新诊断的NIDDM和IGT患者的早期肾功能改变

本文研究了６３例新诊断的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者和１６例糖耐量减低（ＩＧＴ）患者的早期肾功能改变，显示ＮＩＤＤＭ患者早期存在肾小球滤过率（ＧＦＲ）升高，肾脏体积增大和尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥ）轻度增高；１６例ＩＧＴ患者的ＧＦＲ也高于正常对照组。３４例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者经饮食控制和／或口服降糖药治疗４个月后进行了复查，结果显示：１２例代谢改善者的ＧＦＲ、肾脏体积和ＵＡＥ有不同程度的恢复；２２例代谢无改善者的ＧＦＲ有所升高，肾脏体积和ＵＡＥ则无明显变化。     

尿系列微量蛋白对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值

采用双抗体夹心酶标免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）及分光光度法，对７０例糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者随意新鲜１０ｍｌ尿中视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）、免疫球蛋白Ｇ（ＩｇＧ）、Ｎ－乙酰－β氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）的排泄率联合检测。结果表明，早期糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）尿ＲＢＰ、ＡＬＢ、ＩｇＧ、ＮＡＧ增高，ＤＮ早期肾损害并非局限于肾小球，同时伴有肾小管病变。病程、年龄与肾损害的发生、发展及严重程度有关，提示联合检测ＤＭ患者尿系列微量蛋白有助于早期、确切判断并发肾病时病变部位及损伤程度。     

急性肾功能衰竭患者尿表皮生长因子的变化及其临床意义

本文探讨了各种病因的急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）２９例尿中表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）变化的临床意义。ＡＲＦ急性期血肌酐水平为６．８４±３．８０ｍｇ／ｄｌ，尿ＥＧＦ水平为０．９８±０．１７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，与对照组尿ＥＧＦ水平（２７．１７±２２．６３ｎｇ／ｍｌ）比较，有明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。在ＡＲＦ恢复期，血肌酐降为１．３２＋０．３５ｍｇ／ｄｌ，尿ＥＧＦ水平５．４１±４．６９ｎｇ／ｍｌ，比急性期有明显上升（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＡＲＦ患者尿ＥＧＦ与血肌酐水平之间呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４６１８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文结果表明尿ＥＧＦ水平在ＡＲＦ病程不同阶段有明显动态变化，此变化有助于了解患者ＡＲＦ的程度及所处阶段，值得深入研究。     

NIDDM患者早期肾血流动力学及尿6－keto－PGF_（1α）、TXB_2的变化

对血压正常、多次尿蛋白定性阴性、２４小时尿微白蛋白排泄（ＵＡＥ）＜６０μｇ／ｍｉｎ、无眼底病变的２９例早期ＮＩＤＤＭ患者，测定了肾小球滤过率（ＧＦＲ）、有效肾血浆流量（ＥＲＰＦ）、肾滤过分数（ＦＦ）、尿６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α及ＴＸＢ２的变化。发现早期ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＧＦＲ、ＦＦ增高，同时尿６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α也明显增加，而ＥＲＰＦ、尿ＴＸＢ２无明显变化，提示ＮＩＤＤＭ早期肾血流动力学变化与肾前列腺素的代谢异常有关。     

肾综合征出血热血浆降钙素基因相关肽与内皮素检测的意义

目的研究降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）与内皮素（ＥＴ）在肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）发病中的作用。方法用放射免疫法（ＲＩＡ）检测了６０例ＨＦＲＳ患者各个病期血浆ＣＧＰＲ和ＥＴ的含量。结果病程各期见血浆ＥＴ升高，ＣＧＰＲ降低，以致ＥＴ／ＣＧＲＰ比值显著高于正常，尤以病程前三期为著，在少尿期血浆ＥＴ与血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），多巴胺静脉滴注后血浆ＥＴ仅轻微上升，而ＣＧＲＰ上升十余倍。结论血浆ＥＴ／ＣＧＲＰ比值升高是引起ＨＦＲＳ急性肾功能不全的一个重要因素，小剂量多巴胺能刺激ＣＧＲＰ释放，有利于肾脏灌注。     

高血压病患者尿白蛋白排泄率观察及其相关因素探讨

探讨高血压病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与相关因素关系，方法采用放射免疫法，测定７８例例高血压病患者及６８例正常人的尿ＡＥＲ。结果高血压病患者的尿ＡＥＲ异常民病程，血ＣＨ、ＴＧ、Ｃｒ水平，血压水平及视网膜动脉硬化程度比较呈显著正相关。结论尿ＡＥＲ与高血压的血管病变常见的危险因素有关。     

卡托普利对高血压病及非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者运动血压及微蛋白尿的短期作用

对血压正常的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者１４例（ＮＩＤＤＭ组）、高血压病（ＥＨ）患者１２例（ＥＨ组）、ＥＨ合并ＮＩＤＤＭ患者１２例（ＥＨ并ＮＩＤＤＭ组）给予卡托普利口服２５ｍｇｂｉｄ，在１ｄ半内共服３次，服药前后做踏车运动试验测定血压、心率、尿白蛋白排泄率（ｕＡＥＲ）及尿转铁蛋白排泄率（ｕＴＥＲ），并以１０例正常人作对照（对照组）。结果：①服卡托普利后ＥＨ组血压明显下降，ｕＡＥＲ及ｕＴＥＲ无明显改变，而ＥＨ并ＮＩＤＤＭ组却相反；②运动状态下，三组患者服卡托普利后尿白蛋白均明显下降，但与血压互不相关；③ＥＨ组服药后，运动血压有所下降，但血压变化的绝对值服药前后相似；④血压正常的ＮＩＤＤＭ组运动后血压明显升高，服药后这种异常消失。提示：①运动状态下，早期ＥＨ和ＮＩＤＤＭ有不同的病理生理机理，似乎糖尿病更依赖于肾素－血管紧张素系统，卡托普利有较好的疗效。②对于正常血压、尿白蛋白（－）的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者，运动激发是观察尿白蛋白及血压改变的灵敏方法，若被运动激发，应当考虑给予卡托普利治疗。     

NIDDM患者24小时血压,尿白蛋白排泄率的早期改变

观察１７例血压和尿白蛋白排泄经（ＵＡＥＲ）皆正常的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１０例年龄、性别匹配的对照组的２４小时动态血压和ＵＡＥＲ变化。发现ＮＩＤＤＭ者夜间血压、２４小时血压和最小心率明显增加。６５％的患者血压昼夜节律消失，而对照组仅为３０％。８２％的ＮＩＤＤＭ伴有自主神经功能异常而对照组无一例。同时发现ＮＩＣＤＤＭ的ＵＡＥＲ高于对照组，但ＵＡＥＲ与动态血压间无明显相关。本研究认为血压和ＵＡＥＲ皆正常的Ｎ     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白与高血压患者的早期肾损害

采用酶联免疫法测定８３例高血压患者的尿视黄醇结石蛋白（ＲＢＰ）,同时测定尿Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）、尿微量白蛋白（ＭＡＬＢ）及β２微球蛋白（β２－ＭＧ）。结果发现高血压患者尿ＲＢＰ均较正常对照组高,并随病期的延长有逐渐增高的趋势。尿ＲＢＰ与ＭＡＬＢ、ＮＡＧ、β２－ＭＧ呈正相关。提示在高血压早期阶段,肾小管功能会受到损害,尿ＲＢＰ可作为诊断高血压早期肾损害的敏感指标之一。     

非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病尿α_1-微球蛋白、THP与肾小管功能的研究

为探讨ＮＩＤＤＭ肾病各期肾小管各节段功能变化，用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）测定２０例健康对照者及６２例非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ），尿α１－微球蛋白（α１－ＭＧ）排泄率（Ｕα１ＥＲ）及尿Ｔａｍｍ－Ｈｏｒｓｆａｌ蛋白（ＴＨＰ）排泄率（ＵＴＨＥＲ）。结果：①Ｕα１ＥＲ均值各组间比较结果：正常白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅲ）较健康对照组（Ｃ组）升高无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＤＭ－Ｉ组中，有９例（３５％）Ｕα１１ＥＲ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；微量白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅱ）较ＤＭ－Ｉ组显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。②ＵＴＨＥＲ最大均值位于大量白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅲ）组，较Ｃ组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；最小均值位于ＤＭ－Ⅱ组与Ｃ组比较ＵＴＨＥＲ无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：①ＮＩＤＤＭ微量白蛋白尿期即可伴肾小管功能损伤且部分患者Ｕα１ＥＲ、ＵＴＨＥＲ增高先于ＵＡＥＲ的改变而反映肾脏受累。②ＮＩＤＤＭ肾小管功能损伤既有近曲小管重吸收功能障碍，亦存在髓袢合成、分泌功能异常。③联合检测ＵＡＥＲ、ＵＴＨＥＲ、Ｕα１ＥＲ有助于临床早期、全面判断ＮＩＤＤＭ肾脏病变部位及程度。     

尿肌酐标化尿氟含量的探讨

目的 在地方性氟中毒流行区的调查中，目前多数采用尿氟含量来评价人群氟暴露水平。本研究是探讨尿氟含量是否适合用尿液中氟浓度(mg/L)来表示。方法 选择3个地区(高氟区、改水区和对照区)的儿童作为研究对象。采用电极法测尿氟、苦味酸比色法测尿肌酐。结果 采用尿液中氟浓度(mg/L)和尿肌酐(mg/g肌酐)，在3个地区比较时，结果基本一致。结论 建议在人群调查时采用尿液中氟浓度(mg/L)来表示氟含量。     

Prevalence and Severity of Undiagnosed Urinary Incontinence in Women

Background

Urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent condition in aging women that results in significant morbidity. Less than half of women who suffer from urinary incontinence seek treatment, resulting in a significant proportion of clinically relevant urinary incontinence remaining undiagnosed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the prevalence of urinary incontinence in undiagnosed women in a managed care population.

Methods

There were 136,457 women aged 25-80 years enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northwest who were free of genitourinary diagnoses, including urinary incontinence, who were included in this study. Of the 2118 women who were mailed questionnaires ascertaining information on demographic and urinary incontinence characteristics, 875 completed the survey. A chart review of the 234 women who reported moderate to severe urinary incontinence was performed.

Results

The prevalence of undiagnosed urinary incontinence was 53% in the preceding year, and 39% in the preceding week. The prevalence of undiagnosed stress, mixed, and urge incontinence was found to be 18.7%, 12.0%, and 6.8%, respectively. Quality of life was found to significantly decrease with increasing urinary incontinence severity. Of the 234 chart-reviewed women, 5% were found to have physician-documented urinary incontinence.

Conclusions

These results suggest that a significant proportion of women in this managed care population are suffering from urinary incontinence that remains undiagnosed. Efforts should be made to encourage women and physicians to initiate conversations about urinary incontinence symptoms in order to decrease the unnecessary burden of this disease.     

Increased Urinary IgG/Albumin Index in Normoalbuminuric Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patients: A Laboratory Artefact

The previous observation that urinary IgG excretion is increased in normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent (IDDM) patients is unexplained and could possibly be related to a laboratory phenomenon. When untreated urine samples were stored −20 °C for 2 to 4 weeks, the IgG/albumin index (IgG clearance divided by albumin clearance) was higher in normoalbuminuric IDDM patients than in control subjects (0.91 (0.68–1.54), n = 27 vs 0.72 (0.55–0.79), n = 15 (median (interquartile range)), p < 0.05). In normo- and microalbuminuric IDDM patients the IgG/albumin index was higher in urine samples with glucose than without glucose (1.16 (0.93–1.68), n = 11 vs 0.73 (0.50–0.91), n = 16, p < 0.05, and 0.33 (0.23–0.60), n = 17 vs 0.15 (0.10–0.26), n = 14, p < 0.02 for normo- and microalbuminuric patients, respectively). We, therefore, evaluated the preserving effects of glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on urinary IgG after 1 h to 16 weeks of freezing at −20 °C in 4 non-diabetic subjects (proteinuria ranging from 0.05 to 8.0 g 24 h⁻¹). Urine samples were either stored without precautions or treated with addition of phosphate buffer, BSA (1 %) and glucose 100 and 300 mM). The weekly decline from 1 to 16 weeks of IgG in the urine aliquots diluted 1:1 with buffered glucose 300 mM and glucose 300 mM + BSA 1 % was insignificant, whereas urinary IgG declined with all other storage regimes (p < 0.05). These results suggest that glucose in urinary specimens of IDDM patients prevents at least in part the loss of urinary IgG and may thus explain the higher urinary IgG/albumin index when unprocessed urine is stored frozen before assay. Laboratory precautions are necessary when urinary IgG cannot be measured immediately.     

老年男性急性尿潴留患者留置导尿管后尝试撤管研究

目的 研究使用α受体阻滞剂以及留置导尿时间对良性前列腺增生(BPH)导致急性尿潴留(AUR)患者尝试撤管成功率的影响.方法 对2007年1月至2009年12月因BPH导致初发AUR至泌尿科急诊的124例患者进行观察,年龄62～90岁,平均71.3岁;随机分为两组:(1)服药组60例,尝试撤管前2～3 d服用α受体阻滞剂4 mg/次,1次/d,其中30例患者留置导尿时间为3 d,30例患者留置导尿时间为7 d;(2)对照组64例,其中30例患者留置导尿时间为3 d,34例患者留置导尿时间为7 d.同时随访两组患者于撤管时中段尿细菌培养,以及撤管是否成功.结果 (1)服药组尝试撤管成功率71.7%优于对照组的53.1%(x2=4.523,P=0.033),服药组中导尿管留置7 d的成功率83.3%,优于导尿管留置3 d的成功率60.0%(x2=4.022,P=0.045).对照组中,导尿管留置7 d的成功率67.7%优于导管留置3 d的成功率36.7%(x2=6.143,P=0.013).(2)随访6个月结果显示留置7 d患者第2次的AUR发生率、择期手术率均较留置3 d明显降低(x2=4.538,P=0.033).(3)导尿管留置7 d的感染率为20.3%与导尿管留置3 d的16.7%,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.272,P=0.603).结论 α受体阻滞剂能提高AUR患者尝试撤管的成功率,导尿管留置7d尝试撤管的成功率较国外研究的3 d明显升高,而患者合并尿路感染的几率增加无统计学意义.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the influence of using alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker and catheterization time on the success rate of a trial without catheter (TWOC) in patients with acute urinary retention (AUR) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods The 124patients from January 2007 to December 2009,aged 62-90 years (mean age 71.3 years),diagnosed as AUR caused by BPH in emergency room,were enrolled in this study.They were randomized to two groups:(1) Medication group:60 cases,who were given alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker 4 mg daily for 2-3 days before TWOC.Among them,there were 30 cases with catheterization for 3 days,and the rest 30 cases for 7 days;(2)Control group:64 cases,who were without alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker.Among them,there were 30 cases with catheterization for 3 days,and the rest 34 cases for 7days.The urine culture was made when the catheter was drawn out.Results (1)The success rate of TWOC was higher in medication group than in control group (71.7% vs.53.1%,x2 =4.523,P=0.033).Both in medication group and control group,the success rate was higher in patients with catheterization for7 days than for 3 days (83.3% vs.60.0%,x2=4.022,P=0.045;67.7% vs.36.7%,P=0.013).(2)After follow-up for 6 months,the patients with catheterization for 7 days had lower incidence rate of second AUR and selective operation (x2 =4.538 and 4.709,P=0.033 and 0.030).(3)There was no significant difference in rate of urinary infection between the patients with catheterization for 7 days and for 3 days (20.3% vs.16.7%,P = 0.603).Conclusions Alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker could increase the success rate of TWOC,and the success rate of TWOC is much higher in patients with catheterization for 7 days than for 3 days,while the urinary infection rate is not significantly increased.     

Chronic Effects of Norepinephrine and Vasopressin on Urinary Prostaglandin E and Kallikrein Excretions in Conscious Rats

To assess in vivo functional interactions of vasopressor substances, norepinephrine and vasopressin, with renal prostaglandins and kallikrein-kinin system which are responsible for the vasodepressor mechanism in the kidney, we evaluated chronic effects of norepinephrine(1.8 mg/kg/day ip) and vasopressin(7.2 U/kg/day ip) on urinary prostaglandin E excretion and urinary kallikrein excretion in conscious rats. Both norepinephrine and vasopressin induced a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure. Norepinephrine induced slight but significant increases in urinary prostaglandin E excretion and urinary kallikrein excretion which were sustained for up to 6 days. Vasopressin induced a marked increase in urinary prostaglandin E excretion which was sustained for up to 6 days, whereas it induced a sustained decrease in urinary kallikrein excretion. Circulating angiotensin II levels was not changed by norepinephrine, but was decreased by vasopressin. These results indicate that renal prostaglandin E may not correlate with renal kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin system in the responses to norepinephrine and vasopressin, and that vasopressin may be a more potent stimulator of the synthesis or release of renal prostaglandin E     

早期拔除尿管以降低尿路感染率指征研究

目的探讨早期拔除尿管降低重症昏迷男性患者尿路感染的指征。方法以因颅脑创伤入住我院同时需持续导尿的110例男性昏迷患者为研究对象,格拉斯戈昏迷评分(GCS)4～8分。按收住入院的时间随机分为实验组和对照组,其中实验组54例,采用定时放尿法训练膀胱功能,定时(3～4h)夹闭尿管后拔管,改用尿套接尿。对照组56例,当GCS评分>8分时,采用按需放尿法训练膀胱功能,根据患者夹管后反应及时拔管,改用尿套接尿。观察两组留置导尿的时间及拔管后尿潴留的发生率。结果实验组留置导尿的时间短于对照组,尿路感染的发生率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。拔管后两组尿潴留的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于男性昏迷患者GCS评分4～8分时,早期拔除尿管可明显缩短留置导尿的时间、降低导尿管使用率,进而减少重症监护室患者院内尿路感染的发生率。