma.     

Efficacy of nonsurgical treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of nonsurgical treatments for caudate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Between January 1994 and February 2001, 25 patients were treated for HCCs with percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), and/or transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). PEI was performed for 19 caudate HCCs, combined treatment with PEI and TAE for 4 nodules, and TAE for 2 nodules. RESULTS: During follow-up periods ranging from 3 to 60 months (mean 21.3 months), 18 patients had no local recurrence. Local recurrence was seen in 7 patients, and recurrence in the other segments of the liver in 15 patients. Thirteen patients were alive, ranging from 6 to 60 months, and 12 patients died of multiple HCCs, hepatic failure, or rupture of esophageal varix. The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of the 25 patients were 70.6%, 60.2%, 48.1%, and 16.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: PEI, PEI and TAE, or TAE would be an effective alternative treatment for HCC in the caudate lobe.     

Bland Embolization in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Precise, Tightly Size-Calibrated, Anti-Inflammatory Microparticles: First Clinical Experience and One-Year Follow-Up

The purpose of this study is to report on the feasibility, local response, and 1-year clinical outcome of bland transarterial embolization (TAE) with 40- and 100-μm Embozene microspheres in patients affected by unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up to January 2009, 53 patients underwent superselective TAE for a total of 74 lesions. Diagnosis of HCC was based on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), α-fetoprotein, and biopsy. MDCT was performed 24 after treatment and repeated at 1 month, 3 months, and then every 6 months. Local efficacy was defined according to RECIST criteria. Technical success was always achieved. Local results at 1-month, 3- to 6-month, and 6- to 12-month follow-up were 62%, 37%, and 16%, respectively, for stable disease and 35%, 56%, and 51%, respectively, for partial response. Complete response (no evidence of lesion) has been observed only at late follow-up (three lesions; 7%). To date, 20 of 53 patients have had at least 1 year of follow-up, with an overall survival rate of 96%. Hepatic progressive disease (i.e., new nodules) was observed in 14 of 20 patients due to underlying liver disease. Minor complications were observed in four patients. A major complication occurred in one patient, who died unexpectedly 24 h after TAE due to pulmonary embolism of necrotic pathologic tissue and passage of particles through a disrupted hepatic vein. Local results as well as 1-year clinical outcome after TAE with Embozene microspheres are veryly encouraging, however, further studies, a larger patient population, and a longer follow-up are mandatory to assess the real clinical impact.     

自发性肝癌破裂出血的急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的评价自发性肝癌破裂出血急诊动脉导管栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析1997年9月-2005年9月的16例自发性肝癌破裂出血急诊TAE治疗过程。16例患者中6例伴有低血容量性休克。结果16例患者急诊TAE治疗均止血成功,成功率100%。从肿瘤破裂出血引起失血性休克或发现血性腹水到TAE治疗结束时间为1.5～5h,平均3.6h,其中3例为1.5h。TAE止血治疗后每例患者进行了2～6次动脉导管化疗栓塞(TACE),平均3.7次,结合CT导引肿瘤内无水乙醇注射(CT-PEI)5～9次/例,平均6.8次/例;3例未再进行介入及外科治疗;1例TAE术后3d进行了肝移植手术。平均生存时间为14.3个月。结论急诊栓塞是治疗自发性肝癌破裂出血安全有效的手段。在TAE止血后对肿瘤进行TACE联合CT-PEI治疗取得了良好的效果。     

动脉介入栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血

目的分析原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血经动脉介入栓塞(TAE或TACE)治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析安徽省立医院2008年8月-2011年11月的11例采用急症介入栓塞治疗的原发性肝癌破裂出血患者的临床资料。结果 11例患者均得以成功止血,术后30 d生存10例(90.9%),术后3个月生存6例(54.5%),术后1年生存3例(27.2%)。结论 TAE(TACE)是治疗肝癌破裂出血的有效方法,不仅能达到立即止血,提高患者生存率的目的 ,还能为后续进一步治疗创造条件。     

Preoperative Direct Puncture Embolization of Advanced Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in Combination with Transarterial Embolization: An Analysis of 22 Consecutive Patients

Objective

This study was designed to evaluate the clinical application of preoperative auxiliary embolization for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) by direct puncture embolization (DPE) of the tumor in combination with transarterial embolization (TAE).

Methods

The study included 22 patients. An 18-gauge needle was used to puncture directly into the tumor, and 20–25 % N-butyl cyanoacrylate was injected under the guidance of fluoroscopy after confirming the placement of the needle into the JNA and no leaking into the surrounding tissue. Tumors were obstructed later via TAE.

Results

The supplying arteries of JNA were from branches of the internal carotid and external carotid arteries. Control angiography showed the obliteration of contrast stain in the entire tumor mass and the distal supplying arteries disappeared after DPE in combination with TAE. Surgical resection was performed within 4 days after embolization and none of the patients required blood transfusion.

Conclusions

The use of DPE in combination with TAE was a safe, feasible, and efficacious method. It can devascularize effectively the JNAs and reduce intraoperative bleeding when JNAs are extirpated.     

联合微球和碘化油化疗栓塞治疗巨块型肝细胞癌的疗效评价

目的 探讨经导管微球加碘化油化疗栓塞治疗巨块型肝细胞癌(HCC)的临床疗效.方法 对156例确诊的巨块型HCC患者,按随机数字表法分成M、L、M+L3组,每组52例.M组选用微球进行栓塞至肿瘤血管血流基本截断.L组单纯选用超液态碘化油栓塞.M+L组先用总量1/3～1/2的碘化油栓塞,然后选用微球栓塞至肿瘤血管不显影.对比3组患者对栓塞的反应、肝功能和血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)变化、有效率(病灶完全消失+病灶缩小的比例)、获益率(病灶完全消失+病灶缩小+病灶稳定的比例)、180 d及360 d生存率以及是否有栓塞并发症等,以探讨疗效.计数资料采用χ2检验,计量资料采用方差分析.结果 M组总有效率为38.5%(20/52),获益率为73.1%(38/52),180 d及360 d生存率分别为88.5%(46/52)、82.3%(43/52);L组总有效率为42.3%(22/52),获益率为76.9%(40/52),180 d及360 d生存率分别为86.5%(45/52)、75.0%(39/52);M+L组总有效率为55.8%(29/52),获益率为88.5%(46/52),180 d及360 d生存率分别为94.2%(49/52)、86.5%(45/52).采用χ2检验比较,M+L组与M组、L组的有效率及获益率差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为6.27、6.16,P值均＜0.05).同时,术后M组、L组与M+L组的发热发生率分别为63.4%(33/52)、86.5%(45/52)、69.2%(36/52)、恶心呕吐发生率分别为67.3%(35/52)、84.6%(44/52)、76.9%(40/52)、肝区疼痛发生率分别为59.6%(31/52)、86.5%(45/52)、73.1%(38/52),采用χ2检验比较差异也有统计学意义(χ2值分别为6.55、6.22、6.90,P值均＜0.05).结论 微球+碘化油联合栓塞治疗原发性巨块型HCC较单独使用碘化油或微球栓塞更有效,且不良反应发生率低.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect with microspheres embolization for giant hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods A prospective study was performed for 156 HCC patients needed for TACE, then randomly signed them into group M (embolized by microspheres alone), group L (embolized by lipiodol alone) and group M + L (embolized by microspheres combined with lipiodol). TACE of group M was performed by 300-700 μm microspheres. Group L selected lipiodol alone to embolize. While group M + L were embolized by about 1/3-1/2 lipiodol of total embolized volume and then microspheres feeding individual tumor vessels. Stoped the procedure when caused terminal vessel blockade. Before and after therapy, patients'liver function, serum α-fetoprotein level (AFP), responses of tumor, complications related to embolization and survive rates of 180 days and 360 days were analyzed among three groups.Enumeration data such as survive rates and positive response were compared by χ2 test, while measurement data were analyzed by one-way classification. Results The positive response (CR + PR) of group M was 38.5% (20/52)and (CR + PR + SD)73. 1% (38/52). Survive rates of 180 days and 360 days were 88. 5% (46/52) and 82. 3% (43/52). While those of group L were 42. 3% (22/52) ,76.9% (40/52),86.5%(45/52), 75.0% (39/52) and group M + L were 55. 8 % (29/52), 88.5 % (46/52), 94. 2% (49/52),86. 5％ (45/52). Significant difference of survival rates and total effective between group M + L and M,M + L and L was found(χ2 = 6. 27,6. 16, P ＜ 0. 05). At the same time adverse responses of incidence and persis time such as febricity, nausea and vomit, hepatic pain were more lower in group M + L and group M.Three groups febricity rate were 63.4% (33/52), 86. 5% (45/52) and 69. 2% (36/52), nausea and vomit were 67.3 % (35/52) ,84. 6% (44/52) and 76. 9% (40/52), hepatic pain were 59. 6% (31/52), 86. 5 %(45/52), 73. 1% (38/52) (χ2 = 6.55, 6. 22, 6. 90, P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Embolization with microspheres can get longer and more effective treatment. TACE with microspheres and lipiodol for embolizing HCC was more effective than with Microspheres or lipiodol alone.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞及注射无水乙醇、~(32)P-玻璃微球治疗原发性肝癌的临床研究

目的评价肝动脉化疗栓塞（ＴＡＥ）结合Ｂ超引导下注射无水乙醇（ＰＥＩ）、３２Ｐ玻璃微球（３２ＰＧＭＳ）治疗原发性肝癌的临床价值。方法８３例中、晚期肝癌分为２组，４３例综合应用ＴＡＥ＋ＰＥＩ＋３２ＰＧＭＳ治疗，４０例单纯应用ＴＡＥ治疗。结果综合治疗组手术切除１４例（３３％），有９例肿瘤组织完全坏死，５例有残存的肿瘤细胞，单纯ＴＡＥ组手术切除４例（１０％），肿块及周边有肿瘤细胞，血清ＡＦＰ下降率及肿块缩小率两组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），１、２、３年生存率综合治疗组分别为８４％，７２％，６７％，而ＴＡＥ组分别为５３％，１０％，０％。结论ＴＡＥ＋ＰＥＩ＋３２ＰＧＭＳ的综合应用，是提高中、晚期原发性肝癌患者存活率的有效方法。     

Transcatheter arterial embolization for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed in 20 patients with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bleeding was improved in all patients, but only four survived for over three months. Rerupture occurred in seven patients (35%) and the prognosis was extremely poor. TAE should be considered the treatment of choice for ruptured HCC; however, long-term survival was limited to those patients without portal extension of HCC. The severity of rupture also influenced the prognosis.     

Effective segmental chemoembolization of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the portal vein

Purpose: Evaluate therapeutic results of transcatheter segmental hepatic artery chemo-oily-embolization (segmental TAE) against advanced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) accompanied by portal tumor thrombus (PTT). Methods: Segmental TAE was performed in nine patients with hepatic cirrhosis and advanced HCCs accompanied by PTT. Four subsegmental portal branches were obstructed by PTT in three patients, and two were obstructed in the remaining six patients. TAE was performed into the targeted segmental hepatic artery followed by embolization with gelatin sponge particles. Results: In one patient undergoing subsequent resection, a marked anticancer effect on the PTT was demonstrated histologically. In the eight other patients who did not undergo subsequent resection, the cumulative survival rates were 67% at 6 months, 44% at 1 year, and 22% at 2 years. No serious complications were noted. Conclusions: This therapeutic approach is thought to be a useful treatment for HCC with PTT, because it reinforces anticancer effects and can be performed more safely than conventional transcatheter arterial embolization.