Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhaus?rzte (ALKK).

Aims Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock is associated with an exceedingly high mortality, even if patients are treated with early reperfusion therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of in-hospital mortality of a large cohort of consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and results Between July 1994 and March 2001 all interventions performed in 80 centres in Germany were prospectively entered into the primary PCI registry of the ALKK. A total of 9422 procedures were registered, of these 1333 (14.2%) were performed in patients with cardiogenic shock. Total in-hospital mortality was 46.1% and was dependent on TIMI flow grade after PCI, with mortality rates of 78.2%, 66.1% and 37.4% in patients with TIMI 0/1, TIMI 2 and TIMI 3 flow, respectively. In a multivariate analysis left main disease, TIMI <3 flow after PCI, older age, three-vessel disease and longer time-intervals between symptom onset and PCI were significant independent predictors of mortality. The relative number of PCIs performed in patients with cardiogenic shock did not change significantly from 1995-2000. There was a significant decrease in mortality over the years (P for trend 0.02). Conclusions In-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock remains high, even with early interventional therapy. However, our data demonstrate that the PCI in these high-risk patients is feasible in a wide spectrum of community hospitals with acceptable success rates. Our results seen in connection with the results of the randomized SHOCK study advocate an early invasive approach in younger patients with cardiogenic shock, while the best strategy in elderly patients is still a matter of debate.     

Impact of stents and abciximab on survival from cardiogenic shock treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.

This retrospective observational review compares patient characteristics and in-hospital and long-term outcomes of cohorts of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) prior to the use of stents (as well as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and dual-antiplatelet therapy) with PCI in the stent era. Cardiogenic shock remains the leading cause of hospital mortality from acute MI. This is a report of consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute MI, without mechanical complication, referred for emergency catheterization to a single operator at two consecutive Veterans Affairs medical centers over a 15-year period (1988 to August 2003). PCI was attempted in all 93 cases: 44 consecutive patients in the present era and 49 consecutive patients in the stent era. Patients with comparable extent of coronary disease, more ST elevation myocardial infarction, multiple areas of infarction, and greater comorbidity underwent PCI in the stent era. Nevertheless, PCI in the stent era was associated with higher rates of acute success and improved in-hospital survival. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank testing showed highly significant improvement in overall survival (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression of in-hospital survival demonstrated that stent use (colinear with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa use and dual-antiplatelet therapy) was significantly associated with survival in a model adjusting for extent of coronary disease and comorbidities (P = 0.007). Stents and abciximab have been associated with improved acute angiographic and procedural success of PCI for cardiogenic shock, leading to improved survival.     

Mortality prognostic factors of cardiogenic shock complicating an acute myocardial infarction and treated by percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in-hospital prognosis and late outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction treated by early (< 24 hours) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Retrospective monocentric study of a consecutive cohort of patients undergoing early PCI (< 24 heures) for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction from 1994 to 2004. RESULTS: The cohort included 175 patients (mean age = 65 +/- 14 years, 68% male). A successful PCI was obtained in 69% of patients. The in-hospital mortality was 43%. Independent risk factors associated with an increased mortality were: absence of TIMI three flow (P < 0.0001), absence of smoking (P < 0.009) and the need for mechanical ventilation (P < 0.002). Nor stent use or anti GP IIb/IIa infusions were predictors of a better outcome. At hospital discharge, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 38 +/- 12%. Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival was 63% for in-hospital survivors (maximum follow-up = 9 years). Independent predictors of an impaired long-term outcome were: a LVEF < 0.3 (P < 0.028) and 3-vessel disease on coronary angiography (P < 0.004). CONCLUSION: In-hospital mortality of patients suffering cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction and treated by PCI remains high despite PCI improvement. The long-term survival appears, however, to be better than that of patients with coronary artery disease and low LVEF.     

Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention among elderly patients in cardiogenic shock: a multicenter,decade-long experience

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and hospital mortality rate for elderly patients in cardiogenic shock undergoing emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Early revascularization for patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock is recommended for patients < 75 years of age. This age-restricted recommendation is based upon evidence that elderly shock patients undergoing early revascularization have extremely high hospital mortality rates. The real world mortality rate for elderly shock patients undergoing emergent PCI has not been determined. METHODS: We examined a decade-long experience in our prospective registry of consecutive PCIs in Northern New England to assess the generalizability of these findings. Characteristics and hospital mortality were compared for elderly ( 75 years old) versus non-elderly (< 75 years old) patients. Predictors of hospital survival were identified using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2000, a total of 310 out of 52,418 patients (0.59%) had PCI for cardiogenic shock, twenty-four percent of whom were elderly. Procedural characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Independent predictors of mortality for both groups were older age and the absence of collaterals; during the stent era (1997 2000), significant predictors were lack of stent placement and diabetes mellitus. The mortality rate for elderly shock patients undergoing PCI was 46%, which is significantly less than previously reported in randomized clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Real world selection of elderly shock patients for PCI is possible with mortality rates far less than seen in randomized trials.     

Long-term mortality benefit with the combination of stents and abciximab for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.

Cardiogenic shock secondary to ischemic heart disease is associated with a high mortality rate, and recent trials have established the benefit of an early invasive approach. However, the role of adjunctive abciximab and stenting for cardiogenic shock has not been established. We prospectively examined collected data from 96 consecutive patients who underwent emergent percutaneous coronary intervention for cardiogenic shock over the past 7 years. Patients were classified as receiving stent plus abciximab, stent alone, percutaneous transluminal coronary angiopplasty (PTCA) plus abciximab, or PTCA alone. Baseline characteristics of the 4 groups were similar. During 2.5 years of follow-up, the mortality rates for stent plus abciximab, stent only, PTCA plus abciximab, and PTCA alone were 33%, 43%, 61%, and 68%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.028). Achievement of postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3 flow was higher with stent plus abciximab than with the other interventions (85% vs 65%, p = 0.048). By multivariate analysis, absence of stent use (hazard ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 4.90, p = 0.004) and left ventricular ejection function 相似文献   

Interventional treatment of myocardial infarction. Own experience

The aim of the study is the analysis of own results of myocardial infarction treatment using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of twenty-four hour long hemodynamic service. Between 01.12.1998 and 31.12.2001 249 patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were admitted to our Department. Their mean age was 58 years, men -73.5%, median of pain duration was 4 hours, diabetes occurred in 11.6%, hypertension in 37.3%, dyslipidemia occurred in 14%, smokers constituted 59% of patients. 60.2% of patients were in Killip class I, 18.5% in class II, 8.0% in class III and 13.3% in class IV. Anterior and/or lateral myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 105 patients, inferior and/or posterior in 144 patients. Angiography was performed in 225 patients, PCI was performed in 178. TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 76% of patients with shock and 90% of patients without shock. Multivessel coronary artery disease was present in 71% of patients. 30-day mortality in patients treated with PCI was 11.8%, after exclusion of III and IV Killip class patients mortality was 4.3%. 30-day mortality in group of patients with cardiogenic shock was 38.0%. Relative risk of death in patients in III and IV Killip class was higher for these treated conservatively: IV class -1.51 (p = 0.075), III and IV class (common group) -1.38 (p = 0.064). In the year of 2001 30-day mortality among the patients in I and II Killip class treated with PCI was 2.43%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the treatment of myocardial infarction improves prognosis in group of patients with cardiogenic shock in 30-day observation. 2. 11.8% mortality observed in our PCI treated group is associated in our opinion with occurrence of multivessel coronary disease in 71% of patients.     

Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction treated by emergent coronary angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a poor prognosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is widely recommended by current treatment guidelines. AIM: To evaluate the in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality rate and to determine independent predictors of mortality in a cohort of unselected consecutive patients with CS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rabin Medical Center cardiac catheterization laboratory database was analyzed between 1/2000 and 8/2003. Fifty of the 472 patients (10.6%) treated using emergent PCI for AMI had cardiogenic shock on presentation. Patients with cardiogenic shock were older, more likely to be female and with higher frequency of co‐morbidities. The time from symptom onset until seeking medical treatment was longer in cardiogenic shock patients. In‐hospital mortality rate was 48.0% in the cardiogenic shock group as compared to 3.3% in the non‐cardiogenic shock group (P<0.0001). In patients with shock, total mortality after 30 days was 52% (26/50). Most of these patients (25/26) died within 48?hours following admission because of refractory cardiogenic shock. A multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline differences showed that age ?75 years (odds ratio [OR]: 11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–1.24, P = 0.05), and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonist (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95–1.0, P = 0.05), were independent predictors of all cause mortality at 30 days. CONCLUSION: Cardiogenic shock remains an important cause of mortality in AMI. Younger age and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonists during primary PCI for cardiogenic shock patients seems to be associated with better clinical outcomes.     

高龄冠状动脉左主干病变合并心源性休克直接PCI治疗2例并文献复习

目的探讨左主干病变导致急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的高龄（年龄≥75岁）患者在主动脉内球囊反搏（intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP）支持下经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗的可行性。方法回顾性分析2例90岁以上高龄左主干病变合并心源性休克患者在IABP支持下行直接PCI治疗的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果在给予IABP支持下,PCI治疗可恢复灌注以纠正休克,患者血流动力学和神经病学恢复正常,住院期间存活良好。结论在IABP支持下,直接PCI治疗可以拯救高龄患者生命并改善预后,是一种安全有效的临床选择。     

Primary coronary angioplasty in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: prediction of the thirty-day mortality risk in an unselected population of patients.

BACKGROUND: The 30-day mortality in catheter-based reperfusion therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction varies widely in the literature and only some factors, such as cardiogenic shock, are clearly associated with the risk. This non-randomized, single center study investigates the potential factors influencing the 30-day mortality in 586 consecutive patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, treated with primary coronary angioplasty (PTCA). METHODS: In the whole series and in two subgroups (with and without cardiogenic shock) the clinical, angiographic and procedural variables were used to develop multivariate statistical models for the prediction of the endpoint. RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality was 7.3%: 35.8 and 4.5% in patients with and without cardiogenic shock, respectively (p < 0.001). Independent predictors of the 30-day mortality included: a) in the entire series: shock, PTCA angiographic success, time to treatment, age, and coronary artery disease extension; b) in patients with cardiogenic shock: PTCA angiographic success, time to treatment, coronary artery disease extension, and use of abciximab; c) in patients without cardiogenic shock: time to treatment, age, and coronary artery disease extension. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction submitted to primary PTCA, the 30-day mortality rate is a highly predictable endpoint. The role of abciximab therapy and of other independent predictors varies according to the presence or otherwise of cardiogenic shock.     

Characteristics and mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the TRIANA 1 (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) Registry

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Although more elderly patients will experience acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in coming years, the best reperfusion strategy in these patients remains unknown. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The Spanish TRIANA (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) registry was set up to determine the feasibility of performing a randomized study of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus thrombolysis in AMI patients aged > or =75 years. The TRIANA 1 subregistry included consecutive patients of all ages with ST-segment-elevation AMI (< or =12 h from onset) who underwent PCI in selected hospitals. RESULTS: In total, 459 TRIANA-1 patients were included at 25 hospitals over 3 months. Some 11% had cardiogenic shock. PCI was performed as rescue therapy in 24% and, in 15% because thrombolysis was contraindicated. After PCI, 83% had TIMI grade-3 flow without significant residual stenosis. Mortality at 1 month was 10.8%. Independent predictors of mortality identified by multivariate analysis were: cardiogenic shock at admission (OR, 7.2, 95% CI, 2.2-23.3), age (OR, 1.05 per year, 95% CI, 1.005-1.100), maximum creatine kinase MB fraction (OR, 1.01, 95% CI, 1.004-1.270) and post-PCI TIMI grade <3 (OR, 2.8, 95% CI, 1.0-8.3). Of 104 participants aged > or =75 years (mortality, 24%), 58 (55.7%) fulfilled criteria for inclusion in a randomized study. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The TRIANA 1 subregistry probably reflects the reality of PCI for AMI in Spain. 2) Mortality at 1 month was associated with classic predictive factors. 3) Some 50% of patients > or =75 years old who underwent PCI could be included in a randomized study. These findings indicate that randomized study to determine the best reperfusion strategy in elderly AMI patients is feasible.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for cardiogenic shock in the SHOCK Trial Registry

BACKGROUND: The SHOCK Registry prospectively enrolled patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in 36 multinational centers. METHODS: Cardiogenic shock was predominantly attributable to left ventricular pump failure in 884 patients. Of these, 276 underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after shock onset and are the subject of this report. RESULTS: The majority (78%) of patients undergoing angiography had multivessel disease. As the number of diseased arteries rose from 1 to 3, mortality rates rose from 34.2% to 51.2%. Patients who underwent PCI had lower in-hospital mortality rates than did patients treated medically (46.4% vs 78.0%, P < .001), even after adjustment for patient differences and survival bias (P = .037). Before PCI, the culprit artery was occluded (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 0 or 1 flow) in 76.3%. After PCI, the in-hospital mortality rate was 33.3% if reperfusion was complete (grade 3 flow), 50.0% with incomplete reperfusion (grade 2 flow), and 85.7% with absent reperfusion (grade 0 or 1 flow) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective, multicenter registry of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock is consistent with a reduction in mortality rates as the result of percutaneous coronary revascularization. Coronary artery patency was an important predictor of outcome. Measures to promote early and rapid reperfusion appear critically important in improving the otherwise poor outcome associated with cardiogenic shock.     

Early revascularization is associated with improved survival in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry.

AIMS: The SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries in cardiogenic shocK (SHOCK) Trial showed no benefit of early revascularization in patients aged >/=75 years with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. We examined the effect of age on treatment and outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock in the SHOCK Trial Registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared clinical and treatment factors in patients in the SHOCK Trial Registry with shock due to pump failure aged <75 years (n=588) and >/=75 years (n=277), and 30-day mortality of patients treated with early revascularization <18 hours since onset of shock and those undergoing a later or no revascularization procedure. After excluding early deaths covariate-adjusted relative risk and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to compare the revascularization strategies within the two age groups. Older patients more often had prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency, other comorbidities, and severe coronary anatomy. In-hospital mortality in the early vs. late or no revascularization groups was 45 vs. 61% for patients aged <75 years (p=0.002) and 48 vs. 81% for those aged >/=75 years (p=0.0003). After exclusion of 65 early deaths and covariate adjustment, the relative risk was 0.76 (0.59, 0.99; p=0.045) in patients aged <75 years and 0.46 (0.28, 0.75; p=0.002) in patients aged >/=75 years. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock are less likely to be treated with invasive therapies than younger patients with shock. Covariate-adjusted modeling reveals that elderly patients selected for early revascularization have a lower mortality rate than those receiving a revascularization procedure later or never.     

Predictors of mortality at 30 days in high-risk patients treated with direct or rescue stenting for acute myocardial infarction: a single center experience

BACKGROUND: Coronary stenting in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a very low adverse event rate when performed at selected centers in clinical trials. However, because of exclusion criteria, a low-risk population is usually selected, while potential benefits of stenting should be investigated in an unselected population, including a larger proportion of high-risk patients. METHODS: We analyzed results obtained in 120 consecutive high-risk patients (mean age, 64 years; range, 38-95 years; 76% male), so defined according to the presence of 1 of the following: age > 75 years; Killip class 3; cardiogenic shock; 3-vessel or left main disease; ejection fraction < 45%; anterior AMI; previous bypass surgery; and/or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A primary procedure was performed in 63 patients and a rescue procedure in 57 patients. Stenting was attempted in all patients in which coronary occlusion could be crossed with the guidewire (117/120) and was successful in 115/117 (98%). RESULTS: Procedural success (TIMI 3 flow and residual stenosis < 20%) was obtained in 105 patients (88%), while a suboptimal result (TIMI 2 flow) was achieved in 9 patients (8%). At 30 days, twenty patients had died (17% mortality). For patients non in cardiogenic shock, 30-day mortality was 3.2%. At multivariate analysis, cardiogenic shock (p < 0.0001), peak CK-MB mass (p = 0.01), and suboptimal result (p = 0.018) were significant independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Rescue procedures were associated with a significant protective effect with respect to mortality (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: In our series, high-risk patients treated with percutaneous intervention for AMI had a very high mortality rate in the presence of cardiogenic shock, despite the use of stents, intra-aortic balloon pumping and abciximab. In the remaining patients, acceptable results were obtained even in the presence of 1 or more risk factors. Rescue stenting does not seem to be associated with increased risk compared to primary stenting.     

Effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions in nonagenarians

Data on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in nonagenarians are very scarce. The investigators present a series of 26 nonagenarians who underwent PCI (29 lesions, 1.1 +/- 0.3 per patient). Most (96%) had acute coronary syndrome at presentation, 27% underwent primary PCI for acute myocardial infarctions, and 54% had multivessel disease. Angiographically successful results were obtained in 24 patients (92%), and coronary stents were used in 81%. Five patients (19%) died during hospitalization. In-hospital mortality was significantly greater in patients with Killip class III or IV at presentation (100% vs 9%, p = 0.001), in those in whom the procedure was a primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction (57% vs 5%, p = 0.010), and in the presence of angiographic failure (100% vs 13%, p = 0.031). In-hospital mortality was 0% after excluding patients in cardiogenic shock and those with primary PCI. Thus, most nonagenarians who undergo PCI have a high-risk profile. However, PCI achieves a successful angiographic result in most patients. Mortality is high but concentrated in patients in cardiogenic shock and with primary angioplasty as PCI.     

Percutaneous Hemodynamic Support (Impella) in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure and/or Cardiogenic Shock Not Eligible to PROTECT II Trial

PROTECT I and II trials have tested the efficacy of Impella in patents with high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, patients with severe hemodynamic instability such as cardiac arrest, ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), or cardiogenic shock were excluded. The objective was to investigate the efficacy of Impella in sicker patient population who were not included in PROTECT trials. These patients merit high-risk PCI who had cardiogenic shock and unstable or decompensated heart failure (HF). From December 2010 to March 2012, 10 consecutive patients with extremely high surgical risk and hemodynamic instability underwent urgent PCI with Impella 2.5 support (Abiomed Inc., Danvers, MA). These patients were presented with advance HF and/or cardiogenic shock. Among the 10 included patients, 3 patients were with cardiac arrest and 1 patient was with acute myocardial infarction. All patients had successful Impella implantation and remained hemodynamically stable during high-risk PCI. Among the 10 patients 2 patients (20%) died within 1 month and 1 patient developed limb ischemia. In high-risk population nonrandomizable to PROTECT trials with advance HF/cardiogenic shock, Impella could be an important tool for hemodynamic support to PCI or could be a bridge to left ventricle assist device to achieve good recovery. Larger studies need to be conducted on this high-risk population.     

急性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入术后院内死亡的预测因素

目的分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者直接PCI术后发生院内死亡的预测因素,以寻找进一步改善AMI患者住院期间预后的可能途径。方法根据314例接受直接PCI的AMI患者住院期间存活与否,将其分为死亡组(26例)和非死亡组(288例),比较两组患者的临床和冠状动脉造影特点,确定发生院内死亡的预测因素。结果死亡组患者中女性(P=0.017)、年龄>75岁(P=0.004)、3支血管病变(P=0.015)、左主干闭塞(P=0.036)、就诊至球囊扩张时间>90min(P=0.013)、并发心源性休克(P=0.000)显著高于非死亡组患者;而PCI成功(P=0.000)、ST段下降>50%(P=0.000)显著低于非死亡组患者。多因素分析显示,心源性休克(P=0.000)、女性(P=0.029)、就诊至球囊扩张时间>90min(P=0.035)是发生院内死亡的独立预测因素。结论为进一步改善接受直接PCI的AMI患者住院期间的预后,未来治疗的重点在于降低高危(特别是心源性休克)患者的病死率,缩短就诊至球囊扩张时间,以及改善冠状动脉微循环和提高心肌水平的再灌注。     

Early and mid-term clinical outcome of emergency PCI in patients with STEMI due to unprotected left main coronary artery disease

Objectives: Evaluation of acute and mid‐term outcomes of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing emergency PCI due to unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease. Background: STEMI patients due to ULMCA disease represent a rare, high risk group. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be the preferred strategy of myocardial revascularization but there are few data about this topic. Methods: We analyzed 30‐day and mid‐term mortality of 58 patients with STEMI and ULMCA disease as culprit lesion treated in our centre by emergency PCI between 2000 to 2010. Results: Mean age was 67.3 ± 11.5 years. Thirty (51.7%) patients had cardiogenic shock on admission. PCI success was achieved in 54 patients (93.1%). Mean follow‐up was 15.8 ± 10.9 months (median 14, range 6–45). Thirty‐day and mid‐term mortality rates were 39.7% and 44%. Backward binary logistic regression model identified cardiogenic shock at presentation (OR 12.6, 95% CI 2.97–53.6, P < 0.001), age ≥75 years (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.3–26.5, P = 0.019) and post‐PCI TIMI flow grade <3 (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–5.7 P = 0.02) as independent predictors of 30‐day mortality. Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) identified shock at presentation (HR 5.2, 95% CI 1.8–14.3, P < 0.002), age ≥75 years (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8–8.7, P < 0.001), post‐PCI TIMI flow grade <3 (HR 4.9, 95% CI 1.6–14.6; P < 0.005) as independent predictors of mid‐term mortality. Conclusions: In patients with STEMI and ULMCA as culprit lesion, emergency PCI is a valuable therapeutic strategy. Early and mid‐term survival depends on cardiogenic shock, advanced age, and PCI failure. Patients surviving the first month have good mid‐term prognosis. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:215–222)     

老年急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克介入与非介入治疗的临床研究

目的 对比分析介入治疗与非介入治疗对年龄＞75岁的老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)并发心源性休克(CS)患者的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院63例年龄＞75岁的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者入院时及入院36 h内并发CS的资料,根据是否行PCI分为介入组及非介入组,比较两组基线资料、治疗效果及预后.结果 两组基线资料差异无统计学意义,梗死部位多见于前壁、前侧壁及广泛前壁(85.19%、80.56%),多见于三支血管病变或左主干病变(74.07%、37.04%),且多合并肺部感染(44.44%、55.56%).经过不同治疗后,介入组院内死亡率有所降低(51.85%比77.78%,P＜0.05),心律失常发生率下降(40.74%比69.44%,P＜0.05),血肌酐升高≥50%也明显低于非介入组(33.33%比58.33%,P＜0.05);而肺部炎症发生率(55.56%比75.00%,P＞0.05)、IABP使用率(40.74%比27.78%,P＞0.05)及呼吸机使用率(33.33%比30.56%,P＞0.05)两组差异均无统计学意义.结论 即使是年龄＞75岁的老年AMI并发CS患者,介入治疗仍可获得相对较好的治疗效果,尤其对心律失常和肾功能恶化,可使院内死亡率下降.     

Acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Is primary coronary angioplasty the treatment of choice? In-hospital follow-up results

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of death in the elderly, however, the optimal therapy of AMI in this age-group has not yet been established. AIM: To compare the early outcome of patients with AMI aged > or =75 years who underwent primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or were treated conservatively. METHODS: In-hospital outcome of 180 patients aged > or =75 years, hospitalised due to AMI, was retrospectively analysed. Ninety two consecutive patients, admitted with AMI between May 2001 and October 2002, underwent primary PCI whereas 88 patients, treated for AMI between 1993 and 2002, received standard pharmacological therapy without thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Primary PCI in the elderly with AMI is significantly more effective than conservative therapy, except with patients with cardiogenic shock in whom mortality is similar regardless of the therapy used.     

Routine upfront abciximab versus standard periprocedural therapy in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for cardiogenic shock: The PRAGUE-7 Study. An open randomized multicentre study

Background: The outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated with cardiogenic shock is poor. The aim of this study was to analyse, whether upfront abciximab administration could improve the outcomes of cardiogenic shock. Methods: This multicentre open trial randomized 80 patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock expected to undergo primary PCI into group A (routine upfront—pre-procedural—abciximab bolus followed by 12-h abciximab infusion) and group B (standard therapy). The study primary objective was 30-day combined outcome (death/reinfarction/stroke/new severe renal failure). Results: PCI was technically successful in 90% (A) versus 87.5% (B) patients. Abciximab was used in 100% (A) versus 35% (B). The primary endpoint occurred in 17 group A patients (42.5%) and 11 group B patients (27.5%, P = 0.24). Ejection fraction among survivors after 30 days was 44 ± 11% (A) versus 41 ± 12% (B, P = 0.205). Major bleeding occurred in 17.5% (A) versus 7.5% (B, P = 0.310). No differences (A versus B) were found in TIMI-flow and MBG after PCI. Conclusions: This study did not show any benefit from routine pre-procedural abciximab when compared with a selective abciximab use during the intervention in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing primary PCI. However, small sample size of the trial preclude any definitive conclusion, a larger prospective, randomized, multicentered trial is needed.