肾恶性肿瘤动脉栓塞术

目的 减少肾恶性肿瘤术中出血，提高切除率及对晚期患者的姑息治疗疗效。方法 １９８１年２月￣１９９６年１０月，对５０例肾恶性肿瘤进行了肾动脉栓塞治疗。本组肿瘤〉７ｃｍ者占９６％，用明胶海绵，钢丝圈及抗癌药施行整体式栓塞。结果 栓后行根治术者４６例，平均出血２５４ｍｌ，提高切除率１０％。一多有程度不同的疼痛，发热。手术切除间隔期４８小时以内者占８２％。本组无合并症及死亡。结论 肾动脉栓塞术是有效而安全     

中晚期肾母细胞瘤的综合治疗(附50例报告)

目的　总结肾母细胞瘤综合治疗效果。　方法　自１９７２ 年３ 月～１９９２ 年６ 月对５０ 例肾母细胞瘤患儿采用患侧肾根治性切除术、放疗（ 根据患儿年龄,总量１ ６００ ～４ ０００ｃＧｙ）、化疗（ 长春新碱、更生霉素单独或联合应用） 的综合治疗措施。　结果　５ 、１０ 年生存率为７２％ （３６／５０） 和５３％（１８／３４）;小于５ 岁与大于５ 岁年龄组,１０ 年生存率分别为６０ ％（１５／２５） 、３３ ％（３／９）,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０ ．０５）;术后１０ 天内与３０ 天后接受放疗者５、１０ 年生存率分别为８３ ％（１０／１２）、５８ ％ （７／１２）和５３％（８／１５）、３３％ （５／１５）,差异有显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。　结论　肾母细胞瘤综合治疗是提高生存率的关键。年龄越小,接受放疗时间越早,疗效越好。     

突变体p53蛋白与肾细胞癌患者预后

目的 探讨突变体ｐ５３蛋白与肾细胞癌患者预后关系。方法 对９７例根治性切除术的肾细胞癌石蜡包埋标本采用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法测定ｍｔｐ５３。结果要阳性者３３例，５年生存率６１．５％；阴性者６４例，５年生存率８１．３％。两组生存率差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＣＯＸ比例风险模型分析提示ｍｔｐ５３不是独立预后因素（Ｐ〉０．１０）。结论ｍｔｐ５３对判断肾细胞癌预后有价值，但不是独立预后指标。     

肾动脉栓塞术的临床应用（附57例报告）

报告肾动脉栓塞术５７例均栓塞成功。以明胶海绵、钢丝圈采用整体式栓塞用于肾恶性肿瘤５０例，７ｃｍ以上的肿瘤４８例，占９６％。根治性肾切除者平均出血量１１５ｍｌ；５例栓塞前未能切除或放弃手术而栓塞后得以切除。以自家凝血块，明胶海绵超选择性栓塞用于肾出血７例，均获立即止血。栓塞后患者可有程度不等的腰痛，发热。栓塞后４８小时以内手术者４０例（８７．５％）。本组未见合并症。认为肾动脉栓塞术迅速、安全、有效，可用于肾癌术前的辅助治疗及肾癌晚期的姑息治疗和各种出血性疾病。     

肾细胞癌的外科治疗(附81例报告)

目的　探讨肾细胞癌的治疗方法。　方法　总结 81例肾癌治疗经验 ,行肾癌根治性切除术 73例、姑息性肾切除 6例、肾肿瘤剜除术 2例。其中 38例术前行肾动脉造影加栓塞术再行肾癌根治术。　结果　 81例术后病理诊断 ,透明细胞癌 5 2例 ,颗粒细胞癌 19例 ,混合细胞癌 6例 ,囊性肾细胞癌 4例。 81例中 6 5例随访 12～ 110个月 ,5年生存率 :Ⅰ期 83.9% ,Ⅱ期 78.9% ,Ⅲ期 33.3% ,Ⅳ期 16 .7%。　结论　肾癌根治术前肾动脉栓塞是保证手术成功和良好预后的较好方法。保肾手术适应证选择恰当是关系预后的重要因素。     

肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析8例肾动静脉瘘患者的临床资料。其中原发性动静脉瘘5例，继发于肾肿瘤2例、外伤1例。结果 2例肾肿瘤者1例行肾切除术，1例因肿瘤转移仅行化疗。6例行经皮超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。随访6-60个月，1例栓塞失败者行肾切除术，1例瘘管再通者行二次栓塞治疗。一次栓塞成功者4例。结论 影像学检查是诊断肾动静脉瘘的主要手段，除恶性肿瘤外经皮超选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾动静脉瘘的首选方法。     

双侧肾细胞癌的诊断与治疗

报告近年收治的肾细胞癌患者３例，均经Ｂ超，ＣＴ等检查确诊，分别施行部分肾切除术，肾动脉栓塞术，孤立转移灶切除术，根治性肾切除术及Ｂｅｎｃｈ手术治疗，并配合免疫及透析治疗。经随访，１例死于急性肾功能衰竭，１例７个月后死于全身衰竭，１例无瘤生存已３年。同时就双侧肾癌发病情况，诊断方法及治疗措施进行讨论，认为双侧肾癌患者无特殊临床表现，其诊断主要依靠影像学检查，手术切除仍是主要的治疗方法。     

肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗(附22例报告)

目的：探讨提高肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析22例肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗结果：男10例，女12例，年龄16～67岁。肿瘤位于右侧9例，左侧13例；肿瘤大小0．4cm×0．6cm×0．7cm～13．5cm×14．3cm×15．2cm。主要临床症状为腰部不适、胀痛、包块、出血性休克等。结果：B超诊断准确率为86．4％（19／22），CT诊断准确率为90．9％（20／22），肿瘤小于4cm而无症状的7例采用B超、CT定期随访。手术15例，其中肿瘤直径小于4cm伴患侧腰痛或肉眼血尿的7例行肿瘤剜除术；直径大于4cm者8例，行肾部分切除术4例，肾切除术2例，因误诊为肾癌而行肾根治性切除术2例。结论：B超、CT、MRI等影像学检查对肾错构瘤的诊断准确率较高，必要时可作针刺活检及术中冷冻病理检查，关键是治疗方法的选择，即如何尽最大可能选择保留肾单位手术，其中选择性肾动脉栓塞术、肿瘤剜除术、肾部分切除术应作为首选。     

双侧肾细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附3例报告)

报告近年收治的肾细胞癌（肾癌）患者3例，均经B超、CT等检查确诊，分别施行部分肾切除术、肾动脉栓塞术、孤立转移灶切除术、根治性肾切除术及Bench手术治疗，并配合免疫及透析治疗。经随访，1例死于急性肾功能衰竭，1例7个月后死于全身衰竭，1例无瘤生存已3年。同时就双侧肾癌发病情况、诊断方法及治疗措施进行讨论，认为双侧肾癌患者无特殊临床表现，其诊断主要依靠影像学检查；手术切除仍是其主要的治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术127例随访

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术的治疗效果及预后. 方法后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术患者127例,随访发生手术并发症患者的预后情况,术后肾功能情况.通过Kaplan-Meier法分析患者1、3年总生存率、无瘤生存率和肿瘤特异生存率,不同病理分期总生存率、无瘤生存率和肿瘤特异生存率,以及不同病理分期生存率之间的差异.使用Karnofsky行为表现量表评估患者术后生活质量. 结果 127例患者随访107例,随访率84.3%.平均随访23(4～51)个月.9例术中术后发生并发症患者预后良好.术后患者1、3年总生存率为95.6%、95.6%,无瘤生存率95.8%、95.8%,肿瘤特异生存率96.8%、96.8%.pT1～T2者3年总生存率,肿瘤特异生存率和无瘤生存率分别为97.1%、98.6%、98.6%;pT3a者分别为90.2%、85.6%、90.2%.pT1～T2与pT3a患者肿瘤特异生存率和无瘤生存率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后患者生活质量评分≥80分者占91.6%(98/107). 结论 后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术安全有效;并发症发生率低、预后好;患者术后生存率较高,其生存率与肿瘤病理分期相关;患者术后有较好的生活质量.     

肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的安全性及疗效分析

目的 评价肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析56例行肾部分切除术患者的临床资料.术中肾动脉阻断时间≤30 min者28例.＞30 min者28例.采用99Tcm-DTPA肾核素扫描检测术前术后分肾的肾小球滤过率(GFR),比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院日、并发症发生率以及术前、术后1周和术后6个月的GFR值,明确肾热缺血安全时限,并随访远期生存情况.结果 术后随访30～48个月,平均36个月,总体生存率和肿瘤无复发生存率分别为100%和98%.阻断时间≤30 min和＞30 min组患者术中失血量、手术时间、术后住院日及并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术前患肾GFR分别为(42.9±4.9)、(42.8±5.6)ml/min,术后1周为(34.2±4.9)和(30.4±5.2)ml/min,前者GFR降低程度低于后者,差异有统计学意义(p=0.007).术后6个月时肾热缺血时间≤30 min组患肾GFR为(41.2±4.3)ml/min,与术前相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);＞30 min组GFR为(38.1±5.0)ml/min,仍明显低于术前水平(P=0.001).结论 肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤局部复发率低,远期生存率高,并发症发生率低,而且能最大限度地保留功能性肾单位,安全有效.术中阻断肾血管可以有效减少术中失血,将热缺血时间控制在30 min内,对肾功能影响较小,安全可行.

Abstract：

Objective To report the safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy (PN) in 56 patients with renal tumors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 56 patients who were treated with PN.Patients were divided into two groups according to the occlusion time.The occlusion time for Group 1 was≤30 min in 28 cases,and Group 2＞30 min in 28 cases.All patients underwent pre-and post-operation 99Tcm-diethylenetriamine pentoacetic acid renal scintigraphy, to determine the renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The GFR values, amount of blood loss during operation,operative time,postoperative hospital stay and the complications rate were compared between the two groups prior to surgery and one week and six months post-surgery.All patients were followed-up.Results The average follow-up time was 36 (30-48) months.The overall survival rate and tumor recurrence-free survival rate were 100% and 98%.There was no significant difference between vessel clamp time≤30 min and＞30 min in the amount of intraoperative blood loss,operative time,postoperative hospital stay and complications rate,P values were 0.266,0.487,0.879 and 1.000.The preoperative and 1 week postoperative GFR values of the two groups were (42.9±4.9) and (34.2±4.9),(42.8±5.6) and (30.4±5.2) ml/min.The difference was significant(P=0.007).The GFR values were (41.2±4.3)ml/min at 6 months after surgery for Group 1,compared with that before surgery,but the difference was not significant (P＞0.05).While the GFR values were (38.1±5.0) ml/min for Group 2,and the GFR for Group 2 did not recover to the preoperative level (P=0.001). Conelusions PN for renal tumors could be a safe and effective treatment option.The damage on renal function could be minimal when the renal artery clamping time is controlled to within 30 min.     

Infrainguinal revascularization after renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Although evidence suggests that end-stage renal disease is associated with poor limb salvage and patient survival after arterial revascularization, little is known about the effect of renal transplantation. We analyzed the outcome in patients with renal transplants who underwent infrainguinal bypass procedures. METHODS: Data prospectively entered into our vascular registry were reviewed for all patients who underwent lower extremity bypass procedures from January 1, 1990, through January 31, 2002. Sixty patients were identified who had a functioning renal allograft at infrainguinal revascularization. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for limb salvage, patency, and patient survival and were compared with the Mantel-Cox log- rank test. RESULTS: Sixty patients (40 men, 20 women; mean age, 47.1 years) underwent 76 bypass procedures in 71 limbs. Preoperative demographic data included diabetes (59 of 60 patients, 98.3%), coronary artery disease (26 of 60 patients, 43.3%), and preoperative serum creatinine concentration (SCr) greater than 2.0 mg/dL (9 of 60 patients, 11.7%). Mean follow-up was 25.1 months. Overall major complication rate was 11.8%, and 30-day mortality rate was 1.3%. Survival was 93.3% at 1 year and 66.6% at 5 years. Limb salvage was 87% at 1 year and 78% at 5 years. Primary graft patency was 78% at 1 year and 44% at 5 years. Preoperative SCr less than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL was associated with improved overall patient survival (5-year survival, 73.4% vs 37.5%; P =.01, log-rank test). Limb salvage and patency rates were not significantly affected by preoperative SCr greater than 2.0 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity bypass can be performed safely and effectively in patients who have undergone renal transplantation. However, the importance of a well-functioning renal allograft at surgery is demonstrated by marked improvement in patient survival.     

肾部分切除术后术肾功能影响因素37例分析

目的探讨肾部分切除术后术肾功能的主要影响因素。方法回顾性分析2007年10月~2009年7月37例肾癌患者行开放肾部分切除术的临床资料。其中3例为双侧肾癌患者。采用99 mTc-DTPA肾核素扫描评估术前及术后3月术侧肾的肾小球滤过率（GFR）。术中所有患者行单独肾动脉阻断。统计学分析应用t检验和多变量回归分析。结果手术时间80~195min,平均（122.51±25.86）min。肾动脉阻断时间（24.51±8.05）min。肿瘤大小（3.62±0.76）cm。术前及术后3月术肾GFR分别是（47.19±6.85）、（30.40±8.87）mL/min。术侧肾术后GFR下降（16.79±6.35）mL/min,与术前相比下降约34%。经随访3~21月,无复发及转移病例。患者全部无瘤生存。多元回归分析显示,年龄（P=0.004）、术前术肾GFR（P=0.000）及肾动脉阻断时间（P=0.000）对术肾功能的影响有统计学意义。结论年龄、术前术肾肾小球滤过率及肾动脉阻断时间是影响术后肾功能的主要因素。     

原发性肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学表现分析

目的分析和探讨肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学表现特点。 方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2018年10月，广州市第一人民医院及红十字会医院18例经手术及病理证实的肾脏罕少见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学资料。 结果18例恶性病变分别为恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，CT平扫肿瘤边界不清，密度不均，瘤内见片状密度减低区，增强扫描肿瘤轻度延迟强化。平滑肌肉瘤1例，CT平扫肿瘤边界略清，密度不均，瘤内见大片状密度减低区，增强扫描肿瘤轻度延迟强化。肾实质浸润型尿路上皮癌1例，CT平扫双肾多发不规则软组织肿块，平扫密度不均匀，增强扫描强化不均匀。囊性肾癌6例，呈囊性病灶，增强扫描囊性成分未见明确强化，病灶内可见强化分隔及絮状强化影。嫌色细胞癌9例，平扫密度均匀或不均匀，增强扫描6例呈轻中度延迟强化，3例呈"快进快退"表现。CT扫描对18例肿瘤的诊断准确率为72.2%（13/18）。 结论肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤具有一定的CT影像学特点，可为临床诊断及术前评估提供重要依据，但确诊仍需依靠病理学。     

Atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and renal arteries: Results of simultaneous surgical treatment

Between 1975 and 1985, 43 patients underwent simultaneous aortic and renal artery reconstruction. Twenty-two patients had infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and 21 had aortoiliac occlusive disease. In addition, 40 patients had severe lesions of one or both renal arteries and three patients had a lesion in an accessory renal artery. Hypertension was present in 29 patients, 15 of whom had impaired renal function. Four patients had chronic renal insufficiency without hypertension. Ten patients underwent prophylactic renal artery reconstruction. Infrarenal aortic repair was carried out simultaneously with thromboendarterectomy of one or both renal arteries, or reimplantation of a renal artery into the aorta, in two cases with contralateral nephrectomy. In one patient, the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries were also bypassed. Three patients (7%) died in the immediate postoperative period, two of these from myocardial infarction. Long-term survival was studied in 37 patients. Sixty-seven percent of patients with preoperative hypertension and less than 50% of those with preoperative renal insufficiency had good results.     

Improved renal function after renal artery revascularization

An experience with 20 patients with renovascular hypertension and renal insufficiency secondary to renal artery stenosis is presented. The mean follow-up was 29 months. Eighteen patients had atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and two patients had transplant renal artery stenosis. The mean preoperative blood pressure of 162 +/- 5 mmHg decreased significantly to 105 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The serum creatinine also decreased from a mean preoperative level of 4.7 +/- 0.7 mg/dl to a mean postoperative level of 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl (p less than 0.001). Similarly, the creatinine clearance improved from a mean preoperative level of 28 +/- 2 ml /min to a mean postoperative level of 45 +/- 8 ml/min (p less than 0.03). Four patients (20%) with improved renal function died from 4 days to 15 months postoperatively. Two patients (10%) have progressed to end stage renal disease. These findings demonstrate that renal revascularization is clearly beneficial in the short-term and long-term improvement of renal function.     

Simultaneous aortic reconstruction and renal revascularization: risk factors and late results in eighty-nine patients

From 1973 through 1984, graft replacement of infrarenal aortic aneurysms (N = 56) or occlusive disease (N = 33) was performed in conjunction with simultaneous renal revascularization in 89 patients. Isolated renal artery stenosis was corrected by unilateral reconstruction in 56 patients (63%), but the remaining 33 (37%) had diffuse involvement that required either bilateral renal artery grafts or unilateral revascularization of solitary kidneys. The incidence of hypertension (greater than 180/90 mm Hg) refractory to preoperative medical therapy (88%), severe coronary disease documented by angiography (40%), and postoperative azotemia (33%) or oliguric renal failure (15%) was significantly higher among patients with bilateral renal artery disease (p less than 0.05). In addition, this group had twice the early mortality rate (15%) of patients having unilateral renal artery lesions (7.1%). During a mean follow-up interval of 37 months, medical control of hypertension was enhanced in 46 of the 80 operative survivors (58%), and renal function improved or remained stable in 63 survivors (79%). Five-year actuarial survival presently is 65% for the entire series, with a cumulative mortality rate of 38% among patients who underwent aneurysm resection (mean age 64 years) in comparison to 15% (p = 0.03) for those patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease (mean age 60 years).     

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms associated with celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal artery occlusive disease: methods and analysis of results in 271 patients.

Two hundred seventy-one of 1509 patients who underwent thoracoabdominal aortic repairs had either celiac or superior mesenteric or renal artery occlusive disease. These latter patients were treated by endarterectomy or bypass between June 20, 1960 and Jan. 10, 1991. After 1987, the 30-day survival rate was 93% (79 of 85) compared with 90% (245 of 271) before 1988. Multivariate predictors of death were age, postoperative reoperation for bleeding, and cardiac complications (p less than 0.05). Renal complications (13% dialysis, 35 of 271) were associated with preoperative renal dysfunction, elevated preoperative serum creatinine level, urine clearance time of dye, extent of the aorta replaced, coagulopathy, and paraplegia or paraparesis (p less than 0.05). The incidence of postoperative renal dysfunction was reduced by renal artery endarterectomy (p less than 0.05). On univariate analysis the risk of renal failure was reduced by renal artery perfusion with cold Ringer's lactate solution (p less than 0.05). Gastrointestinal complications (9%, 25 of 271) were associated with a history of peptic ulcer disease on multivariate analysis (p less than 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival rates for patients with and without occlusive disease were 53% and 60%, respectively, and at 10 years 37% and 30%, respectively (p = 0.08). We conclude that endarterectomy or bypass of occlusive visceral disease reduces the risk of renal failure after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs, does not decrease early or late survival, and does not increase the risk of gastrointestinal complications.     

Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction

Purpose: Simultaneous prophylactic repair of asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in patients who require infrarenal aortoiliac reconstruction is controversial. This study documents the natural history of ARAS in patients who require aortic reconstruction. Methods: Two hundred patients who required aortic reconstruction from 1985 to 1990 for indications other than hypertension or renal salvage were identified. ARAS was not repaired. Preoperative angiograms were available for 171 of 200 patients and were reviewed for renal artery stenosis. Patients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors, survival, preoperative and follow-up blood pressure, serum creatinine level, antihypertensive medication usage, and need for dialysis. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. Twenty-four of 171 patients (14%) had preoperative unilateral 70% to 99% diameter reduction ARAS, and eight (5%) had bilateral 70% to 99% ARAS. Clinical features associated with ≥70% ARAS included coronary artery disease, increased age, and a diagnosis of hypertension (p < 0.05). Patients with ≥70% ARAS did not have a decreased 7-year survival rate (66% vs 84%; p = 0.10) but had higher systolic blood pressures (153 ± 25 vs 138 ± 30 mm Hg; p < 0.05) as well as increased numbers of antihypertensive medications at follow-up (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 1; p < 0.05). The mean serum creatinine level (1.1 ± 0.3 preoperative vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl; p = NS) was not increased. One patient (0.58%) with polycystic kidney disease and minimal renal artery stenosis required dialysis. Conclusions: High-grade ARAS in patients who are undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction is associated at late follow-up with increased systolic blood pressure and a need for increased numbers of antihypertensive medications, but not decreased survival rate, dialysis dependence, or an increase in serum creatinine level. These data do not support renal artery repair in patients with ARAS who undergo infrarenal aortic reconstruction. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:14-22.)