手机微波辐射对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞膜电位的影响

目的探讨手机微波辐射对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞膜电位的影响。方法取成年豚鼠20只随机分为对照组和辐射组,每组各10只。对照组不做任何处理;辐射组:距豚鼠右侧耳廓2cm处对辐射组豚鼠进行手机微波辐射,辐射时间分别为1、6、12、24和48h,然后分别于各时间点随机活杀两组中的豚鼠各2只,取出听泡,分离耳蜗外毛细胞,用2 000Hz纯音进行不同强度的声刺激,观察离体单个外毛细胞(OHC)膜电位的变化特征。结果对照组离体单个OHC予2 000Hz、10dB HL纯音刺激时,于第40s细胞内荧光值开始升高,并于第50s达到峰值(1.112u),随后细胞内荧光值开始回落,于第60s至最低值(1.000u)。辐射组微波辐射1小时后,OHC细胞膜的去极化和复极化时间明显增加,并且不能完全去极化和复极化;辐射6和12h后,随着间断的声刺激可见OHC内荧光值缓慢上升,辐射6小时组之毛细胞于第70s荧光值达峰值(1.100u),而辐射12小时组之毛细胞于第90s荧光值达峰值(1.050u),随后整条曲线呈微上升趋势;辐射24和48h后,经过声刺激,曲线呈微上升、微下降波动,无明显峰值及回落。结论长时间的手机微波辐射能导致离体豚鼠耳蜗OHC膜离子通透性的改变,影响OHC膜电位的形成及细胞去极化、复极化,从而导致离体OHC膜电位对不同强度纯音刺激的敏感性逐渐降低。     

利诺吡啶对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞和支持细胞钾电流的影响

目的　观察KCNQ家族钾通道特异性阻滞剂利诺吡啶 (linopirdine)对豚鼠耳蜗单离外毛细胞和Deiters细胞 (支持细胞 )总钾电流的影响 ,初步探讨KCNQ家族钾通道在耳蜗外毛细胞和Deiters细胞的分布。方法　运用膜片钳技术 ,在全细胞模式下记录正常细胞外液中 8个外毛细胞和5个Deiters细胞的总钾电流 ,并观察 10 0 μmol/L利诺吡啶对外毛细胞和Deiters细胞总钾电流的影响。结果　在正常细胞外液中 ,单离外毛细胞可记录到四乙基二乙胺敏感的外向性钾电流和静息膜电位附近激活的内向性钾电流 (theK+ currentactivatedatnegativepotential,IKn)两种钾电流 ,而单离Deiters细胞中只记录到外向整流性钾电流。加入 10 0 μmol/L利诺吡啶后 ,外毛细胞中的四乙基二乙胺敏感的钾电流减小 ,IKn被完全抑制 ;而Deiters细胞中的外向整流性钾电流大小无变化。结论KCNQ家族钾通道存在于豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞 ,其介导的钾电流是四乙基二乙胺敏感的钾电流的组成部分 ,并构成全部的IKn;但KCNQ家族钾通道不存在于豚鼠耳蜗Deiters细胞。     

利诺吡啶对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞和支持细胞钾电流的影响

目的 观察KCNQ家族钾通道特异性阻滞剂利诺吡啶(linopirdine)对豚鼠耳蜗单离外毛细胞和Deiters细胞(支持细胞)总钾电流的影响，初步探讨KCNQ家族钾通道在耳蜗外毛细胞和Deiters细胞的分布。方法 运用膜片钳技术，在全细胞模式下记录正常细胞外液中8个外毛细胞和5个Deiters细胞的总钾电流，并观察100μmol／L利诺吡啶对外毛细胞和Deiters细胞总钾电流的影响。结果 在正常细胞外液中，单离外毛细胞可记录到四乙基二乙胺敏感的外向性钾电流和静息膜电位附近激活的内向性钾电流(the K^ current activated at negative potential，IKn)两种钾电流，而单离Deiters细胞中只记录到外向整流性钾电流。加入100μmol／L利诺吡啶后，外毛细胞中的四乙基二乙胺敏感的钾电流减小，IKn被完全抑制；而Deiters细胞中的外向整流性钾电流大小无变化。结论 KCNQ家族钾通道存在于豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞，其介导的钾电流是四乙基二乙胺敏感的钾电流的组成部分，并构成全部的IKn；但KCNQ家族钾通道不存在于豚鼠耳蜗Deiters细胞。     

听力学

20 0 4 0 82 0豚鼠耳蜗单离Hensen细胞钾电流特性及三磷酸腺苷对其影响 /李建雄… / /中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志 2 0 0 3;38(5 ) 343～ 346目的 :研究豚鼠耳蜗单离Hensen细胞的钾离子电流及其特性以及三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)对Hensen细胞电生理特性的影响。方法 :采用传统全细胞膜片钳技术 ,对单离Hensen细胞进行记录。ATP通过压力注射仪对单离Hensen细胞给药。结果 :Hensen细胞的钾电流呈明显的外向整流性 ,只有延迟整流性钾电流 (delayedrectificationpotassiumcurrent ,IK) ,没有瞬间外向性钾电流 (transientoutwordpotassiumcur rent ,IA)…     

听力学

2仪冲时27硝普钠对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞全细胞钙电流作用的实验研究/周建波…刀中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志一2图3,38(4)一259一262 目的:探讨一氧化氮供体一硝普钠(SNP)对豚鼠单离耳蜗外毛细胞钙电流的影响及作用机制。方法:利用急性分离的豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞,在全细胞膜片钳电压钳记录技术下,通过分离离子电流成分的方法,记录豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞全细胞钙电流。结果:sNP对内向钙电流有抑制作用,在钳制电位为-60111、,刺激电压为十10mV的条件下,10minoFL的洲P能抑制61.12士1.99)%的内向钙电流(x土S,n二5)。从5一8个细胞得到的量效关系曲线中,其半数作用…     

豚鼠耳蜗单离外毛细胞和Deiters细胞的钾离子电流及其生理功能

目的 研究豚鼠耳蜗单离外毛细胞(OHC)和Deiters细胞的钾离子电流及其特性，观察乙酰胆碱(ACh)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)对离子电流的影响。方法 运用全细胞膜片钳技术，分别记录单离OHC和Deiters细胞的离子电流。结果 OHC的长度不同，其钾离子电流表达具有差异性，短OHC具有较大外向电流和内向电流。ACh对短OHC钾离子电流的影响较大，其作用是使0HC超极化。ATP介导的0HC内向电流是非选择性的阳离子电流。ATP介导Deiters细胞出现内向离子电流。结论 K^ 电流在OHC的电谐振中非常重要。Deiters细胞能够通过减少K^ 外流、增加K^ 内流来缓冲周围环境中K^ 浓度的变化。ACh和ATP对OHC离子电流的影响在耳蜗机制中起重要作用。     

听力学

2(沁11526豚鼠耳蜗各回外毛细胞的分离‘/郭英…价’临床耳鼻咽喉科杂志一20()l,15(1)一26一全7 日的:探讨豚鼠耳蜗各回外毛细胞(()HC)的分离方法方一法:选豚鼠8只,解剖耳蜗各回组织获讲C;、。,i器并采用酶消化后机械分离。结果:各间均可获得一定数量、活性良好的()H(、.第1、2、3月回单离()H(、的长度依次为2:3.吕l、:,二:。)、(;)一8和71.37,,m。结论:熟悉耳蜗各回解剖、组织特性并按操作要点进行是成功分离出各回()}舰’的关键。图4表l参3(原提要)2001 1527耳蜗Deiters细胞的形态学和电生理研究进展(综述),/杨军…,夕临床耳鼻咽喉科杂…     

离体豚鼠耳蜗灌流一氧化氮供体对耳蜗组织中环磷酸鸟苷含量的影响

目的 通过对离体的豚鼠耳蜗即刻灌流一氧化氮供体（DEA－NO）及可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶（sGC)抑制剂（ODQ），来改变耳蜗组织中环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）含量，以便进一步研究一氧化氮／环磷酸鸟苷（NO／cGMP)途径在耳蜗中的调节作用。方法 24只纯种白色雄性豚鼠完全随机分为三组，分别灌流人工外淋巴基础液、DEA－NO／人工外淋巴基础溶液、ODQ＋DEA－NO／人工外淋巴基础溶液，收集耳蜗组织标本；用放射免疫的方法测定耳蜗组织中cGMP的含量。结果 向离体耳蜗中灌注1mM DEA-NO溶液可以引起耳蜗组织中cGMP含量的显著增加，先灌注ODQ，后灌注1mM DEA-NO，耳蜗组织中cGMP合成量明显少于单独灌注1mM DEA-NO，但仍高于对照组。结论 对离体的豚鼠耳蜗即刻灌流一氧化氮供体（DEA－NO）及可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶（sGC)抑制剂（ODQ），可以作用于NO／cGMP途径，改变耳蜗组织中cGMP含量，同时用放射免疫测定耳蜗组织中cGMP含量的方法是可行的。     

谷氨酸-天冬氨酸转运体在豚鼠耳蜗的分布

目的研究谷氨酸-天冬氨酸转运体(glutamate—aspartate transporters，GLAST)在正常豚鼠耳蜗内的分布，为探讨GLAST在防止耳蜗谷氨酸(Glu)神经毒性中的作用提供形态学基础。方法选取健康红目豚鼠6只，采用免疫组织化学方法，以山羊抗GLAST抗体为标记物，观察正常豚鼠耳蜗中GLAST的表达及分布。结果在正常豚鼠耳蜗的内、外毛细胞，内、外毛细胞周围的支持细胞，螺旋神经节细胞，血管纹边缘细胞和螺旋缘上皮，均有GLAST阳性表达。结论GLAST在正常豚鼠耳蜗内主要分布于内、外毛细胞，内、外毛细胞周围的支持细胞，螺旋神经节细胞、血管纹边缘细胞和螺旋缘上皮，其功能尚需进一步的研究。     

豚鼠耳蜗各回外毛细胞的分离

目的 :探讨豚鼠耳蜗各回外毛细胞 (OHC)的分离方法。方法 :选豚鼠 8只 ,解剖耳蜗各回组织 ,获得Corti器并采用酶消化后机械分离。结果 :各回均可获得一定数量、活性良好的 OHC,第 1、2、3、4回单离 OHC的长度依次为 2 3.81、34.5 0、6 0 .48和 71.37μm。结论 :熟悉耳蜗各回解剖、组织特性并按操作要点进行是成功分离出各回 OHC的关键。     

Mechanically evoked shortening of outer hair cells isolated from the guinea pig organ of Corti

Outer hair cells isolated from the mammalian hearing organ have been shown to respond to mechanical stimuli at acoustic frequencies by expressing a change in cell length (e.g. Canlon et al., 1988). The acoustically evoked response is characterised by both a tonic length change following the envelope of the stimulus, and a frequency-dependent phasic component. We show here that mechanical stimulation at much lower frequencies directed at the cell body also elicits length changes of the outer hair cells. When the apical pole of isolated outer hair cells was compressed with a quartz fibre, a shortening or contraction at the basal pole was observed. Transverse indentation at the lateral membrane elicited shortenings at both ends of the cells. The sensitivity to the mechanical manipulation was changed by an altered tonicity of the external solution, or exposure to salicylate. As the response occurs at very low stimulus frequencies, it may account for the mechanism by which the hearing organ responds to the low frequency modulation component in complex signals like speech.     

Comparative anatomy of the cochlea and auditory nerve in mammals

The numbers and structure of hair cells; afferent, efferent, and reciprocal synapses as seen at the base of hair cells; innervation patterns of first order cochlear neurons; and number and morphology of spiral ganglion cells will be discussed and compared in the guinea pig, rat, cat, monkey and man. Despite many similarities both in the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion in these species, there are a number of differences which may have important physiologic implications. In the organ of Corti, the major differences among species are the length and width of the basilar membrane, the number of inner and outer hair cells, and the length of hairs on both inner and outer hair cells. Significant differences in the innervation pattern of the inner hair cell among these species include the number of afferent nerve terminals per inner hair cell, the degree of branching of afferent fibers, and the number of synapses per afferent nerve terminal. Among outer hair cells, the number of afferent nerve terminals per outer hair cell, presence or absence of a pre-synaptic body, presence or absence of reciprocal synapses, the number of efferent terminals per outer hair cell, and the presence of dendodendritic synapses in outer spiral bundles may be differences important physiologically. In the spiral ganglion, there are significant differences in the number of spiral ganglion cells, the number of cochlear nerve fibers, the percentage of spiral ganglion cells which are myelinated, and the presence of synapses on spiral ganglion cells.     

Mechanically induced length changes of isolated outer hair cells are metabolically dependent

Isolated outer hair cells from the organ of Corti of the guinea pig have been shown to change length in response to a mechanical stimulus in the form of a tone burst at a fixed frequency of 200 Hz (Canlon et al., 1988). In the present study, the threshold of movement for individual outer hair cells is related to the original length of the cell such that long cells are more sensitive than short cells for all cochlear locations studied. Length changes could be elicited when the stimulus was projected at any site along the longitudinal axis of the plasma membrane. Length changes were not elicited when the stereocilia were stimulated directly. These mechanically-induced length changes were found to be metabolically dependent. In the presence of either sodium cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol, the motile response of outer hair cells was completely blocked within 30 min. When the extracellular pH was altered in a graded fashion, the motile response decreased gradually. Furthermore, 3 microM poly-L-lysine or poly-D-lysine of different molecular weights were also effective in blocking the motile response, whereas the negatively charged polyaminoacid, poly-L-aspartate, was not effective. Fluorescently-labelled poly-lysine demonstrated that the plasma membrane, stereocilia, and nucleus were the most intensely stained structures of the outer hair cells. It is suggested that the passive influx of poly-lysine is responsible for the inhibition of the motile response. Finally, the finding that the bidirectional motile response of isolated outer hair cells induced by mechanical stimulation is dependent on the metabolic state of the cell distinguishes this type of motility from the electrically induced outer hair cell shape changes.     

An M-like potassium current in the guinea pig cochlea

Potassium M currents play a role in stabilizing the resting membrane potential. These currents have previously been identified in several cell types, including sensory receptors. Given that maintaining membrane excitability is important for mechano-electrical transduction in the inner ear, the presence of M currents was investigated in outer hair cells isolated from the guinea pig hearing organ. Using a pulse protocol designed to emphasize M currents with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, voltage- and time-dependent, non-inactivating, low-threshold currents (the hallmarks of M currents) were recorded. These currents were significantly reduced by cadmium chloride. Results from RT-PCR analysis indicated that genes encoding M channel subunits KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 are expressed in the guinea pig cochlea. Our data suggest that guinea pig outer hair cells express an M-like potassium current that, following sound stimulation, may play an important role in returning the membrane potential to resting level and thus regulating outer hair cell synaptic mechanisms.     

Serial section reconstruction of the neural poles of hair cells in the human organ of corti. II. outer hair cells

Study of the anatomy of the cochlea, and in particular the morphology of synaptic relationships between hair cells and cochlear neurons, is essential for elucidation of the mechanisms of transduction of mechanical acoustic signals into electrical neural events. Because considerable gaps remain in our understanding of the microscopic anatomy of these synapses, particularly in the human, a reconstruction of the neural pole of outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti was performed. The data are based on 577 serial sections from the basal turn and 368 sections from the middle turn. This provided complete data on 11 and partial data on 9 outer hair cells. Terminal size of afferent fibers on outer hair cells was much more uniform than that found at the base of inner hair cells. Only small bouton-like terminals were found. Branching of afferent fibers was also seen at the base of outer hair cells. Each outer hair cell received approximately two to eight afferent nerve terminals. Multiple synaptic contacts between a single afferent terminal and an outer hair cell were common. Junctional membrane specialization consisted of synapses, desmosomes, coated vesicles and arrays of microtubules and membrane cisternae. Specialization at synapses consisted of asymmetrical membrane thickening. At outer hair cells the presynaptic membrane was thicker than the postsynaptic membrane. At inner hair cells the converse was true. At outer hair cells 35% of synapses had presynaptic bodies, compared to 83% of synapses at inner hair cells. Reciprocal synapses, with both hair cell to neuron and neuron to hair cell polarities, were found only on outer hair cells. Vesiculated efferent terminals were common at the base of outer hair cells. Both axosomatic and axodendritic efferent synapses were found. In addition, the same efferent fibers were found to synapse both on an outer hair cell and on an afferent dendrite. One example of a probable dendro-dendritic synapse in the outer spiral bundle is presented.     

Perilymph osmolality modulates cochlear function

Objectives/Hypothesis: The cochlear amplifier is required for the exquisite sensitivity of mammalian hearing. Outer hair cells underlie the cochlear amplifier and they are unique in that they maintain an intracellular turgor pressure. Changing the turgor pressure of an isolated outer hair cells through osmotic challenge modulates its ability to produce electromotile force. We sought to determine the effect of osmotic challenge on cochlear function. Study Design: In vivo animal study. Methods: Hypotonic and hypertonic artificial perilymph was perfused through the scala tympani of anesthetized guinea pigs. Cochlear function was assessed by measuring the compound action potential, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, the cochlear microphonic, and the endocochlear potential. Results: Hypotonic perilymph decreased and hypertonic perilymph increased compound action potential and distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. The cochlear microphonic quadratic distortion product magnitude increased after hypotonic perfusion and decreased with hypertonic perfusion. There were no changes in the stimulus intensity growth curve of the low-frequency cochlear microphonic. The endocochlear potential was not affected by perilymph osmolality. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that perilymph osmolality can modulate cochlear function and are consistent with what would be expected if outer hair cells turgor pressure changes the gain of the cochlear amplifier in vivo.     

Ion flow in cochlear hair cells and the regulation of hearing sensitivity

This paper discusses how ion transport proteins in the hair cells of the mammalian cochlea work to produce a sensitive but stable hearing organ. The transport proteins in the inner and outer hair cells are summarized (including their current voltage characteristics), and the roles of these proteins in determining intracellular Ca(2+), membrane potential, and ultimately cochlear sensitivity are discussed. The paper also discusses the role of the Ca(2+) sequestration sacs in outer hair cells in the autoregulation of hair cell membrane potential and cochlear gain, and how the underdamped control of Ca(2+) within these sacs may produce the observed slow oscillations in cochlear sensitivity and otoacoustic emissions after cochlear perturbations, including perilymphatic perfusions and prolonged low-frequency tones. The relative insensitivity of cochlear gain to short-term changes in the endocochlear potential is also discussed.     

Positional Analysis of Guinea Pig Inner Hair Cell Membrane Conductances: Implications for Regulation of the Membrane Filter

In mammals, sound transduction by inner hair cells (IHC) generates a receptor potential whose amplitude and phase drive auditory nerve firing. The membrane filter properties that define the input-output function of IHC are derived from membrane conductance and capacitance. These elements of the membrane filter were quantified using whole-cell voltage clamp of IHC from the four turns of the guinea pig cochlea. IHC membrane properties were remarkably constant along the cochlea, in contrast with all other auditory hair cell systems, and suggests that extrinsic processes such as the active filter provided by the outer hair cells are matched to a constant transfer function of the IHC. Two outwardly rectifying K+ currents contribute to the IHC membrane conductance. These combined currents activate at approximately -55 mV. IHC mean input resistance was 140 MW and capacitance was 10.0 pF, generating a membrane time constant of 1.4 ms or a corner frequency of approximately 115 Hz, which is consistent with reported low-frequency roll-off of the IHC AC receptor potential in vivo. Approximately 40% of the 313 nS total K+ conductance about 0 mV was attributed to charybdotoxin-sensitive KCa channels (also sensitive to cell dialysis with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA or removal of extracellular Ca2+). The only known ligand-activated conductance in mature IHC, the P2X receptor conductance, averaged 31 nS (activated by 400 mM ATP; about -75 mV) irrespective of cell origin. Thus, regulation of intracellular Ca2+ and activation of P2X receptors by extracellular ATP provide capacity for local dynamic fine-tuning of the IHC membrane filter.     

Electrophysiological properties and morphology of hair cells isolated from the semicircular canal of the frog

Hair cells isolated from the crista ampullaris of the frog (Rana pipiens) remained viable for up to 5 h and were studied using whole cell voltage- and current clamp recordings. Morphological characteristics of isolated crista hair cells were compared with hair cells studied in situ using light- and electron microscopy. While other labyrinthine hair cells such as mammalian inner and outer hair cells of the cochlea, saccular hair cells of the frog, and cochlear hair cells of the turtle typically have a cylindrical shape, the crista hair cells in the frog are predominantly bulbous, having a thin elongated trunk projecting from a spherical base just large enough to enclose the nucleus. This shape correlates well with the compressed packing configuration of hair cells of the crista ampullaris observed in situ in the histological material. The support cells often failed to separate adjacent hair cells, particularly the apical ends of the hair cells. Maximal cell density on the sensory epithelial ridge appears to be achieved by this arrangement. The mean resting membrane potential (Vz) of isolated crista hair cells was -44.8 mV. Cells with smooth surfaces and apparent opacity had the most negative Vz potentials. As the cells appeared to deteriorate, there was development of transparency and cell surface granulation. Such cells had more positive initial Vz values. Cells with Vz values more positive than -15 mV exhibited a distinct, contoured nucleus. Cells lacking these indicators of deterioration were characterized by input resistances of 1.9 +/- 0.31 G omega and membrane time constants of 13 +/- 2.5 ms. A large complex outwardly rectifying current was identified which was abolished by substituting Cs+ for K+ in the internal solution. The outward K+ current had two major components: a fast tetraethylammonium (TEA)-insensitive, voltage dependent I(A)-type current which showed voltage dependent inactivation; and a TEA sensitive current which had characteristics of a calcium dependent IK(Ca)-type current. Transient changes (20 ms duration) in membrane potential mimicking that which could be produced by the transduction current during cilial displacement potently modulated the I(A) current. Depolarizing current pulses of greater than 63800 pA were required to elicit membrane voltage oscillations. The resulting membrane potential offset of at least 40 mV is well beyond the magnitude of hair cell receptor potentials making it unlikely that these oscillations would play a role in enhancing frequency selectivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Prestin-dependent and prestin-independent motility of guinea pig outer hair cells

The motile response of isolated guinea pig outer hair cells (OHCs) was investigated using a combination of whole-cell patch clamp recording and continuous video image analysis. OHC's length, width, and area were measured from video images and the cell volume estimated from these values. Morphological data was then correlated with electrophysiological recordings of whole-cell current, membrane potential and voltage-dependent non-linear capacitance. Electromotility was evoked either by manipulating the membrane potential under voltage-clamp conditions or by exposing OHCs to high K+ solutions. Other motile responses were investigated in voltage-clamp experiments at constant holding potential, or exposing OHCs to solutions that did not affect the membrane potential. We found that electrical stimulation evoked voltage-dependent changes in OHC's length, width and area but not in cell volume regardless of the time course of stimulation. Moreover, changes in cell area were always associated with both voltage-dependent motility and non-linear capacitance, suggesting prestin dependency. In contrast, voltage-independent motile responses at constant membrane potential, which are presumed to be prestin-independent, were associated with changes in cell length, width and volume without significant changes in area. Area measurements, then, become a tool to investigate the simultaneous occurrence of both prestin-dependent and prestin-independent OHC motilities, and for evaluating the individual contribution of each mechanism to the total cell movement.