北京市汽车废气污染对交通警察健康影响的初步研究

以北京市4个区县1400名值勤交通警察和相应对照人群作为调查对象进行健康体检和问卷调查,并抽样测定了部分对象外周血铅含量、血COHb饱和度、肺最大呼气流速(PEF)等健康效应指标.结果显示,调查对象的COHb饱和度较对照明显升高(1.58±1.06/0.44±0.51,P<0.001),血铅含量相对偏高(64.76±20.91/32.40±15.27,P<0.01).提示北京市汽车废气污染对部分职业人群已产生一定的健康影响:同时城区交通警察的肺PEF亦较郊区下降(P<0.05),提示可能与城区汽车废气污染严重有关,应当引起有关方面的足够重视.     

交通污染对交通警察免疫水平的影响

交通污染对交通警察免疫水平的影响李忠民白求恩医科大学预防医学院（长春，１３００２１）李永勇吴艳军吉林医学院交通污染作为一个特殊的污染形式，越来越受到人们的重视。为了弄清交通污染对交通警察早期免疫水平的影响，选择长春市交通警察为对象进行了调查与监测。１...     

某市交通污染对交通警察血压影响的初步研究

目的了解某市交通污染对交通警察血压的影响。方法现场监测交通道口污染状况,并以某市281名男性内、外勤交通警察为对象进行问卷调查,同时测定静坐位血压。结果外勤组交通警察血压异常率高于内勤组,外勤组交通警察收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)水平均高于内勤组(P<0.05)。但经分层分析,在高年龄组(≥45岁)和高工龄组(≥20年)中内外勤组间血压异常率、舒张压、收缩压差异有显著性(P<0.05),而在低年龄组和低工龄组中内外勤组间血压异常率、舒张压、收缩压差异无显著性(P<0.05)。结论长期接触交通污染环境能引起交通警察血压的改变。     

西宁汽车废气污染对交警健康影响的初步研究

<正>近年来国内外研究显示,汽车废气中含有多种对人体有害的污染物,如CO、NOX、HC、甲醛、多环芳烃等,对城市中某些职业人群如交警、出租车和公共汽车司机等已产生不同程度健康危害。有资料表明,由于国产车油耗比发达国家的高一倍左右,其废气的污染物排放量高出国际水平数十倍之多。西宁市近几年机动车数量迅速增加,汽车废气在大气污染中分担率也在逐年升高。为此,本研究选择对汽车废气接触较多的交警作为研究人群,对汽车废气的健康危害进行了初步的研究。     

汽车废气对交通警察神经行为功能影响的研究

为了解兰州市汽车废气污染状况及其对人体健康的危害,于１９９７年３～４月对兰州市不同类型的４个交通要道进行了汽车废气的监测,并对在该区域值勤的交通警察作了神经行为功能测试,以研究汽车废气对交通警神经行为功能的影响,为治理汽车废气提供科学依据。１材料与方...     

机动车废气对交通警察健康潜隐性损害的影响

为探讨交通道路环境污染物对交通警察健康潜隐性损害影响,采用唾液溶菌酶、α1- 抗胰蛋白酶,超氧化物歧化酶和细胞DNA受损率等4 项生物监测指标检测,并与对照组比较。结果表明交通警察组唾液溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著下降,而其它2 项指标无统计学意义,说明机动车废气对交通警察健康已产生潜隐性影响     

交通噪声对交通警察听力影响分析

交通噪声对交通警察听力影响分析河南省职业病防治研究所（郑州４５００５２）刘涛程广超许雪春交通警察（以下简称交警）是直接暴露于交通噪声的人群，为了解交通噪声对交警听力的影响，本文进行了这方面的探讨。现报告如下。对象（１）交警组：直接接触交通噪声的交警４...     

汽车尾气对交通警察健康影响的研究现况

近年来 ,随着经济的发展 ,城市汽车的数量在直线上升。我国机动车数量已从 1978年的 14 0万辆增加到 1998年的 13 2 0万辆。机动车保有量的快速增加使我国城市大气污染从煤烟型转向煤烟与汽车尾气混合型污染。汽车尾气对人群健康的危害已不容忽视。交通警察由于职业的性质 ,长期暴露在汽车尾气的环境中 ,因此研究汽车尾气对交通警察健康的影响 ,对了解汽车尾气的健康危害程度具有典型意义。以下从几个方面进行综述。1　汽车尾气中的主要成分及其危害汽车尾气是成分极其复杂的混合物 ,含有上千种化学物质 ,一般可分为CO、挥发性碳氢化合物 (…     

汽车废气污染对交警碳氧血红蛋白水平影响的研究

目的探讨汽车废气污染对交通警察碳氧血红蛋白水平的影响。方法以唐山市交通警察支队所属市区169名外勤警和112名内勤警为研究对象进行问卷调查和健康体检 ,以一氧化碳微型监测仪监测调查对象的呼出气中一氧化碳水平及碳氧血红蛋白饱和度。结果外勤警的碳氧血红蛋白饱和度 (2.30 %±1.49 % )较内勤警 (1.71 %±0.99 % )明显增高 (P<0.001) ,不同年龄段的外勤警碳氧血红蛋白饱和度均高于内勤警 ,两组间的工龄>5年的交警碳氧血红蛋白饱和度差异有显著性。外勤警出现神经衰弱综合征的比例 (78.90 % )明显高于内勤警 (58.93 % ) ,P<0.01。结论汽车废气是使外勤警碳氧血红蛋白饱和度增高的主要因素 ,已对交通警察产生一定的健康影响。     

交通噪声对交通警察听力曲线的影响

重庆市中区８个交通路段等效连续声级为７０．５￣７５．７ＬｅｑｄＢ（Ａ）。２１９名交通警察和１０２人的对照组听力曲线特征为：高频段听力曲线呈Ｖ或Ｕ型凹陷型，交警组明显多于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。高频段呈倾斜型下降两组无差别。双耳听力曲线呈对称性分布、对照组多于交警组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。高频段和语言段听力损伤，交警组明显多于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

交通警察工作岗位环境污染物及健康状况调查

目的 了解城市交通路口交通警察工作环境质量及健康状况。方法 选择H市区四个具有代表性的交通警察执勤路口和某大学校园内作为环境空气中有害污染物采样点，测定大气环境中二氧化硫(SO2)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、铅(Pb)及粉尘浓度，并对86名执勤交通警察和79名对照人员进行健康调查。结果执勤点路口空气中N0l、C0含量及粉尘浓度均超过国家大气质量卫生标准，SO2和Pb的含量尚在容许范围以内。交通警察自觉症状多为神经衰弱症候群和慢性呼吸道刺激症状，体征以慢性腰痛、下肢静脉曲张等多见，其发生率显著高于对照人群。结论H市部分交通路口大气环境中NOx、CO及粉尘浓度均较严重超标，可能是执勤交通警察健康的重要影响因素。     

空气污染对交通警察呼吸系统影响

目的了解沈阳市空气污染暴露对交通警察呼吸系统影响, 为职业健康保护提供科学依据。方法通过问卷调查132名男性交通警察(外勤组79名, 内勤组53名)基本情况、呼吸道症状及肺功能相关指标, 比较2组呼吸系统健康状况。结果外勤组咳嗽、咳痰、气短、连续打喷嚏、鼻干燥、咽喉不适等呼吸系统不适症状发生率分别为64.56%、50.63%、35.44%、25.32%、48.10%和69.62%, 均高于内勤组的22.64%、28.30%、16.98%、9.43%、26.42%和32.08%(P<0.05);外勤组的肺功能指标肺活量(VC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、呼气峰值流速(PEF)及实测值/预计值分别为(82.27±14.57)%、(84.63±15.97)%、(88.70±11.34)%、(72.62±21.20)%, 均低于内勤组的(94.25±12.28)%、(93.51±14.25)%、(96.64±12.33)%、(82.94±20.61)%(P<0.05);外勤组阻塞性和限制性通气功能障碍发生率分别为1.89%和7.55%, 明显高于内勤组的15.19%和20.25%(P<0.05)。结论空气污染暴露严重危害交通警察呼吸系统健康。     

香烟烟雾对室内空气污染及其对健康影响的研究进展

香烟烟雾中所含有的化学物质多达数千种,其中有60多种对人体健康有严重危害。香烟烟雾已成为室内空气污染的主要来源,而人体的多种疾病就是与室内空气的污染有关。作者从香烟烟雾中的有害物质、对室内空气的污染情况、对人体的健康的影响及减少污染的措施等方面进行综述。     

The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical relevance of chronic exposure to ambient levels of traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface.

Methods

A panel study involving 55 volunteers was carried out in São Paulo, Brazil. We measured the mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure for 7 days. All subjects answered the Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) and a symptoms inventory. Subsequently, subjects underwent Schirmer I test, biomicroscopy, vital staining and tear breakup time (TBUT) assessment. Subject's mean daily exposure to NO₂ was categorized in quartiles. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD and Chi-Square tests.

Results

A dose-response pattern was detected between OSDI scores and NO₂ quartiles (p<0.05). There was a significant association between NO₂ quartiles and reported ocular irritation (Χ²=9.2, p<0.05) and a significant negative association between TBUT and NO₂ exposure (p<0.05, R=−0.316, Spearman's correlation). There was a significant increase in the frequency of meibomitis in subjects exposed to higher levels of NO₂ (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Subjects exposed to higher levels of traffic derived air pollution reported more ocular discomfort symptoms and presented greater tear film instability, suggesting that the ocular discomfort symptoms and tear breakup time could be used as convenient bioindicators of the adverse health effects of traffic derived air pollution exposure.     

The role of family incomes in cigarette smoking: evidence from French students

In this paper, we study the smoking behavior of students aged from 18 to 25 using four cross-section data sets collected in France from 1997 to 2006. We focus on the role played by student income and parental resources. We find that both the probability of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked are positively correlated to family resources. Among students, only wages earned and transfers received from parents increase smoking participation. However, sensitivity to income remains weak since a rise of 1% in income of either the students or their parents leads to an increase in smoking prevalence of about 0.15-0.20%.     

吸烟对精液质量和月经功能的影响

目的 探讨吸烟对精液质量和月经功能的影响. 方法 选择597例男性不育患者精液标本,其中395例为吸烟者,202例为非吸烟者,观察比较2组精液标本的各项参数;女性不生育患者304例,主动吸烟者5例,被动吸烟者198例,不吸烟者101例,分析其月经功能. 结果 吸烟者和非吸烟者相比,精子的正常形态数、精子的密度和精子的活力降低,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).女性被动吸烟与女性痛经有显著正相关(P<0.05),女性被动吸烟对月经周期和经期有一定得影响,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 吸烟行为可能与精子的质量下降有关.女性被动吸烟对月经功能造成一定的危害,应引起有关方面的足够重视.     

Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee consumption on apolipoprotein B levels

Apolipoprotein B levels were studied in relation to cigarette smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption, physical activity, age and body mass index in 253 men aged 21–61 years. The mean apolipoprotein B level was 7.3 ± 3.2 mg/dl and was higher for smokers compared with non-smokers. Considering the smokers of over 20 cigarettes/day and the non-smokers, this difference reached 12.6 ± 4.3 mg/dl. A significant increase of 7.2 ± 3.5 mg/dl in apolipoprotein B levels was observed in the subjects who drank over 3 cups of coffee/day compared with the remaining subjects, but the increase was only 4.3 ± 3.7 mg/dl when we made a correction for cigarette consumption. Furthermore, for cigarette smoking and coffee consumption, there is apparently an interactive effect with BMI and/or age (vs apolipoprotein B levels). However, with a stepwise selection among explicative variables [age, BMI, smoking (yes/no) and coffee consumption ( 3, > 3 cups/day)] and all their interactions of first order, only the interaction between BMI and smoking (BMI^*smoking: b± ES (b) = 0.3029±0.0303), and age and BMI (age^*BMI), are significantly and positively related to serum levels of apolipoprotein B. Thus cigarette smoking, interacting with high BMI, appear related to higher apolipoprotein B levels.Corresponding author.     

Unemployment insurance and cigarette smoking

We provide evidence for the causal relationship between unemployment insurance (UI) and individuals’ smoking behavior using the 1995–2011 Current Population Survey-Tobacco Use Supplement data. Our identification relies on the exploitation of the exogenous variations of the maximum UI weekly benefits across states and over years. Instead of focusing on all unemployed people, we concentrate on those who are eligible for UI benefits. We find that when the maximum UI weekly benefit level increases by $100, smoking cessation increases by approximately 2.9 percentage points among the UI-eligible unemployed. The results are robust to various model specifications. We also explore the mechanism and find suggestive evidence that the increase in the maximum UI weekly benefit leads to a decrease in the probability of over-work of the respective spouse. Moreover, the unemployed who are less educated are more responsive to the increasing UI benefits.     

The effect of cigarette prices on youth smoking

Prior economic research provides mixed evidence on the impact of cigarette prices on youth smoking. This paper empirically tests the effects of various price measures on youth demand for cigarettes using data collected in a recent nationally representative survey of 17 287 high school students. In addition to commonly used cigarette price measures, the study also examined the effect of price as perceived by the students. This unique information permits the study of the effect of teen-specific price on cigarette demand. The analysis employed a two-part model of cigarette demand based on a model developed by Cragg (1971) in which the propensity to smoke and the intensity of the smoking habit are modeled separately. The results confirm that higher cigarette prices, irrespective of the way they are measured, reduce probability of youth cigarette smoking. There is also some evidence of negative price effect on smoking intensity, but it is sensitive to the price measure used in the model. The largest impact on cigarette demand has the teen-specific, perceived price of cigarettes.