Effects of cadmium hyperaccumulation on the concentrations of four trace elements in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lonicera japonica</Emphasis> Thunb.

Hyperaccumulators are important in the phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. In this study, Cd accumulation and the interactions between Cd and four other trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in Lonicera japonica Thunb. were investigated. As a result of exposure to soil containing 50 mg kg⁻¹ Cd, stem and shoot Cd concentrations reached 344.49 ± 0.71 and 286.12 ± 9.38 μg g⁻¹ DW respectively, without showing symptoms of visible damage to the plants. This suggests that L. japonica has a strong tolerance to Cd. It is proposed that trace metal elements are involved in the Cd-detoxification mechanisms shown by hyperaccumulators. There is a synergistic interaction in accumulation and translocation between Cd and Fe and a significantly negative correlation between Cd and Cu or Zn concentrations in L. japonica plant tissues. The imbalanced trace element concentrations influences detoxification processes to Cd, therefore, L. japonica could be considered as a new Cd-hyperaccumulator model to investigate the metal tolerance strategies of plants.     

Trace element concentration and its risk assessment in common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia Bordin, 1904) from southern basin of Caspian Sea

This study evaluated the extent of metal levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in edible muscles of common kilka at Babolsar and Amirabad coastal regions from the southern basin of Caspian Sea. These values were compared with the WHO and the UNFAO safety standards regarding the amount of the abovementioned heavy metals in fish tissues (mg/kg w.w.). Results showed that Zn concentrations were highest among the trace elements examined, while concentrations of Hg were generally the lowest in the analyzed tissues. In the other hand, the accumulation of these elements was not significantly different between coastal regions (p?>?0.05). While accumulation of Cu and Mn at edible muscles of Clupeonella cultriventris were significant difference between two coastal regions (p??Cu?>?Cr?>?Cd?>?Ni?>?Mn?>?Pb?>?Hg. Furthermore, Pearson correlation revealed that Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg in edible muscles of C. cultriventris were not significantly correlated in length (R^2?<^?0.50; p?>?0.05), but it was significantly correlated in weight (p?C. cultriventris consumption.     

Assessing the ecotoxicological effects of long-term contaminated mine soils on plants and earthworms: relevance of soil (total and available) and body concentrations

The interactions and relevance of the soil (total and available) concentrations, accumulation, and acute toxicity of several essential and non-essential trace elements were investigated to determine their importance in environmental soil assessment. Three plant species (T. aestivum, R. sativum, and V. sativa) and E. fetida were simultaneously exposed for 21 days to long-term contaminated soils collected from the surroundings of an abandoned pyrite mine. The soils presented different levels of As and metals, mainly Zn and Cu, and were tested at different soil concentrations [12.5, 25, 50, and 100 % of contaminated soil/soil (w/w)] to increase the range of total and available soil concentrations necessary for the study. The total concentrations in the soils (of both As and metals) were better predictors of earthworm uptake than were the available concentrations. In plants, the accumulation of metals was related to the available concentrations of Zn and Cu, which could indicate that plants and earthworms accumulate elements from different pools of soil contaminants. Moreover, Zn and Cu, which are essential elements, showed controlled uptake at low concentrations. The external metal concentrations predicted earthworm mortality, whereas in plants, the effects on growth were correlated to the As and metal contents in the plants. In general, the bioaccumulation factors were lower at higher exposure levels, which implies the existence of auto-regulation in the uptake of both essential and non-essential elements by plants and earthworms.     

Use of Cathorops spixii as bioindicator of pollution of trace metals in the Santos Bay, Brazil

In the present study Cathorops spixii, was evaluated as a bioindicator fish for trace metal pollution. Concentrations of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis in liver. Mercury (Hg) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) were analyzed by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in muscles and livers. High concentrations of Co, Fe, Se and Zn were observed in C. spixii from Santos Bay in comparison to fish collected in a non-polluted site in the same Brazilian coast. These trace metal concentrations were out of the permissible levels for human consumption. Although, Hg and MeHg levels were low, the C. spixii could still be used as an effective bioindicator to observe trace metal behaviors in the environment in function of the bioaccumulation process observed mainly by other analyzed trace metals. Thus, the use of this species is strongly recommended to monitor the effects and behavior of trace metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems in Brazil due to its bioaccumulation function.     

Antioxidant responses and metal accumulation in tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under Zn,Cd and Zn + Cd exposures

We investigated the effects of Zn, Cd and a Zn + Cd mixture on antioxidant parameters and metal accumulation in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were exposed to 0.5 and 5.0 mg l^?1 Zn, 0.1 and 1.0 mg l^?1 Cd, and 0.5 mg l^?1 Zn + 0.1 mg l^?1 Cd and 5.0 mg l^?1 Zn + 1.0 mg l^?1 Cd mixtures for 7 and 28 days to determine Zn and Cd accumulation, reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in gill and liver. There was increasing accumulation of the metals in the tissues with increasing concentrations of metals in the exposure medium and with increasing duration of exposure (except at the lower concentration of Zn). Concentration of metals in the tissues of fish exposed to the Zn + Cd combination were significantly lower than in fish exposed to the single metal. The highest metal accumulation was observed in the liver. Exposure to the heavy metals affected the antioxidant parameters in the tissues, with both GSH level and G6PD activity in the gill and liver being increased under Zn, Cd and Zn + Cd exposures, especially in their higher concentrations. These increases in the antioxidant responses were higher with the Cd alone, and in combination with Zn, than with Zn alone. Furthermore, GSH level and G6PD activity increased with increasing exposure period only for Cd alone, and in Cd combination with Zn. The results indicate that O. niloticus resisted oxidative stress induced by heavy metal exposure by antioxidant mechanisms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on selected trace elements and heavy metals in some popular medicinal plants from Sudan

This study reports on the determination of 11 elements in 33 medicinal plants from Sudan and discusses a possible correlation between their curative effects and their trace elements content. Further, a possible accumulation of adverse heavy metals could be excluded. A total of 11 elements (cadmium, lead, mercury, tin, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, chromium, selenium and magnesium) were determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ICP-sector field-mass spectrometry (ICP-sf-MS) and hydride generation (HG)-ICP-OES techniques. The results of the present study showed no heavy metal accumulation in any of the plants. Cd, Pb, Hg and Sn were found only in trace concentrations significantly below the global limits. This indicates the possibility of a safe use of these medicinal plants. Elevated chromium concentrations were found in those phytopharmaca which are employed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Sudanese traditional medicine. Cr was detected in the same range as in other plants reported to be applied for diabetes mellitus treatment. Aside from these medicinal plants, some others were identified which could be potential sources for providing reasonable amounts of Cr, Zn, Mn, Se and Mg for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, smooth muscle relaxation and/or against gastro-intestinal cramps.     

Available intracellular Zn as a potential indicator of heavy metal exposure in rainbow trout hepatocytes

The measurement of available Zn in rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to a selection of heavy metals was evaluated as a potential end point for assessing heavy metal exposure. Induction of metallothionein, a well-known biomarker for heavy metal exposure, was also evaluated concurrently with available Zn measurements. Rainbow trout hepatocytes were exposed to several concentrations of copper, cadmium, mercury, silver, arsenite, and zinc salts for 48 h at 15°C. Hepatocytes were also exposed to industrial effluent from a metallurgy plant. After the exposure period, hepatocytes were analyzed for metallothionein (MT) and available Zn levels. The results showed that, with divalent metals, available Zn increased with MT levels; there was a significant correlation (R = 0,600; p = 0.0006) between the two. Moreover, the industrial effluent proved to be an inducer of available Zn in hepatocytes, as well as of MT. However, cells exposed to Ag responded with higher levels of available Zn before showing a corresponding MT induction in cells. Inversely, exposure to arsenite led to increased MT without any change in available Zn levels. The value for available Zn tended to be somewhat overestimated in the presence of metals such as Hg, and to a lesser extent Cd. The evaluation of available Zn, in addition to MT, appears to be a valid way of assessing exposure to mono- and divalent metals, though with arsenite, the MT induction response was higher than that of available Zn. The specificity of the available Zn biomarker for heavy metal exposure should be investigated more thoroughly for comparison with the MT biomarker. The measurement of available Zn holds promise as a new biomarker of heavy metal exposure. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The neurotoxic effects of heavy metal exposure on GABAergic nervous system in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

The number of cell body or synapse made by Caenorhabditis elegans GABAergic neurons is constant during development. The neurotoxic effects of metal (Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Mn) exposure on GABAergic motor neurons were investigated in C. elegans. Exposure to examined metals could not alter the position of GABA neurons, whereas exposure to high concentrations (75 μM and 200 μM) of metals caused noticeable axonal degeneration and neuronal loss in nerve cords, suggesting neurodegeneration will be induced by metal exposure to different degrees. In addition, exposure to Pb, Hg, Cu, and Cd at the low concentration (2.5 μM) could also induce obviously neuronal loss. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations (75 μM and/or 200 μM) of most of examined metals significantly reduced the relative size and fluorescent intensities of AVL, RMEs, and RIS neurons. Therefore, the neurodegeneration and abnormal structures may be formed in GABAergic motor neurons after metal exposure, and the endpoint of neuronal loss will be useful for the neurotoxicity assessment from trace metal exposure.     

市售灵芝孢子粉7种重金属元素含量测定及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 测定市售灵芝孢子粉中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬、镍7种重金属元素的残留量并评估其膳食暴露的健康风险。方法 收集市售灵芝孢子粉(包含中药饮片、保健食品、食品和农产品等不同产品类型)40批次,对7种重金属元素进行检测,采用点评估方法对灵芝孢子粉中7种重金属元素的膳食暴露量进行评估。结果 40批灵芝孢子粉中7种重金属元素检出率均为100%,有8批样品重金属元素超出拟定的限度。重金属元素膳食暴露评估显示消费者食用灵芝孢子粉摄入铬的量存在一定的膳食暴露健康风险。结论 灵芝孢子粉中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、镍6种重金属元素膳食暴露低于暂定可耐受摄入量,对人体健康产生危害的风险可接受;铬元素膳食暴露的最大值和第95百分位数(P95)值超过暂定可耐受摄入量,存在一定的健康风险。     

Effect of type of muscle and Cu supplementation on trace element concentrations in cattle meat

Considering that meat is an important source of metals exposure to humans it is important to explore trace element concentrations in different types of muscles. Because of the demonstrated effect of Cu-supplementation on mineral status, the influence of Cu-supplementation was also evaluated. Samples of four different muscles (diaphragm, cardiac, semitendinous and pectoral, n = 120) from beef calves receiving typical commercial diets Cu-supplemented (15 mg Cu₂SO₄/kg DM) and non-supplemented were taken and acid digested. The levels of non-essential (As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn) and essential (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) elements were analyzed by ICP-MS. The statistical analyzes included two way Anova, post hoc DHS Tukey and Spearman correlations. The most active and less fat containing muscles showed in general the highest essential and the lowest non-essential trace element accumulation. As and Hg muscular residues are indicative of animal exposure, however, in situations of an adequate mineral status, essential trace element concentrations in muscle are irrespective of the mineral status of the animal and could be possibly related to their own particular muscular metabolism. Cu-supplementation significantly reduced As but caused a significant decrease of Se, which could have significance for the animal’s health.     

石斛中微量元素的含量测定及其安全性评价

目的：建立测定石斛中微量元素含量的方法,从微量元素层面分析铁皮石斛、金钗石斛、流苏石斛、鼓槌石斛、球花石斛、迭鞘石斛的安全性,并探讨微量元素与石斛抗白内障、降血糖作用的关系。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定各石斛样品中6种必需微量元素镁、铁、锌、锰、铬、硒和5种重金属元素铜、砷、铅、汞、镉的含量,并对微量元素进行安全性评价和药效关系探讨。结果：所测样品中6种必需微量元素含量丰富,5种重金属元素中铅、镉、汞均有不同程度的超标现象。结论：《中国药典》中规定的12g·d-1石斛服用量所包含的微量元素符合美国食品和药物管理局每日微量元素推荐摄入量,不会引起必需微量元素中毒症。石斛中有害重金属含量不容乐观,建议加强中药的无公害种植。石斛中丰富的镁、锌、铁、锰、硒、铬微量元素可能与其抗白内障、降血糖作用有关。     

Seasonal changes of metal accumulation and distribution in common club rush (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Schoenoplectus lacustris</Emphasis>) and common reed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis>)

In this study, two aquatic macrophytes Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus lacustris and corresponding sediment samples were collected every three months from Lake Sapanca (Turkey) and analysed for their heavy-metal contents (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cd). Accumulation factor ratios of plant parts were calculated for all metals, and the two species were compared in terms of accumulation properties. The highest concentrations were measured in the root systems while relatively low concentrations were found in the rhizome and above-ground parts of the plants. The accumulation ratios of root for P. australis were usually higher than the ratios for S. lacustris. While the accumulation ratios of root were higher in winter than in the other seasons for P. australis, for S. lacustris the highest accumulation ratios were found in the autumn. Both plant species were found to be root accumulators of Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cd.     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation and antioxidative responses in Cardaminopsis arenosa and Plantago lanceolata leaves from metalliferous and non-metalliferous sites: a field study

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, iron and manganese) in soil, their bioavailability and bioaccumulation in plants leaves. This study also examined their influences on the antioxidant response of the plants Cardaminopsis arenosa and Plantago lanceolata grown in metal-contaminated and non-contaminated soils. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and the levels of antioxidants such as glutathione, proline and non-protein thiols were measured. Concentrations of the examined metals were several to thousands of times lower in the potentially bioavailable fraction than in the acid-extracted fraction of the soil. Similar mode of antioxidant responses in plant leaves of metalliferous populations indicates the tolerance of plants towards heavy metals. However POD and GSHt had a particularly strong role in defense reactions, as their increase was the most common reaction to heavy metal contamination.The levels of Zn, Cd and Pb in the leaves of C. arenosa better reflected metal concentrations in the metalliferous and non-metalliferous soil than the determined metal concentrations in P. lanceolata. Bioaccumulated Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations were above or in the ranges mentioned as toxic for plant tissues and therefore the studied plants have potential for use in phytostabilization.     

Behavioural responses of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator (Montagu) to trace metals contamination

We investigated behavioural responses (locomotor activity and substrate selection) of the amphipod Talitrus saltator after laboratory exposure to different concentrations of Hg, Cu and Cd. Locomotor activity, measured with a microwave radar device, was assessed in animals exposed to contaminated sand and in sandhoppers previously kept for 48 h in contaminated seawater and tested in clean sand. The contents of Hg, Cu and Cd in T. saltator tissues were measured at the end of pre-exposure to contaminated seawater and after 7 days of exposure to contaminated sand. Substrate selection tests were carried out in a binary choice arena. Tests in contaminated sand showed that sandhopper locomotor activity varied in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of Cu and Hg (at lower Hg concentration they were more active during daytime) but did not show significant changes in Cd-exposed animals except for disappearance of the typical circadian activity pattern. Pre-exposure to trace metals in seawater induced a significant decrease of movements for all metals, although the effects varied according to the toxicity of the metal. Trace metals analyses showed that tissue concentrations of Hg, Cu and Cd were related to their concentrations in the test medium. Substrate selection tests showed avoidance of contaminated sand only when sandhoppers were tested in the presence of both concentrations of Hg and at the higher concentration of Cu. In conclusion, locomotor activity and avoidance behaviour of T. saltator could be used as behavioural biomarkers of trace metals exposure.     

A field study conducted at Kidston Gold Mine,to evaluate the impact of arsenic and zinc from mine tailing to grazing cattle

The grazing trial at Kidston Gold Mine, North Queensland, was aimed specifically to assess the uptake of metals from the tailing and the potential for unacceptable contamination of saleable meat. Further aims included estimating metal dose rates and identifying potential exposure pathways including plant uptake of heavy metals, mine tailings adhered to plants and direct ingestion of mine tailing. It was found that of the 11 metals analysed (As, Zn, Co, Cd, Cr, Sn, Pb, Sb, Hg, Se and Ni) in the animal's liver, muscle and blood during the 8-month trial period, only accumulation of arsenic and zinc occurred. A risk assessment including these two metals was conducted to determine the potential for chronic metal toxicity and long-term contamination, using the estimates of metal dose rate. It was concluded that no toxicity or long-term contamination in cattle was likely at this site. Management procedures were therefore not required at this site; however, the results highlight percent ground cover and standing dry matter (DM) as important factors in decreasing metal exposure from direct ingestion of tailings and dust adhered to plants.     

Biochemical responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lemna minor</Emphasis> experimentally exposed to cadmium and zinc

The effects of 5 μM cadmium (Cd), a non-essential toxic element and 25 and 50 μM zinc (Zn), an essential micronutrient, were investigated in aquatic plant Lemna minor L. after 4 and 7 days of exposure to each metal alone or to their combinations. Both metals showed tendency to accumulate with time, but when present in combination, they reduced uptake of each other. Cd treatment increased the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation indicating appearance of oxidative stress. However, Zn supplementation in either concentration reduced values of both parameters, while exposure to Zn alone resulted in elevated level of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation but only on the 7th day. Enhanced DNA damage, which was found on the 4th day in plants treated with Cd alone or in combination with Zn, was reduced on the 7th day in combined treatments. Higher catalase activity obtained in all treated plants on the 4th day of experiment was reduced in Zn-treated plants, but remained high in plants exposed to Cd alone or in combination with Zn after 7 days. Cd exposure resulted in higher peroxidase activity, while Zn addition prominently reduced peroxidase activity in the plants subjected to Cd stress. In conclusion, Cd induced more pronounced oxidative stress and DNA damage than Zn in applied concentrations. Combined treatments showed lower values of oxidative stress parameters—lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and peroxidase activity as well as lower DNA damage, which indicates alleviating effect of Zn on oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants.     

Metal distributions in Tigriopus brevicornis (Crustacea,Copepoda) exposed to copper,zinc, nickel,cadmium, silver,and mercury,and implication for subsequent transfer in the food web

The marine copepod Tigriopus brevicornis is a benthic microcrustacean inhabiting splashed rock pools in the intertidal zone. The genus has a worldwide distribution, and some species play an important role as a link in trophic webs. It is well established that many crustaceans are able to survive in contaminated environments by storing metallic pollutants in detoxified form, and thus, they may represent a source of contaminants for their predators. The present study was designed to determine the distribution of bioaccumulated metals, both essential and nonessential, with a view to assessing their availability to the next trophic level. Groups of 1000–1500 adult copepods were exposed for 1–14 days to Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn in water. Three concentrations, chosen to be realistic in comparison with those encountered in polluted environments, were tested for each metal. Copepods were homogenized and metals were analyzed in supernatants (i.e., metals stored in soluble form in soft tissues or easily remobilized from the exoskeleton) and pellets (including metal‐rich detoxificatory granules or with cellular debris) recovered after centrifugation. Another experiment, consisting of desorption tests, was designed to evaluate the fraction of metals loosely bound onto the exoskeleton. The bioaccumulation ability is highly variable, as shown by the ratios between the concentrations reached in T. brevicornis experimentally exposed to different metals (at higher dose and at day 14) and those in controls (7, 12, 18, 26, 53, and 99, respectively, for Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Ag, and Hg). Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations in copepods increased linearly with time over the whole range of exposure concentrations, whereas a plateau body metal concentration was reached with time particularly at the highest exposure concentrations for Cd, Ag, and Hg. Metals bound onto the exoskeleton were remobilized to different extents, the percentages of desorption being 11, 14, 16, 19, 31, and 32, respectively, for Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Ag, and Hg. Metals mainly present in the supernatant (Cd, Ni, Zn) are probably more able to be transferred along a food chain than those which were equally distributed between soluble and insoluble fractions (Ag, Cu, and Hg). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 350–360, 2010.     

Comparison of trace metal concentrations in malign and benign human prostate

Imbalance in the composition of trace metals, recognized to be essential to normal human homeostasis, besides the accumulation of potentially toxic or nonessential trace metals, may cause disease. Thus, there is a need for their analysis in cancerous and noncancerous human tissues to examine the relationship between cancer and these elements. Trace metal concentrations including Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Ca in both malign and benign prostate samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The tissues were digested by using microwave energy. In contrast to the literature data for zinc, the concentrations of calcium and zinc in the malign human prostate were found to be significantly higher than those in the benign human prostate (p < 0.05 for both metals). Similarly, the concentrations of iron, nickel, and magnesium in the malign prostate were also found to be higher than those in the benign prostate (p 相似文献