酒黄芩炮制方法的研究

目的：探讨不同炮制方法对酒黄芩中黄芩苷含量的影响，优化酒黄芩微波炮制的工艺条件。方法：采用紫外分光光度法检测黄芩苷含量，并通过正交试验对酒炙黄芩的微波热力、加水量、微波时间三因素进行微波炮制黄芩的工艺考察。结果：可用微波法炮制酒黄芩，微波法炮制黄芩的工艺为微波热力40％，微波时间2．5min，加水量为20％。结论：微波法炮制的酒黄芩中黄芩苷含量高于炒黄芩，正交设计中的微波时间对工艺影响显著，其次是微波热力，第三是加水量。     

正交试验法优选葛根提取工艺

目的：研究葛根最佳提取工艺。方法：采用HPLC法,以葛根素为检验指标,用正交试验法考察提取因素对其含量的影响,从中优选出葛根最佳提取工艺。结果：葛根最佳提取工艺为70％乙醇回流提取三次,每次加醇7倍量、提取时间为1．5小时。结论：上述试验结果可为葛根提取工艺的确定提供试验依据。     

石榴皮总黄酮的微波提取工艺及含量测定研究

目的：研究石榴皮中总黄酮的微波提取最佳工艺条件并测定其含量。方法：采用微波提取法提取石榴皮中总黄酮,通过单因素试验,考察了微波功率、乙醇体积分数、料液比、微波提取时间4个因素对总黄酮提取的影响,通过正交试验进一步优化提取工艺,运用硝酸铝显色法测定总黄酮含量。结果：微波提取法提取石榴皮中总黄酮的最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数60%,料液比为1∶25,微波提取时间为120 s;微波功率对总黄酮提取无显著影响,其余3个因素对总黄酮提取的影响依次为乙醇体积分数＞料液比＞微波提取时间;总黄酮平均含量为6.70%。结论：采用微波提取法提取石榴皮中的总黄酮,具有快速、高效、节能、不破坏有效成分等特点,具有良好的应用前景。     

均匀设计法优选葛根总黄酮提取工艺

目的:筛选超声法提取葛根总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。方法:采用均匀设计法考察乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、提取时间、提取温度、超声提取次数等5个因素对葛根总黄酮提取量的影响;利用紫外-可见分光光度法测定葛根总黄酮的含量;以提取率和提取物中葛根总黄酮含量为指标优选工艺。结果:最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度75%,乙醇用量20mL.g-1,提取时间40min,提取温度68℃,超声提取5次。结论:该提取工艺合理、可行,可为工业化生产提供理论依据。     

微波法与传统法煎煮葛根芩连汤有效成分含量的比较

目的：研究微波法与传统法煎煮中药效果。方法：用微波法与传统法分别制取供试汤剂，用紫外分光光度法测定葛根芩连汤中有效成分盐酸小檗碱、总黄酮含量，以此含量及总固体量为考察指标，比较两种方法煎煮中药效果。结果：微波法与传统法煎煮效果相同（P〉0．05），但微波法与传统法相比有高效、节能、省时的优势。结论：微波煎煮法可代替传统煎煮法煎煮中药。     

炮制焦山楂新工艺参数优选

目的：采用正交试验法对焦山楂的炮制工艺进行优选。方法：选择微波功率、加热时间、颗粒大小3个因素,每个因素各取3个水平,按L9（3^4）正交表安排试验。结果：以微波功率80％,加热时间4min,小粒为最佳工艺。结论：微波法炮制焦山楂的工艺是可行的。     

响应面法优化葛根蛋白的提取工艺

目的:以单因素实验和响应面法优选葛根总蛋白的提取工艺.方法:采用Tris-HCl溶液提取葛根总蛋白;Folin-酚法测定提取液中的蛋白质含量;凯氏定氮法测定葛根粉中蛋白质含量及提取率.以葛根蛋白提取率为指标,以提取液的pH、提取温度、液料比、Tris-HCl浓度、提取时间为因素,通过单因素实验确定因素水平,利用响应面法,通过三因素(提取液pH、提取温度、液料比)三水平实验设计,对葛根蛋白的提取条件进行优化,最终优化出葛根药材蛋白质的最佳提取条件.结果:葛根蛋白提取的最优条件为:提取时间60 min,Tris-HCl浓度为50 mmol·L-1,pH 8.6,料液温度为48℃,液料比为22:1(mL·g-1),蛋白提取率为35.33%.结论:该优化工艺收率高,具有较好的稳定性和工艺可行性.     

正交试验设计法在佛手多糖提取工艺研究中的应用

目的运用正交试验设计法使佛手多糖提取工艺规范化、科学化。方法以佛手多糖含量为指标,提取次数、提取时间、微波功率、料液比为因素,通过单因素试验确定因素水平,利用正交试验设计对微波法提取佛手多糖的T艺进行优化研究。结果微波法提取佛手多糖的最佳工艺条件为,提取时间：8min,微波提取功率：500W,料液比：1：20。结论正交试验设计可以为规范化的中药提取工艺研究提供科学依据。     

超声辅助提取葛根多糖工艺研究

目的 优化超声提取葛根多糖的工艺. 方法 以葛根多糖含量为考察指标,利用响应面法确定葛根多糖的最佳超声提取条件. 结果 超声提取的最佳工艺为:时间41 min,温度85 ℃,液料比16 mL•g^-1;多糖提取率为13.97%. 结论 以超声法从葛根中提取多糖的工艺,与传统工艺比较超声法省时、节能、提取率高.     

Box-Behnken响应面法优化微波提取刺五加多糖工艺

摘 要 目的： 采用微波技术提取刺五加多糖,通过Box Behnken响应面分析法优化提取刺五加多糖工艺。方法: 通过对提取工艺参数优化：料液比(X¹)、微波功率(X²)和微波处理时间(X³)为考察对象,以提取率(Y)为评价指标,利用Box-Behnken效应面法优化微波提取刺五加多糖工艺。结果: 刺五加多糖微波提取的最佳工艺参数为：微波提取时间22.5 min,微波功率 450 W,料液比1∶25（g·ml^-1）,实测值与回归模型预测值的相对误差为5.68%。结论: 微波提取刺五加多糖工艺采用Box Behnken效应面法优化是简单、可行的。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.