新生儿126例脐静脉插管末端细菌培养的临床分析

目的通过分析脐静脉插管(UVC)末端细菌培养的结果,探讨UVC与新生儿感染之间的关系。方法对126例实行UVC的新生儿按照不同的治疗护理方式分类,并将UVC末端培养和血培养结果进行比较。结果17例新生儿有感染症状,血培养、UVC末端培养及两者共同阳性例数分别为24、19和15例,早产儿的培养阳性率明显高于足月儿。UVC末端培养阳性率与年龄(t=2.344,P=0.021)、UVC置留时间(t=2.462,P=0.015)、脐部纱布覆盖(t=2.460,P=0.015)有关,与经UVC的输液成分和是否通过UVC抽血对培养的阳性率无明显影响。结论在对患儿实施脐静脉插管的过程中,特别是对于早产儿,缩短插管的时间、暴露脐部以及操作时严格消毒都有利于减少感染的发生。     

新生儿经脐静脉中心静脉置管相关感染的临床研究

目的：了解新生儿经脐静脉中心静脉置管（UVC）相关性感染的发生率以及感染病原菌。方法：对112名出生体重大于1 500 g、出生24 h内行UVC的新生儿,于置管后即时做血培养及置管后24 h和1周的脐根部皮肤拭子细菌培养。置管相关性感染定义为“脐轮持续红肿超过24 h或置管后明显腹胀,或无原因精神反应差,或血培养阳性”。结果：置管相关性感染率为8.9%。所有标本的细菌培养总阳性率为9.4%,置管后24 h和1周脐根部皮肤表面拭子细菌培养阳性率分别为7.1%和16.2%。革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌的所占比例分别为55.2%和44.8%,革兰阳性菌中以B族链球菌为主,革兰阴性菌中以肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠杆菌为主。结论：UVC与新生儿院内感染之间存在一定的关联,UVC相关感染病原菌中,革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌所占比例相似。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（8）：619-621］     

脐静脉置管在超低或极低出生体重儿的应用

目的探讨脐静脉置管在超低或极低出生体重儿的应用。方法对我科新生儿重症监护病房2006年1月至2011年5月进行脐静脉置管术的超低或极低出生体重儿置管术后的临床情况进行总结。结果 103例均成功置管于脐静脉,留置时间2～26天,平均11.9天;留置导管期间因插管过浅拔管6例,因腹胀拔管2例,因脐静脉走行部位腹壁出现红肿拔管1例,因脐部分泌物增多拔管2例,出现堵管2例;90例拔管后同时行导管末端培养和血培养,结果导管末端细菌培养阳性4例(4.4%),酵母样真菌阳性1例(1.1%)。结论脐静脉插管留置术可以在早产极(超)低出生体重儿出生后短期应用。     

新生儿血管内导管相关感染的临床分析

目的探讨新生儿经外周中心静脉置管（PICC）和脐静脉插管（UVC）致血管内导管相关感染（CRBSI）的发生率、危险因素及病原特点。方法 回顾性分析2008年收住我院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）施行PICC和（或）UVC患儿的临床资料。结果 施行PICC的50例新生儿中有9例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为6.2/1000血管内导管日（9/1455）,施行UVC的111例新生儿中有7例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为11.6/1000血管内导管日（7/601）。发生CRBSI的危险因素包括出生体重（OR=0.107）、胎龄（OR=0.320）和性别（OR=5.526）（P均〈0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示出生体重（OR=0.068,95%CI0.009～0.495）、性别（OR=9.665,95%CI1.976～47.263）是患儿发生CRBSI的独立相关危险因素（P均〈0.05）。在检出的病原体中,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,占54.5%,主要是多重耐药菌,表现为耐甲氧西林和β内酰胺酶阳性。结论 新生儿发生CRBSI的危险因素为出生体重、胎龄和男婴,致病菌大多为多重耐药菌。     

脐静脉置管在极低或低出生体重儿的应用

目的 探讨脐静脉置管在极低或低出生体重儿的应用.方法 对我科新生儿重症监护病房2011年6月至2013年1月进行脐静脉置管术的极低或低出生体重儿置管术后的临床情况进行总结.结果 63例患儿均成功置管,其中成功置管于下腔静脉41例(65.1％).留置时间4～21 d,平均12.9d.留置导管期间非计划拔管11例,其中置管于脐静脉非计划拔管8例,不同置管位置的非计划拔管发生率差异有统计学意义(x2=8.38,P＜0.01).本组均在生后36 h内插管,插管时间不同的患儿置管于下腔静脉成功率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.223,P＞0.1).置管期间5例发生疑似导管相关感染,感染率为6.2/1000血管内导管日,63例拔管后同时行导管末端培养和血培养,结果导管末端细菌培养阳性1例(1.6％),酵母样真菌阳性1例(1.6％),导管留置时间不同的患儿导管相关感染发生率的差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.075,P＞0.95).结论 脐静脉置管术可以在早产(极)低出生体重儿出生后早期应用.     

经脐静脉插管的临床应用

目的 探讨经脐静脉插管在脐带干结新生儿中应用的可行性.方法 自2008年3月至12月,在27例脐带干结新生儿中实施经脐静脉插管.插管日龄为3～11 d,平均为（4.5±1）d.结果 插管成功率为88.9%,留置时间为2～10 d,平均为（7±1.3）d,无血管内导管相关血流感染和血栓栓塞并发症.结论 在脐带干结的新生儿中,经脐静脉插管简便易行.     

足月儿与早产儿细菌性脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 探讨足月儿和早产儿细菌性脑膜炎的临床特征及转归特点。方法 回顾性分析102例新生儿细菌性脑膜炎患儿的临床资料,根据胎龄分为早产儿组（n=46）及足月儿组（n=56）,比较两组患儿临床表现、实验室结果、影像学结果及临床转归。结果 早产儿组临床表现主要为反应差和呼吸暂停/急促（P < 0.05）,足月儿组则以发热及抽搐多见（P < 0.05）。足月儿组脑脊液糖高于早产儿组（P < 0.05）,早产儿组C-反应蛋白、血培养阳性率及不良预后发生率高于足月儿组（P < 0.05）。两组外周血白细胞计数、脑脊液白细胞、脑脊液蛋白及脑脊液培养阳性率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 早产儿及足月儿细菌性脑膜炎临床表现有所不同,早产儿组不良预后发生率更高。     

谷氨酰胺在早产儿肠外营养中的应用研究

目的研究谷氨酰胺（Gln）对早产儿的生长发育、胃肠功能成熟及感染发生率的影响。方法将35例早产儿分为两组，Gln组给予经静脉添加Gln的肠外营养（PN），对照组常规PN，PN时间均大于2周。监测两组生长发育、喂养耐受情况、胃肠功能及感染发生率。结果Gln组生后4周时尿素氮（BUN）水平较对照组高（P=0．044），但仍在正常范围内。平均PN及平均住院时间Gln组均明显短于对照组（P=0．031；P=0．020）。血清胃动素水平Gln组生后2周较生后3天明显升高（P=0．037）；Gln组生后2周较生后3d胃电节律中节律过快的百分数明显增加（P=0．017）。Gln组发生感染的次数较对照组明显减少（P=0．001）。结论初步观察提示Gln有助于早产儿胃肠功能的成熟，减少院内感染的发生。     

新生儿脐炎与脐部畸形

脐炎为新生儿常见感染，多由于脐残端污染所致，且与脐部先天畸形关系密切。本文就二者关系加以讨论。临床资料本组新生儿脐部畸形共131例，男74例，女57例，就诊日龄2～32天，早产儿2例，母孕期经过良好。脐部畸形包括脐茸52例，脐窦46例，脐肠疾23例，脐尿管疾10例，123例（93．89％）有脐部感染或反复感梁史，其中10例形成腹壁脓肿，均有腹膜炎症状。产生并发症者35例次（28．46％），包括感染性黄疽3例，脐出血22例，泌尿系感染4例，剥脱性皮炎6例。本组1例并发核黄疽，术前即死亡，余130例均手术治疗，术后死亡1例，余均痊愈出院。讨论…     

新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院内感染903例临床分析

目的 研究新生儿重症监护室(NICU)早产儿医院内感染的发生情况及其相关危险因素.方法 对2006年8月至2010年10月于本院NICU住院的903例早产儿的住院资料进行回顾性分析,采用Logistic多因素回归分析医院内感染的危险因素,并对医院内感染的部位及病原进行分析.结果 903例早产儿中110例发生123次院内感染,发生率为12.2％,病死率2.7％;日医院感染率为7.3‰;医院内感染者平均感染发生时间为住院后(15.03±11.85)d.NICU早产儿医院内感染的危险因素包括胎龄≤32周、出生体重≤1500 g、无创机械通气、气管插管、留置脐静脉导管、留置外周放置中心静脉导管、肠外营养.感染部位以败血症占首位(45.5％),其次为下呼吸道感染及结膜炎.123例次医院内感染共获得70株培养阳性标本,病原菌以细菌为主,其中革兰阳性菌35株(50％),革兰阴性菌33株(46％).结论 NICU早产儿医院内感染的预防在于重视早产儿规范化管理、规范中心静脉导管、脐静脉导管等侵入性操作,减少气管插管机械通气.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.