表面活性剂对肿瘤细胞多药耐药逆转作用的体外筛选

目的:从表面活性剂中筛选出能逆转肿瘤细胞多药耐药(MDR)的耐药逆转剂。方法:用MTT法筛选出对多药耐药的细胞系K562／A02耐药的抗肿瘤药物,选择并确定表面活性剂没有细胞毒性的浓度,以维拉帕米作阳性对照,检测不同的表面活性剂在不同的浓度下逆转多药耐药的细胞系K562／A02对不同抗肿瘤药物耐药的能力。结果:硬脂酸聚氧乙烯、泊洛沙姆、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚、吐温-60、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚等几种非离子表面活性剂均能降低抗肿瘤药物阿霉素、柔红霉素、长春新碱、依托泊苷、三尖杉酯碱对K562／A02细胞的IC50。结论:具有一定化学结构的非离子表面活性剂能逆转多药耐药的细胞系K562／A02的耐药性,作为药用辅料在逆转肿瘤多药耐药上将会有广阔的应用前景。     

延长洛美利嗪作用时间可增加K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的敏感性

目的：研究洛美利嗪在高浓度、长时间作用于肿瘤细胞时，对多药耐药的逆转作用。探讨洛美利嗪逆转肿瘤细胞多药耐药的机制。方法：将不同浓度的洛美利嗪与人红白血病细胞系K562及其耐药细胞系K562／A02（耐阿霉素）共孵育24、48或72小时，然后分别向细胞中加入阿霉素，采用MTT法检测细胞毒作用；以流式细胞术测定两种细胞系内罗丹明123的潴留以反映P-糖蛋白的外排功能；利用Fluo-3／AM检测细胞内游离钙离子浓度。结果：细胞与洛美利嗪预温孵后，阿霉素对K562／A02细胞的IC50值减小，细胞内Rh123潴留增多，细胞内游离钙离子浓度明显升高。结论：洛美利嗪高浓度，长时间作用于K562／A02细胞，可以抑制细胞上P-糖蛋白的功能活性，使细胞对化疗药的敏感性增强，其机制可能与升高细胞内钙离子有关。     

半夏水提取液逆转多药耐药细胞系K562/A02耐药性的研究

目的观察非细胞毒性浓度半夏水提取液对耐阿霉素的人白血病细胞系K562/A02多药耐药性的逆转作用,并探讨其逆转机制.方法采用MTT法测定半夏水提取液的细胞毒性及其对K562/A02细胞敏感性的影响,用流式细胞仪检测非细胞毒性浓度的半夏水提取液处理后K562/A02细胞膜表面糖蛋白P170表达的变化.结果半夏水提取液对K562/A02细胞有一定的细胞毒作用,非细胞毒性浓度半夏水提取液可显著降低阿霉素对K562/A02细胞的IC50,显著降低细胞膜糖蛋白P170的表达.结论半夏水提取液可部分逆转多药耐药细胞系K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的耐药性.     

川芎嗪脂质体对人白血病细胞株K562多药耐药逆转作用的研究

目的:研究川芎嗪脂质体在体外对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒作用和对多药耐药的逆转作用,并研究脂质体剂型对上述作用的影响.方法:MTT法检测川芎嗪脂质体以及川芎嗪原料对照组、空白脂质体对照组对耐阿霉素的人白血病细胞株(K562/ADM)的细胞毒性和多药耐药逆转作用.结果:川芎嗪脂质体对K562/ADM有明显的细胞毒作用.非细胞毒性剂量(生长率≥95%)为2.0μg·ml-1,该浓度下可显著降低ADM对K562/ADM细胞的IC50(P＜0.01),抗药性逆转为11.2倍.低毒剂量(生长率85～90%)为2.6μg·ml-1,抗药性逆转为178倍.2.0μg·ml-1的川芎嗪原料对照组可显著降低ADM对K562/ADM细胞的IC50(P＜0.01),抗药性逆转为7.9倍;同比稀释的空白脂质体对照组可显著降低ADM对K562/ADM细胞的IC50(P＜0.01),抗药性逆转为4.9倍.结论:川芎嗪脂质体体外对人白血病细胞K562/ADM有明显的细胞毒作用和MDR逆转作用;在一定浓度范围内川芎嗪脂质体的细胞毒性与逆转作用有剂量依赖性;脂质体本身对逆转有增效作用.     

中华眼镜蛇毒组分CⅡ对多药耐药肿瘤细胞的抑制作用

目的:研究中华眼镜蛇毒组分CⅡ(FCⅡNNAV)对多药耐药KBv200和K562/A02细胞的抑制作用。方法:应用MTT法观察FCⅡNNAV对KB、KBv200、K562和K562/A02细胞的毒性作用,DNALadder和流式细胞仪观察FCⅡNNAV体外诱导K562/A02凋亡的作用。结果:FCⅡNNAV对KB和耐药KBv200细胞以及K562和耐药K562/A02细胞均有抑制作用,IC50分别为0.87±0.15和1.07±0.08、0.67±0.11和0.75±0.01μg·ml-1。DNALadder和流式细胞仪检测FCⅡNNAV能明显诱导细胞K562/A02凋亡。结论:FCⅡNNAV对敏感细胞KB、K562及耐药细胞KBv200、K562/A02均有较强的抑制作用,FCⅡNNAV能明显诱导耐药K562/A02细胞凋亡,这可能是其抗肿瘤多药耐药机制之一。     

麻黄碱逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药性的研究

目的：观察非细胞毒性质量浓度的麻黄碱对耐药的白血病细胞株（KS62／A02）多药耐药性的逆转作用，并探讨其逆转机制。方法：用MTT法检测麻黄碱的细胞毒作用；用流式细胞仪检测非细胞毒性浓度的麻黄碱处理后K562／A02细胞膜表面糖蛋白P170表达及功能的变化。结果：麻黄碱对K562／A02有一定的细胞毒作用，其非细胞质量浓度（IC10）为75mg·L^-1，非细胞毒性质量浓度的麻黄碱对K562／A02细胞对阿霉素的耐药性有部分逆转作用（5．67倍），作用于K562／A02细胞后，细胞膜糖蛋白P170的表达从（85．3±5．5）％下调至（34．8±1．2）％，DNR外渗试验显示，细胞内化疗药物的质量浓度明显增加。结论：麻黄碱通过下调K562／A02细胞膜糖蛋白P170的表达，抑制其将化疗药物“泵”出细胞外的功能，提高化疗药物在K562／A02细胞内的有效质量浓度，能部分逆转K562／A02细胞的多药耐药性。     

中华眼镜蛇毒组分CⅡ抗耐药K562/A02细胞作用机制的研究

目的:研究中华眼镜蛇毒组分CⅡ(FCⅡNNAV)对多药耐药白血病细胞K562/A02的抑制作用及机制。方法:应用MTT法观察FCⅡNNAV体外对K562和K562/A02的毒性作用,流式细胞仪法观察FCⅡNNAV体外对K562/A02细胞Pgp,Bcl2蛋白表达的影响,比色法检测Caspase3活性变化。结果:FCⅡNNAV对耐药K562/A02及敏感K562细胞均有抑制作用,IC50分别为0.75±0.01μg·ml-1和0.67±0.11μg·ml-1。流式细胞仪检测发现FCⅡNNAV能使K562/A02细胞的Pgp,Bcl2蛋白表达明显下调;Caspase3活性明显增强。结论:FCⅡNNAV对细胞K562/A02及细胞K562均有较强的抑制作用,且抑制作用与剂量呈正相关,FCⅡNNAV可能通过抑制K562/A02细胞Pgp,Bcl2蛋白表达,激活Caspase3活性而诱导K562/A02细胞凋亡。     

环孢菌素A联合干扰素对白血病细胞株的多药耐药逆转的实验研究

目的：观察联合逆转剂对白血病细胞株多药耐药（MDR）的逆转作用，提高化疗的敏感性，方法：用环孢菌素A（CsA)和干扰素－α（INF-α）单独或联合逆转多药耐药细胞株K562／A02对柔红霉素（DNR）的耐药，药敏试验采用MTT法，同时用流式细胞仪检测逆转前后P糖蛋白（PgP)表达的变化及细胞内DNR浓度分布情况。结果：DNR对K562／A02及K562／S细胞的半数细胞抑制剂量（IC50）分别为7．3μg/ml和0．2μg/ml，CsA联合INF－α后明显增强DNR对K562／A02的细胞毒作用，IC60由7．3μg/ml降低到0．7μg/ml，而对K562／S细胞无影响，且逆转后细胞内DNR浓度明显增加，PgP表达无明显变化，结论：CsA和IFN－α联合能使白血病细胞株K562／A02对DNA的敏感性增加，具有逆转多药耐药的作用。     

新的肿瘤耐药相关基因ERGIC-53的研究

目的:研究ERGIC-53基因表达与肿瘤细胞耐药的关系,寻找肿瘤耐药逆转可能的新靶点。方法:采用Northern Blot检测ERGIC-53基因在K562和K562/A02中的表达差异;应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测11种肿瘤敏感及耐药细胞系中ERGIC-53基因的表达;设计合成针对ERGIC-53基因的siRNAs,用脂质体法转染K562和K562/A02细胞,用MTT比色法和流式细胞仪检测其干扰耐药细胞中ERGIC-53基因表达后的细胞对阿霉素的敏感性。结果:ERGIC-53在K562/A02细胞中的表达明显高于亲代K562细胞(P<0.05);6种耐药细胞株中ERGIC-53基因表达的平均值约为亲代敏感细胞的2倍。siRNA转染组与对照组相比,K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的敏感性均有不同程度的提高,且在转染后72h时细胞内阿霉素积累接近其亲代敏感细胞水平。结论:ERGIC-53基因与肿瘤细胞耐药相关,明确该基因参与耐药肿瘤细胞表型的形成。     

透明质酸寡糖逆转白血病细胞系K562/ADR多药耐药的研究

目的研究透明质酸寡糖(o-HAs)的体外逆转白血病多药耐药细胞(K562/A02)的耐药性,并对其逆转机制进行探讨。方法以四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法(MTT法)检测o-HAs对K562/A02细胞的多药耐药逆转活性;以流式细胞术检测o-HAs对K562/A02细胞内抗癌药物盐酸多柔比星(ADR)累积的影响。结果在100μg.mL-1浓度时o-HA4、o-HA6、o-HA8、o-HA10使ADR对K562/A02的半数抑制浓度(IC50)由61.6μg.mL-1分别降低至30.17、30.04、32.29、33.33μg.mL-1。细胞中ADR的累积量增加至原来的3.90、3.92、3.76、3.39倍。结论 o-HAs在体外具有较强的逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药的活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.