腔静脉节段切除在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用

报告８例下腔静脉节段切除和系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术治疗右肾癌并腔静脉浸润性癌栓。４例无远处转移者中３例术后分别存活３６，４２和１７个月，１例２７个月后死于脑转移。４例有远处转移者术后２例分别存活１３和１４个月，１例肝转移瘤者已存活６个月，１例膈上型癌栓者于术后８小时死于心肺功能衰退。     

肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓的诊治(附6例报告)

提高肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓的诊治效果。方法：１９９６－１９９９年诊治ＲＣＣ伴静脉癌栓６例,其中肾静脉型１例,肝下型３例,膈上型２例,经磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）及彩色多普勒超声确诊,均行肾癌根治术加栓取出术。结果：肾静脉型平均生存３６个月;肝下型３型分别生存２５个月、４个月（有局部淋巴结转移）及２２个月,最终均死于远处转移;膈上型（伴肺转移）术后２个月死于远处转移,１例右心房便于得在取出癌栓开放血流时因呼吸     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗（附11例报告）

报告１１例肾细胞癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者，男９例，女２例；右侧８例，左侧３例。临床症状：血尿９例，腹部肿物２例，仅１例出现下肢水肿、腹壁浅静脉扩张。全部病人均经ＣＴ扫描或ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查明确诊断。１０例经上腹正中或胸腹联合切口取出癌栓连同患肾一并切除。５例术前无其它部位转移者术后平均存活５年２个月，１例术后２个月死亡，２例术前肾蒂淋巴结及肾周脂肪侵犯者中１例存活２年５个月死于非肿瘤疾病，１例目前已存活３年１个月尚在，２例失访。本组腔静脉癌栓发生率占同期肾癌病人的２．７％。本组ＣＴ与ＭＲＩ相结合应用诊断符合率为９８０％。     

腔静脉节段切除在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用 (附八例报告)

报告８例下腔静脉节段切除和系统性淋巴清扫肾癌根治术治疗右肾癌并腔静脉浸润性癌栓。４例无远处转移者中３例术后分别存活３６、４２和１７个月，１例２７个月后死于脑转移。４例有远处转移者术后２例分别存活１３和１４个月，１例有肝转移瘤者已存活６个月，１例膈上型癌栓者于术后８小时死于心肺功能衰竭。认为无远处转移者术后有较高的存活率，是积极外科治疗的指征；有单一远处转移者，手术治疗可延长存活时间。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓手术及适应证（八例报告并文献复习）

为了提高肾癌并下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）癌栓的治疗效果，１９９１年１１月～１９９５年９月收治肾癌并下腔静脉癌栓８例，作肾癌根治腔静脉癌栓取除５例，２例癌栓至膈上。４例为肾细胞癌。１例肾乳头状腺癌已存活３７个月。结合文献复习，就手术途径、方法及适应证进行讨论，认为随着诊断和手术技术不断发展，对ＩＶＣ癌栓手术应采取更为积极的态度。     

肾癌合并膈下型下腔静脉癌栓的外科处理

我院自1994年7月至2002年8月共手术治疗。肾癌合并膈下型下腔静脉癌栓患者11例，行下腔静脉癌栓取出术和。肾癌根治术，现报告如下。     

Chevron—Typ切口肾癌根治术

采用Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｎ－Ｔｙｐ切口施行肾癌根治术治疗肾癌６例，其中Ｔ２Ｎ１Ｍ０期肿瘤２例，Ｔ２Ｎ０Ｍ０期肿瘤３例，Ｔ４Ｎ２Ｍ０期肿瘤１例。结果手术历时２ｈ３０ｍｉｎ￣３ｈ１５ｍｉｎ，均顺利完成手术，无一例发生术中意外，认为Ｃｈｅｖｅｒｏｎ－Ｔｙｐ切口显露良好，扩大了肾癌手术适应证，手术效果良好，适用于肾肿瘤较大，肾蒂有淋巴结转移或隔下型下腔静脉癌栓或肾静脉癌栓形成者。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后曾进，章咏裳肾细胞癌（ＲＣＣ）容易发生肾静脉和下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）内癌栓，其发病率约占同期ＲＣＣ总数的３％～１０％［１，２］。近年来，随着影像学的日趋发展和普及，Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＭＲ以及下腔静脉造影等检查都具有较高的诊断正确...     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2003年11月21例肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者资料，男13例，女8例，平均年龄50岁。右侧13例，左侧8例。临床表现主要为腰痛和（或）血尿。经彩色多普勒超声、CT和MRI确诊。Ⅰ型癌栓3例，Ⅱ型10例，Ⅲ型6例，Ⅳ型2例。其中行肾癌根治术加下腔静脉癌栓取出术15例，肾癌根治术加下腔静脉节段切除术4例。结果 19例手术者中，8例术后仅存活3～13个月，11例随访4～57个月至今，无瘤生存8例，带瘤生存3例。2例未行手术者分别于3、5个月后死亡。结论 彩色多普勒超声、CT和MRI对肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓诊断率较高，可准确判断癌栓位置。对无淋巴结和远处转移者，积极行肾癌根治术加下腔静脉癌栓取出术或下腔静脉节段切除术治疗效果满意。     

左肾癌伴腔静脉癌栓行肾癌根治术并人造血管下腔静脉部分替换术一例报告

2007年4月我院采用左肾癌根治、癌栓切除加人造血管下腔静脉部分替换术治疗左肾癌伴膈下型下腔静脉癌栓患者1例,后效果良好,报告如下.     

下腔静脉-右心房自然转流技术在下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中的应用

目的：探讨下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术在下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中的应用价值。方法：报告4例肾或肾上腺恶性肿瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料以及术中应用下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术行下腔静脉瘤栓切除的方法。结果：4例转流后下腔静脉阻断时的各项血液动力学指标无明显变化。3例肾肿瘤患者下腔静脉瘤栓及原发肿瘤完全切除,1例肾上腺恶性肿瘤患者下腔静脉瘤栓大部分切除。术后恢复良好,无并发症。结论：下腔静脉－右心房自然转流技术是下腔静脉瘤栓切除术中安全简便、切实可行的有效方法。     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓一例报告并文献复习

目的报道球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓1例,结合文献复习加深对此病的认识。方法20岁女性患者,术前影像学检查提示右肾巨大肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓,在球囊辅助阻断下行右肾切除及下腔静脉取栓术。结果病理报告为右肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,伴下腔静脉瘤栓,长6．5cm,术后随访1年未见复发。结论球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉可用于治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓。     

肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的多学科联合治疗

目的 探讨肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓多学科联合治疗的临床意义.方法 经B超和CT检查诊断为右肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的患者2例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级各1例.全麻下取腹部人字形切口.泌尿外科行右肾切除;肝胆外科游离腔静脉至第二肝门,于癌栓上下阻断腔静脉和周围分支静脉;血管外科切开腔静脉完整取出癌栓,缝合腔静脉.例2患者腔静脉癌栓距右心房2-3cm,肿瘤侵及腔静脉血管壁及血管内膜,术中建立左股静脉-右心房转流,心肺转流241 min,阻断主动脉18 min,行自体血液回输、腔静脉置换及第二肝门肝静脉-人工血管吻合.分析手术适应证、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等.结果 2例均成功行根治性右肾切除术,完整取出癌栓.2例分别于术后15、27 d出院.分别随访1、16个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移.结论 对于没有淋巴结侵犯和远处转移的肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,应积极行根治性肾切除术及癌栓取出术,多学科联合协作可缩短手术时间、降低手术风险、减少肿瘤复发、提高患者生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and the clinical significance of multidisciplinary treatment. Methods Two cases of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and CT were included in this retrospective analysis. The tumor thrombus was in level Ⅱ in one case and in level Ⅳ in the other. Coagulation test and complete blood count were done again before surgery. Human albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex, plasma, platelet, UW and irrigating solution were prepared before the operation.Under general anesthesia, surgery was performed using abdomen inverted Y shaped incision. Right radical nephrectomy was finished by the urological surgeon; the vena cava was completely dissected from the renal vein level to the secondary porta of the liver by the hepatobiliary surgeon, the vena cava and the surrounding branch vein were blocked in the upper and lower vena cava tumor thrombus; tumor thrombus was removed completely by the vascular surgeon. In one case (patient with level Ⅳ thrombus ) where the tumour thrombus invaded the wall of the vena cava, the thrombus was found to be extending to the cavo-atrial junction but not into the right atrium. The left femoral venous-right atrial bypass was established, the cardiopulmonary bypass lasted for 241 mia, and the aorta was blocked for 18 min. Salvage autotransfusion was used during surgery, and the hepatic vein of the secondary liver porta was anastomosed to artificial vascular graft.The data for surgical indication, operation time, operative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed. Results Right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy were performed successfully, and the two patients were discharged on the 15th and 27th day after surgery, respectively. The two patients were followed up for 1 and 16 months after surgery, respectively, and both survived without local recurrence and distant metastasis. Conclusion Radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy is the preferred method for patients without metastasis, and multidisciplinary cooperation could shorten the operation time, reduce the tumor recurrence and increase the survival rate of patients.     

Renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the vena cava inferior: a case report

We report a case of right renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. A 65-year-old man with right flank abdominal pain and high fever was reffered to our hospital. Computed tomography showed right renal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed tumor thrombus extending into the renal vein and the inferior vena cava. Preoperative diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma with vena caval thrombus. Radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy and lymphodenectomy was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed transitional cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus into the vena cava. One course of M-VAC chemotherapy was added and he has been alive for 56 months without recurrence. A literature review of 15 cases of renal pelvic cancer with tumor thrombus in the vena cava in Japan revealed that 7 cases were diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma preoperatively.     

Investigation of 14 renal cell carcinoma cases with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava

Renal cell carcinoma tends to progress into the renal vein and inferior vena cava. We investigated 14 cases of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. Surgery was performed in nine cases and mean survival was 53 months. Two cases are alive 8 years after the operation without recurrence or metastasis. The mean survival of 5 cases without operation was 7 months. Surgical management should be considered as a benefit for RCC patients with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava.     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

目的总结7例肝癌合并下腔静脉（inferior vena cava,IVC）癌栓患者的手术方法及治疗经验。方法自2003年7月至2005年5月,我们为7例肝癌合并IVC癌栓的患者实施了肝癌切除及右心房和（或）IVC切开取栓手术。所有患者均采用全肝血流阻断来控制IVC血流。根据癌栓上极位置的不同,分别采用5种不同术式：（1）静脉转流,心脏停搏,右心房及下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（2）静脉转流,心脏不停搏,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,右心房和（或）下腔静脉切开取栓2例;（3）经腹部切口切开膈肌,心包内高位阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（4）经腹部切口,经膈肌腔静脉裂孔小切口,心包外高位阻断肝上下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓1例;（5）经腹部切口,肝上阻断下腔静脉,下腔静脉切开取栓2例。结果所有手术均获成功,术后并发症包括胸腔积液2例,右膈下积液1例,切口感染1例。7例患者的生存时间为2周～26个月,平均9．8个月。已死亡的6例患者术后生存时间分别为13、9、11、2、17个月和2周,尚生存的1例患者已无瘤生存26个月。结论对合适病例实施肝癌切除和IVC切开取栓手术是安全可行的。手术治疗可以避免右心流人道阻塞和肺动脉栓塞造成的猝死,并有可能获得相对提高的生存时间和生活质量。     

肾癌伴静脉癌栓外科治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨外科治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者的预后。方法自1994年8月至2004年7月共33例患者行肾癌根治术及静脉癌栓取出术,其中男性26例、女性7例,中位年龄60岁(20~82岁)。肾静脉癌栓15例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅰ级(肝下水平)9例、Ⅱ级(肝后水平)5例、Ⅲ级(肝上水平)1例、Ⅳ级(右心房水平)3例。采用Kaplan-Meier方法进行生存分析。结果29例患者得到随访,14例死亡,平均生存(16·4±2·9)个月(1~42个月),15例存活,平均随访(17·3±4·6)个月(3~67个月)。1例患者术后第2天死亡,3例失访。5年生存率为16%。肾静脉癌栓患者平均生存(49·9±9·8)个月,明显高于Ⅰ级下腔静脉癌栓患者的(16·7±1·9)个月(P<0·05)。结论肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术是治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓的有效方法,肾静脉癌栓患者的预后好于腔静脉癌栓患者。     

The use of natural veno-venous bypass during surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus

Renal cell carcinoma associated with inferior vena cava thrombus complicates radical nephrectomy. Various approaches have been used to deal with this problem including veno-venous and cardiopulmonary bypass. Using natural veno-venous bypass may prevent the use of another type of bypass. A total of 16 patients underwent removal of renal cell carcinoma and an intracaval tumor thrombus without using veno-venous bypass. One of the natural veno-venous bypasses consisted in the mobilization of the liver off the retrohepatic inferior vena cava to allow enhanced access, vascular control, and hepatic venous drainage. The other natural bypass involved the preservation and use of collateral veins created by the longstanding obstruction of the inferior vena cava. In all 16 patients surgery was successful. Inferior vena cava clamping above and below the tumor thrombus did not result in systemic hypotension. There was no intraoperative mortality. There were no other complications. Mobilization of the liver off the retrohepatic inferior vena cava and preservation of collateral drainage (right testicular or ovarian veins and/or lumbar veins) were useful techniques in dealing with renal cell carcinoma with intracaval thrombus. These natural veno-venous bypasses allow vascular isolation of the inferior vena cava without disturbing the venous return to the heart and thereby help to prevent hemodynamic instability.     

球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉治疗肾肿瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓

目的探讨球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉治疗肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效。方法总结2005年5月至2006年5月收治的肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓患者9例,其中男性6例,女性3例;年龄20—76岁,平均年龄53岁;右肾肿瘤8例,左肾肿瘤1例。对患者在球囊辅助下阻断下腔静脉,行患肾切除下腔静脉取栓。结果手术均单纯经腹切口完成,取出下腔静脉内瘤栓平均长度5．0cm（3．0～6．7cm）,术中血压、心率平稳,术后无并发症,随访6～18个月,死亡1例,存活8例。结论应用球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉,极大地方便了Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型瘤栓手术的操作,降低了手术创伤和风险,具有临床推广价值。