显微外科技术在复杂性尿道狭窄手术中的应用

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的手术效果. 方法 本院1997年6月-2011年3月采用显微外科技术施行阴囊后动脉为蒂的阴囊皮瓣尿道成形术治疗复杂性尿道狭窄86例.术中裁剪所需的带血管蒂的阴囊皮瓣,用16 - 18 F硅胶尿管作支架,围绕尿管形成带蒂的皮管,在手术显微镜下以5-0无创伤缝针间断缝合,并于尿道吻合,术后1个月拔出尿管. 结果 临床治疗86例,83例一次手术成功,术后排尿通畅,术后6个月,尿流率测定17.0～26.5 ml/s,成功率96.5％.其中2例术后1年并发尿道内毛发结石,结石发生率2.3％.术后发生尿瘘3例,发生率3.5％. 结论 应用显微外科技术施行阴囊后动脉为蒂的阴囊皮瓣尿道成形术对复杂性尿道狭窄进行修复,手术成功率高,尿道狭窄、尿瘘等术后并发症低,可获得良好的临床效果.     

带蒂阴囊L形皮瓣转位一期修复尿道下裂

目的探讨重症尿道下裂成形术的新方法、新术式。方法利用显微外科行带蒂阴囊L形皮瓣一期尿道成形。术中注意皮瓣长度、宽度、厚度及皮下血管吻合支。横部皮瓣血管供应，因靠皮下取材不宜太长。结果经52例L型阴囊皮瓣成形尿道，术后尿瘘1例（1．9％），尿道狭窄2例（3．8％），手术成功率94．09％。结论显微外科带血管蒂L型皮瓣成形尿道，有效解决了重症尿道下裂皮瓣不足问题，防止皮瓣血管损伤，操作方便，是重症尿道下裂最佳术式。     

三种带血管蒂皮瓣法修复复杂性尿道狭窄

应用腹股沟区、股前外侧区及会阴阴囊血管蒂皮瓣修复复杂性尿道狭窄８例，手术均一期完成，除１例术后感染失败，７例成功。随访３～５年３例，５～１０年３例，１１年２个月１例，排尿通畅，无并发症。结果表明：使用此皮瓣代尿道可用于５．０ｃｍ以上的尿道缺损，克服了其它术式应用范围受狭窄长度限制的不足，皮瓣带血管蒂移植，不需缝接血管，对采用其他术式失败的病例是一种良好的补救方法，术式操作简单、安全易行，术后不需尿道扩张，并发症少。就手术方法、适应证及优缺点进行了讨论。     

阴囊筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道

目的探讨阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建尿道的方法。方法1998年3月～2004年8月对先天性尿道畸形患者8例及尿道下裂术后并发多孔尿瘘、尿道狭窄和阴茎弯曲畸形23例，采用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣修复缺损的尿道。年龄6～34岁，平均20．3岁，皮瓣宽度：儿童为1．5～2．5cm，成人为2．5～3．5cm，长度可为宽度的1．5～2倍。其中尿道下裂阴茎型9例；阴茎阴囊型10例；阴囊型7例，其中3例为儿童伴阴囊分裂，尿道开口于阴囊分裂沟中；会阴型5例，为男性假两性畸形。结果术后皮瓣均成活，切口愈合良好，Ⅰ期愈合24例，Ⅱ期愈合7例。仅1例拔除支架管后发生尿瘘，嘱患者排尿时按压瘘口，2周后闭合。27例获随访1～4年，2例术后1年阴茎稍下弯，其余患者阴茎形态及功能良好。结论应用阴囊肉膜下筋膜血管网蒂皮瓣重建缺损的尿道疗效满意，是一种修复尿道下裂术后并发症较理想的方法。     

带蒂帽状包皮瓣尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

总结近８年来应用带蒂帽状包皮纵形皮瓣成形尿道治疗尿道下裂５８例的体会并评价其疗效。本组阴茎体型３０例，阴茎阴囊型２０例，会阴型８例。年龄２个月～１０岁，平均３．４岁。所有病例术后１～２个月复查一次，其中２５例得到１～７年的随访。结果：８例术后有尿瘘，１例尿道口瘢痕狭窄，１例尿道憩室。一次手术成功率８２７％。认为该术式与Ｄｕｐｌａｙ术式联合应用可治疗重症尿道下裂，不必作膀胱造瘘转流尿液，仅需成形尿道内置多孔短支架管，既不影响伤口愈合，又有利于尿道的自我冲洗，避免了感染，疗效满意     

联合包皮及阴囊带蒂皮瓣修复阴囊型尿道下裂

目的　总结带蒂岛状包皮瓣尿道成形术 (Duckett术 )加阴囊中隔带蒂皮瓣翻转尿道成形术 (中隔皮瓣术 )治疗阴囊型尿道下裂的体会。　方法　对 19例年龄 2～ 12岁 ,尿道缺损长度 5 .0～ 9.0cm的严重阴囊型尿道下裂患儿应用Duckett包皮瓣成形加阴囊中隔皮瓣成形手术方法修复 ,探讨手术应用、并发症预防及尿流改道方法的选择。　结果　 19例随访 6个月～ 4年 ,17例获一期治愈 ,2例并发尿瘘 ,无尿道狭窄并发症。　结论　联合手术方法治疗阴囊型尿道下裂效果满意 ,并发症少 ,双管法尿液引流充分 ,对尿道刺激小     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣代尿道治疗尿道下裂45例报告

目的 探讨带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法及并发症的防治。方法 对45例应用带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂术式治疗的患的资料进行了分析。结果 45例一次手术治愈43例，2例术后并发尿瘘，1例尿道外口狭窄，手术成功率95％。结论 带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运丰富，成形尿道愈合力强，合并症少，尿道口能达正位，能Ⅰ期完成手术。     

尿道下裂合并阴茎阴囊转位肉膜蒂皮瓣一期矫治(附38例报告)

目的 探讨尿道下裂合并阴茎阴囊转位一期手术矫正方法。方法 根据阴茎及阴囊皮肤分布情况，采用保留轴心血管的阴茎或阴囊内膜蒂皮瓣尿道成形技术，先矫正阴茎下曲及尿道成形，然后同期行阴茎阴囊转位矫正。尿转流及新尿道分泌物引流采用会阴尿道造瘘及新尿道U型支架管引流技术。结果 本组38例术后阴茎阴囊外形美观，无尿瘘及尿道狭窄。结论 尿道下裂合并阴茎阴囊转位一期手术矫正完全可行。     

阴囊纵隔血管蒂皮瓣尿道成形Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂16例

目的 介绍阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法和体会。方法 于阴囊纵隔部设计以纵隔血管为蒂，宽1.5～2 cm，长等于尿道外口至冠状沟距离的皮瓣，切取后成形尿道，修复下裂。结果 本组16例皮瓣全部成活，成形尿道排尿通畅。术后3例出现尿漏，2例换药治疗后自行愈合，1例6个月后行瘘修补。随访6个月-2年，无尿瘘及尿道狭窄，阴茎功能及外形满意。结论 阴囊纵隔皮瓣尿道成形术是Ⅰ期治疗尿道下裂的良好方法。     

尿道下裂手术中应用阴茎和阴囊皮瓣103例

目的：探讨应用阴茎、阴囊皮瓣做皮条或带蒂尿管治疗尿道下裂。方法：52例采用阴茎皮瓣、51例采用阴囊带蒂皮瓣做成尿管埋藏于阴茎筋膜下，直达龟头顶部，做成新的尿道。恢复正常生理功能。结果：采用阴茎、阴囊皮肤做成皮条或带蒂尿管治疗尿道下裂，其有效率分别为46．2％和88．2％，带蒂皮管法是一种比较理想的手术方式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.