上海地区2010年冬季甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒株变异分析

目的 了解上海地区2010年冬季人群甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)病毒流行株基因及抗原的变异.方法 采集2010年12月至2011年1月间上海地区哨点医院流感样患者咽拭子标本137份,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK),分离流感病毒,直接免疫荧光法(DIF)鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR鉴定甲型H1N1,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒株进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)、病毒聚合酶(PB2)片段全基因测序,分析基因及氨基酸位点变异.结果 共分离到53株人流感病毒,48株为甲型H1N1流感病毒,按简单随机抽样法抽取19株测序.HA进化树分析发现,与2010年6月前分离的甲型H1N1毒株比较,绝大部分不位于同一主干上;HA蛋白的氨基酸位点分析显示,部分毒株在抗原决定位点上发生变异.NA蛋白酶活性中心及周围相关位点氨基酸组成保守,未检测到耐奥司他韦和扎那米韦的变异位点.PB2蛋白第627位和701位点分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,仍是禽源流感病毒特征,但第677位点出现E677G突变.结论 2010年冬季上海地区人群甲型H1N1流感病毒流行株与之前春夏季分离株比较已经有一定变异,出现了一些抗原漂移和在哺乳动物宿主内的适应性进化.     

福建省2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因特征及对达菲的耐药性

目的监测福建省甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因的变化以及对达菲的耐药情况,为临床诊疗和疾病控制提供参考依据。方法从福建省流感监测网络中随机选取23株甲型H1N1流感病毒,经病毒核酸提取和一步法RT-PCR扩增,获得NA基因片段,双向测定核苷酸序列,分析NA基因序列和重要氨基酸位点特征。结果 23株甲型H1N1流感病毒NA片段基因与A/California/07/2009(H1N1)代表株的核苷酸序列进行比较,同源性高达98.1%以上;23株毒株NA蛋白第275位氨基酸均为组氨酸。结论随机选取的23株甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因片段保持高度同源并且对达菲仍然敏感。随着国内外达菲耐药株的不断出现,应加强耐药性监测,为制定应对甲型H1N1流感流行措施提供参考。     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

2009年上海地区甲型流行性感冒流行及甲型H1N1病毒分离株变异分析

目的 了解2009年上海地区人群流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流行期间甲型H1N1分离株基因和抗原的变异.方法 采集2009年上海地区哨点医院和学校聚集性流感样患者咽拭子标本,接种犬肾细胞(MDCK细胞)分离流感病毒,直接荧光免疫法鉴定流感病毒型,RT-PCR法鉴定亚型,对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒进行血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)等片段全基因测序,分析甲型H1N1流感病毒HA、NA等基因变异.结果 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感中,季节性H1N1和H3N2流感同时存在,进入第32周时,甲型H1N1和季节性H3N2流感同时流行,第40周后主要是甲型H1N1流行.甲型H1N1流行株HA进化分析显示,不同区域、不同月份分离株互有穿插,上海地区分离株聚集成簇形成一个分枝,与西班牙、俄罗斯、丹麦等国的流行株接近.HA演绎推导氨基酸位点虽有变异,但都不位于抗原决定区域;NA基因演绎推导氨基酸位点未观察到274位点及与耐奥司他韦药物相关其他位点的变异;PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和第701位氨基酸分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点.结论 2009年上海地区冬春季人群流感,季节性H1N1和H3N2同时流行,夏秋季开始甲型H1N1、季节性H3N2在人群中同时流行,之后以甲型H1N1为主.甲型H1N1与早期分离株比较有一定变异,但尚未出现流行病学意义的抗原漂移株,仍表现为对人的高亲和力和低致病性特征.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒长春株的分离鉴定及其分子进化分析

目的分离目前流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒,对其进行基因序列测定和遗传变异分析,为研究病毒进化、致病性、流行规律及防治提供科学依据。方法采用MDCK细胞、SPF鸡胚和RT-PCR方法对甲型H1N1流感病毒进行分离、鉴定,并进行核苷酸序列测定和分子进化分析。结果从疑似甲型H1N1流感临床标本中分离得到1株甲型H1N1流感病毒,命名为长春株(A/Changchun/01/2009(H1N1)),基因序列及分子进化分析显示该毒株与2009年大流行的甲型H1N1毒株高度同源,属于流行分支2。相对流行分支1(北美流行株A/California/07/2009(H1N1)),PB2、HA、NA分别出现2个、7个和4个氨基酸的差异。结论甲型H1N1流感病毒长春株与2009年大流行的甲型H1N1毒株高度同源,属于流行分支2,与流行分支1相比存在变异。     

甲型流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的分离及HA和NA基因分析北大核心CSCD

目的对成都某部人感染甲型流感病毒进行分离鉴定和基因突变分析。方法采集甲型流感患者咽拭子标本,通过MDCK细胞分离病毒毒株;采用免疫荧光法鉴定其感染细胞能力,采用基因分型特异性引物鉴定病毒亚型,PCR扩增血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)后测序,与NCBI数据库在线比对并利用MEGA软件构建系统发育进化树,分析突变位点。结果从甲型流感患者咽拭子标本中分离出1株流感病毒,经型特异性引物PCR鉴定为H1N1(09pdm)亚型,该毒株在37℃时对细胞致病力较强。免疫荧光检测到分离毒株感染细胞内甲型流感病毒核蛋白(NP)高表达,甲型流感病毒NP蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有大量分布。利用反转录PCR和测序获得该毒株HA和NA全长基因序列。在线比对及系统发育树分析显示,该毒株HA和NA序列与2017-2018流感季其他国家流行株同源性均>99%。对HA氨基酸突变位点进行分析,其序列的155位点存在组氨酸-酪氨酸(H-Y)点突变,该点突变也发生Influenza A/Hawaii/24/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)、Influenza A/North Carolina/19/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)和In-fluenza A/Missouri/51/2017(H1N1)(MH083792)毒株上。NA氨基酸序列与近期流行的毒株均相同。结论本起流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的HA、NA基因序列与同期其他国家流行株高度相似,但在HA氨基酸序列的155位点存在一个组氨酸-酪氨酸的点突变,其意义尚不清楚。     

湖北地区季节性H1N1流感病毒HA基因特性分析

目的调查分析湖北地区季节性H1N1流感病毒血凝素(HA)的基因特性。方法收集2000年以来临床样品中分离鉴定的H1N1流感病毒毒株,运用RT-PCR扩增病毒HA基因,对扩增片段进行序列测定和分析。结果 H1N1流感病毒HA基因与同期世界卫生组织推荐的疫苗株相应基因的同源性为95.8%～99.6%,分离株HA基因中潜在的抗原性位点和糖基化位点与2000～2008年的疫苗株基本相同,但与2009年疫苗株有一定差异。HA基因进化分析表明在不同年份分离出的流感毒株呈现出不同的亲缘关系。结论湖北地区2000～2008年分离的季节性H1N1流感毒株与世界卫生组织同期推荐的疫苗毒株的HA核苷酸序列有高度同源性,HA基因重要抗原位点的氨基酸没有改变,但与2009年疫苗株有所不同,序列同源性和进化关系表明历年疫苗株可以给人群提供一定程度的保护。     

福建省甲型H1N1流感病毒分离及首例分离株全基因组序列分析

目的分离甲型HIN1流感病毒,分析福建省首例病毒分离株全基因组序列和遗传特征,为研究病毒进化、致病性、流行规律提供科学依据。方法采用MDCK细胞和Real—time PCR法进行病毒分离、鉴定;提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增其8个基因片段,测定核苷酸序列,利用生物信息软件拼接全基因组序列;分析重要基因位点,利用GENBANK中相关序列对首例病毒分离株A／Fujian／01／2009（H1N1）进行基因进化树分析。结果从82例甲型H1N1流感确诊病例标本中分离出50株甲型H1N1流感病毒,第一代分离阳性率60．98％。在福建省首次获得甲型H1N1流感病毒株及全基因组序列。基因组序列分析证明：该毒株与2009年大流行株高度同源,其基因组存在四源重组现象;氨基酸位点分析其对达菲药物敏感,对金刚烷胺类药物耐药;相对于猪流感代表株A／Swine／Iowa／15／1930（HIN1）存在6个HA抗原决定簇位点变异。结论MD—CK细胞对甲型H1N1流感病毒具有较高敏感性;福建省首例甲型H1N1流感病例分离病毒株与北美流行株高度同源;相对于以往古典型猪流感代表株出现了HA蛋白抗原性漂移;为今后进一步开展甲型H1N1流感病毒分子生物学研究奠定基础。     

2019年广州市甲型H1N1流感病毒全基因组序列的遗传特征分析

目的 对甲型H1N1流感病毒进行基因组全序列遗传特征分析,为流感的科学防控提供新数据。方法 选取7株2019年广州市甲型H1N1流感病毒进行全基因组序列测定,分析其遗传特征。结果 7株病毒的核苷酸同源性最高为PB2基因(98.8%~99.9%),最低为NA基因(97.3%~99.2%)。总体上,不同月份的H1N1流感分离株在遗传进化上以时间分布为聚类特征,特别是2019年6月份以后的H1N1分离株与我国使用的2020-2021年疫苗推荐株A/Guangdong-Maonan/1536/2019 (H1N1)亲缘关系最近,位于同一进化分支。疫苗株所在分支的分离株除PA和M1蛋白外,其余蛋白均有不同数量的相同特异性氨基酸突变。分离自监测哨点医院流感样病例的毒株与社区流感暴发疫情的毒株属于同一进化分支。全基因组8片段的遗传进化树显示,未发现不同基因来源的基因重配现象。结论 广州市甲型H1N1流感疫情流行株与门诊监测流行株高度同源,进化起源相同。全基因组序列上推荐疫苗株与流行株匹配性较好,未发现基因重配现象。     

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance confers respiratory-droplet transmissibility of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in ferrets

A novel reassortant derived from North American triple-reassortant (TRsw) and Eurasian swine (EAsw) influenza viruses acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. To identify molecular determinants that allowed efficient transmission of the pandemic H1N1 virus among humans, we evaluated the direct-contact and respiratory-droplet transmissibility in ferrets of representative swine influenza viruses of different lineages obtained through a 13-y surveillance program in southern China. Whereas all viruses studied were transmitted by direct contact with varying efficiency, respiratory-droplet transmissibility (albeit inefficient) was observed only in the TRsw-like A/swine/Hong Kong/915/04 (sw915) (H1N2) virus. The sw915 virus had acquired the M gene derived from EAsw and differed from the gene constellation of the pandemic H1N1 virus by the neuraminidase (NA) gene alone. Glycan array analysis showed that pandemic H1N1 virus A/HK/415742/09 (HK415742) and sw915 possess similar receptor-binding specificity and affinity for α2,6-linked sialosides. Sw915 titers in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells and in ferret nasal washes were lower than those of HK415742. Introducing the NA from pandemic HK415742 into sw915 did not increase viral replication efficiency but increased respiratory-droplet transmissibility, despite a substantial amino acid difference between the two viruses. The NA of the pandemic HK415742 virus possessed significantly higher enzyme activity than that of sw915 or other swine influenza viruses. Our results suggest that a unique gene constellation and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance play a critical role in acquisition of efficient and sustained human-to-human transmissibility.     

Diversity of influenza viruses in swine and the emergence of a novel human pandemic influenza A (H1N1)

Abstract The novel H1N1 influenza virus that emerged in humans in Mexico in early 2009 and transmitted efficiently in the human population with global spread has been declared a pandemic strain. Here we review influenza infections in swine since 1918 and the introduction of different avian and human influenza virus genes into swine influenza viruses of North America and Eurasia. These introductions often result in viruses of increased fitness for pigs that occasionally transmit to humans. The novel virus affecting humans is derived from a North American swine influenza virus that has acquired two gene segments [Neuraminidase (NA) and Matrix (M)] from the European swine lineages. This reassortant appears to have increased fitness in humans. The potential for increased virulence in humans and of further reassortment between the novel H1N1 influenza virus and oseltamivir resistant seasonal H1N1 or with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza stresses the need for urgent pandemic planning.     

2009-2013年无锡地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒基因变异分析

目的了解2009～2013年无锡地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）的基因变异情况。方法选取2009～2013年哨点医院分离的新甲型H1N1流感病毒，进行HA和NA核苷酸序列测定，用Bioedit和MEGA version4．0分析软件进行基因种系进化特性分析。结果无锡地区2009～2013年种型H1N1流感病毒HA基因序列的同源性为98．9％～99．5％；氨基酸序列分析显示，无锡地区分离株第203位与国内、国际代表株比较发生氨基酸替换：S→T；第83位和321位与国内代表株相同，而与国际代表株不同，分别为S→P、V→I。NA基因序列与国内、国际代表株同源性为99．2％～99．8％；第87位和349位与国内代表株相同，而与国际代表株不同，分别为R→Q、D→G。结论通过对HA和NA基因序列的比对分析，2009-2013年无锡地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒流行株基因序列与国内、国际代表株高度同源。表明该地区近期不会发生新甲型H1N1流感大流行。     

Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus (H1N1/2009) from Other Seasonal Influenza A Viruses

We previously developed a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle(NP)-based genomic microarray assay for identification of the avian H5N1 virus and its discrimination from other influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2). In this study, we expanded the platform to detect the 2009 swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1/2009). Multiple specific capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed for the matrix (M), hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the H1N1/2009 virus. The H1N1/2009 microarrays were printed in the same format as those of the seasonal influenza H1N1 and H3N2 for the HA, NA, and M genes. Viral RNA was tested using capture-target-intermediate oligonucleotide hybridization and gold NP-mediated silver staining. The signal from the 4 capture-target-intermediates of the HA and NA genes was specific for H1N1/2009 virus and showed no cross hybridization with viral RNA from other influenza strains H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1. All of the 3 M gene captures showed strong affinity with H1N1/2009 viral RNA, with 2 out of the 3 M gene captures showing cross hybridization with the H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 samples tested. The current assay was able to detect H1N1/2009 and distinguish it from other influenza A viruses. This new method may be useful for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza A viruses and can be rapidly modified to detect other emerging influenza strains in public health settings.     

Compatibility of H9N2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model

In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus caused the first influenza pandemic in 40 y. The virus was identified as a triple reassortant between avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, highlighting the importance of reassortment in the generation of viruses with pandemic potential. Previously, we showed that a reassortant virus composed of wild-type avian H9N2 surface genes in a seasonal human H3N2 backbone could gain efficient respiratory droplet transmission in the ferret model. Here we determine the ability of the H9N2 surface genes in the context of the internal genes of a pH1N1 virus to efficiently transmit via respiratory droplets in ferrets. We generated reassorted viruses carrying the HA gene alone or in combination with the NA gene of a prototypical H9N2 virus in the background of a pH1N1 virus. Four reassortant viruses were generated, with three of them showing efficient respiratory droplet transmission. Differences in replication efficiency were observed for these viruses; however, the results clearly indicate that H9N2 avian influenza viruses and pH1N1 viruses, both of which have occasionally infected pigs, have the potential to reassort and generate novel viruses with respiratory transmission potential in mammals.     

Comprehensive global amino acid sequence analysis of PB1F2 protein of influenza A H5N1 viruses and the influenza A virus subtypes responsible for the 20th‐century pandemics

Please cite this paper as: Pasricha et al. (2012) Comprehensive global amino acid sequence analysis of PB1F2 protein of influenza A H5N1 viruses and the Influenza A virus subtypes responsible for the 20th‐century pandemics. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(4), 497–505. Background PB1F2 is the 11th protein of influenza A virus translated from +1 alternate reading frame of PB1 gene. Since the discovery, varying sizes and functions of the PB1F2 protein of influenza A viruses have been reported. Selection of PB1 gene segment in the pandemics, variable size and pleiotropic effect of PB1F2 intrigued us to analyze amino acid sequences of this protein in various influenza A viruses. Methods Amino acid sequences for PB1F2 protein of influenza A H5N1, H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 subtypes were obtained from Influenza Research Database. Multiple sequence alignments of the PB1F2 protein sequences of the aforementioned subtypes were used to determine the size, variable and conserved domains and to perform mutational analysis. Results Analysis showed that 96·4% of the H5N1 influenza viruses harbored full‐length PB1F2 protein. Except for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, all the subtypes of the 20th‐century pandemic influenza viruses contained full‐length PB1F2 protein. Through the years, PB1F2 protein of the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses has undergone much variation. PB1F2 protein sequences of H5N1 viruses showed both human‐ and avian host‐specific conserved domains. Global database of PB1F2 protein revealed that N66S mutation was present only in 3·8% of the H5N1 strains. We found a novel mutation, N84S in the PB1F2 protein of 9·35% of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 influenza viruses. Conclusions Varying sizes and mutations of the PB1F2 protein in different influenza A virus subtypes with pandemic potential were obtained. There was genetic divergence of the protein in various hosts which highlighted the host‐specific evolution of the virus. However, studies are required to correlate this sequence variability with the virulence and pathogenicity.     

H5N1禽流感病毒抗原基因的体外转录及RNA标准品构建

目的 通过基因克隆和体外转录,获得H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)、基质蛋白M(M)基因的RNA片段,为病原学检测提供阳性定量标准品.方法　设计H5N1禽流感病毒的HA、NA及M基因全长开放阅读框的克隆引物,提取H5N1禽流感病毒总RNA,用RT-PCR获得相应片段,分别连接至Pgem-T easy...