细胞凋亡相关基因bcl－2和bax在前列腺增生组织中表达的意义

为了探讨细胞凋亡抑制基因ｂｃｌ２和促进基因ｂａｘ在前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）发病中的作用，应用免疫组化ＳＰ方法对５４例ＢＰＨ组织和１８例正常前列腺组织（ＮＰ）中ｂｃｌ２和ｂａｘ的表达进行检测。ｂｃｌ２和ｂａｘ在ＮＰ和ＢＰＨ的上皮及间质中均有表达。ＢＰＨ中ｂｃｌ２表达明显高于ＮＰ，ＮＰ上皮细胞中ｂａｘ表达高于ＢＰＨ上皮细胞，两者间质中表达无显著性差异。ＮＰ中ｂａｘ表达显著高于ｂｃｌ２表达，而ＢＰＨ上皮细胞中ｂｃｌ２表达显著高于ｂａｘ表达，间质中两者表达无显著性差异。ＮＰ和ＢＰＨ中ｂｃｌ２与ｂａｘ表达之间均呈正相关且两者在分布定位上基本一致。结果表明ｂｃｌ２和ｂａｘ在ＢＰＨ的发生发展过程中起着重要作用，并且与前列腺细胞凋亡的调节过程有关。     

癌蛋白bcl－2在前列腺增生组织中的表达及其意义

采用抗ｂｃｌ－２单克隆抗体对２０例前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）和１２例正常前列腺组织的冰冻切片进行免疫组织化学染色。结果表明，正常前列腺的外周区ｂｃｌ－２蛋白主要位于腺体的基底细胞，腺上皮细胞偶见着色，移行区仅部分基底细胞阳性着色。前列腺增生组织中的上皮基底细胞和大部分腔上皮细胞均呈强阳性，阳性的细胞数和染色强度均高于正常前列腺组织。具有抑制细胞凋亡的ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在ＢＰＨ组织中的过表达提示ＢＰＨ的发生可能与上皮细胞可以不依赖于激素的生长和（或）细胞寿命延长，凋亡的细胞数目减少有关。     

前列腺癌细胞凋亡与bcl-2蛋白表达及其意义

目的：探讨细胞凋亡及ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达在前列腺癌（ＰＣａ）中的意义及前二者之间的相互关系。方法：采用原位细胞凋亡标记及免疫组织化学法对２５例ＰＣａ、１８例前列腺增生症 （ＢＰＨ）及１０例正常列腺的前列腺组织石蜡切片行ｂｃｌ－２蛋白及细胞凋亡检测。结果：ＰＣａ组的细胞凋亡充显著高于ＢＰＨ组及正常组,且ＰＣａ的细胞凋亡率与其分化程度呈显著负相关。ｂｃｌ－２蛋白在ＰＣａ组中表达率为３２％,与分化程度无关     

前列腺癌中P53和bcl-2蛋白的表达及意义

应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法，检测１５例良性前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）和３５例前列腺癌（Ｐｃａ）组织中Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的表达水平。结果发现：（１）ＢＰＨ组与Ｐｃａ组中Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的阳性表达率分别为６．７％、１３．３％和３４．３％、４２．９％，显示Ｐｃａ组Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白阳性率明显高于ＢＰＨ组（分别Ｐ〈０．０５、Ｐ〈０．０５）。（２）Ｐｃａ组中Ｐ５３蛋白阳性１２例，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肿瘤阳性５     

前列腺增生组织中bFGFmRNA表达的意义

目的 探讨前列腺组织中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）基因和蛋白及基受体表达的意义。方法 应用原位分子杂交和免疫组化方法检测３８例前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）组织和１０例正常前列腺（ＮＰ）组织中ｂＦＧＦｍＲＮＡ、ｂＦＧＦ和ＦＧＦＲ１表达。结果 前列腺间质细胞和上皮细胞中均见ｂＦＧＦｍＲＮＡ、ｂＦＧＦ和ＦＧＦＲ１阳性染色。ＢＰＨ间质细胞中三者表达显著高于ＮＰ组织,但ＢＰＨ与ＮＰ上皮细胞中三者表达无显著性。     

凋亡相关基因bcl-2和bax在胆管癌组织中表达的意义

目的　探讨细胞凋亡抑制基因ｂｃｌ－ ２ 和凋亡促进基因ｂａｘ 在胆管癌组织中的表达。方法　应用免疫组化方法对２０ 例胆管癌（ＣＨＣ）和７例先天性胆总管囊肿（ＣＣＣ）组织中ｂｃｌ－ ２和ｂａｘ 蛋白进行检测。结果　２０例ＣＨＣ中有１例ｂｃｌ－ ２ 蛋白表达阳性（５％ ）,７例ＣＣＣ中ｂｃｌ－ ２均表达阴性。２０例ＣＨＣ中有１１ 例ｂａｘ 蛋白表达阳性（５５％ ）,７例ＣＣＣ中仅１ 例表达阳性（１４．２９％ ）,两组间差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论　ｂｃｌ－ ２ 和ｂａｘ 蛋白的改变在胆管癌发生发展过程中不起重要作用。     

凋亡相关基因bcl—2和bax胆管癌组织中表达的意义

目的 探讨细胞凋亡抑制基因ｂｃｌ－２和凋亡促进基因ｂａｘ在胆管癌组织中的表达。方法 应用且化方法对２０例胆管癌（ＣＨＣ）和７例先天性胆总管囊肿（ＣＣＣ）组织中ｂｃｌ－２、ｂａｘ蛋白进行检测。结果 ２０例ＣＨＣ中有１例ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达阳性（５％）,７例ＣＣＣ中ｂｃｌ－２均表达阴性。２０例ＣＨＣ中有１１例ｂａｘ蛋白表达生（５５％）,７例ＣＣＣ中仅１例表达阳性（１４．２９％）。两是差异有显著意义（Ｐ〉     

bcl—2基因在良性前列腺增生中的作用

利用前列腺组织特异性的基因载体新型Ｃ３（１）和转基因技术，培植出人ｂｃｌ２基因的前列腺组织特异性转基因鼠。免疫组织化学检测证实人ｂｃｌ２蛋白在鼠前列腺上皮细胞中的过量表达。病理学观察发现，转基因鼠已发生良性前列腺增生。该实验为说明ｂｃｌ２基因在良性前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）中的病理作用提供了最直接的证据，并繁殖出可稳定传代的ＢＰＨ的动物模型。     

bFGF,EGFR和ABS在前列腺增生组织中的表达及其相前关系

目的：探讨ｂＦＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ和ＡＢＳ在前列腺增生组织中的表达及其相关关系。方法：应用免疫组化方法。结果：三者在ＢＰＨ组织中均呈异常高表达。相关表达分析发现ｂＦＧＦ与ＥＧＦＲ在ＢＰＨ组织中正相关，而正常前列腺（ＮＰ）组织中无相关性；ＥＧＦＲ与ＡＢＳ在ＮＰ组织中表达呈负相关，ＢＰＨ组织中则无显著相关性；ｂＦＧＦ与ＡＢＳ在ＮＰ和ＢＰＨ组织中表达均无显著相关性。结论：ｂＦＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ和ＡＢＳ在前列腺组织     

凋亡相关基因bcl—2和bax蛋白在膀胱癌组织中的表达及临床意义

为探讨凋亡抑制基因ｂｃｌ－２和凋亡促进基因ｂａｘ表达产物在膀胱癌组织中的分布及意义,作者应用抗ｂｃｌ－２单克隆抗体和抗ｂａｘ多克隆抗体分别对３４例膀胱癌和９例正常膀胱粘膜组织的石蜡切片进行免疫组化染色。结果显示,９例正常膀胱粘膜有４例ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达阳性（４４．４４％）,３４例膀胱癌有２８例ｂｃｌ－２蛋白表达阳性（８２．３５％）,两组间差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）,随肿瘤分级的增加,阳性表达增强。９例正常膀胱粘膜有８例ｂａｘ蛋白表达阳性（８８．８９％）,３４例膀胱癌有１８例表达阳性（５２．９４％）,两组间差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。作者认为,ｂｃｌ－２和ｂａｘ蛋白在膀胱癌组织中的异常表达,参与了膀胱癌的发生及进展过程。     

Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration, and consequences

BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies have suggested an association between systemic hypotension and hypoxia and worsened outcome from traumatic brain injury. Little is known, however, about the frequency and duration of these potentially preventable causes of secondary brain injury. HYPOTHESIS: Early episodes of hypoxia and hypotension occurring during initial resuscitation will have a significant impact on outcome following traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Patients with a traumatic brain injury who had a Glasgow Coma Score of 12 or less within the first 24 hours of admission to the hospital and computed tomographic scan results demonstrating intracranial pathologic features. Patients who died in the emergency department were excluded from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Automated blood pressure and pulse oximetry readings were collected prospectively from the time of arrival through initial resuscitation. The number and duration of hypotensive (systolic blood pressure, < or =90 mm Hg) and hypoxic (oxygen saturation, < or =92%) events were analyzed for their association with mortality and neurological outcome. RESULTS: One hundred seven patients met the enrollment criteria (median Glasgow Coma Score, 7). Overall mortality was 43%. Twenty-six patients (24%) had hypotension while in the emergency department, with an average of 1.5 episodes per patient (mean duration, 9.1 minutes). Of these 26 patients with hypotension, 17 (65%) died (P =.01). When the number of hypotensive episodes increased from 1 to 2 or more, the odds ratio for death increased from 2.1 to 8.1. Forty-one patients (38%) had hypoxia, with an average of 2.1 episodes per patient (mean duration, 8.7 minutes). Of these 41 patients with hypoxia, 18 (44%) died (P =.68). CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension, but not hypoxia, occurring in the initial phase of resuscitation is significantly (P =.009) associated with increased mortality following brain injury, even when episodes are relatively short. These prospective data reinforce the need for early continuous monitoring and improved treatment of hypotension in brain-injured patients.     

Data,information, knowledge,wisdom, and understanding

The digital age commenced in the mid-20th century and since we have seen approximately exponential growth in information. This period has also seen the rapid growth of computer technology that has facilitated, for instance, the derivation of whole genomes and automated drug discovery. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom lay the foundations for understanding how experience is formed from evidence and observations. When data are put into context, the resultant information can drive growth and further contribute to increased knowledge. Appreciating the source of data enables us to recognize and hopefully correct for inherent error and bias. Ultimately knowledge discovery can be automated to gain information from data and so on, enhancing our understanding of a given subject and expanding collective wisdom.     

Distribution, elimination, and action of d-tubocurarine in neonates, infants, children, and adults

The relation of plasma concentration of d-tubocurarine (dTc) to neuromuscular blockade, and the distribution and urinary excretion of dTc was determined in neonates (n = 4), infants (n = 6), children (n = 8), and adults (n = 8). The plasma concentration-time course curves to 24 hr are best described for all groups by three-compartment models. Both neonates and infants exhibit decreased plasma clearance (CLP), 1.1 +/- 0.08 and 1.0 +/- 0.06 ml X kg-1 X min-1, and in addition a prolonged t1/2 terminal phase, 311 +/- 44 and 306 +/- 35 (mean +/- SEM, min). The neonates' 24-hr urinary excretion, 27 +/- 2 (mean +/- SEM, % total dose) is significantly less than the adult value, 45 +/- 4% total dose. There was no significant difference seen in the log plasma concentration-evoked compound electromyogram (ECEMG) response between 20-80% paralysis for adults, children, infants, and five of the seven neonates studied. Two of the neonates had a significant shift of their log concentration-response curve to the right. There was also no significant difference between any of the groups in the time for 50% return of ECEMG stimulus height or the time required for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value. for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value.