经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值,分析影响诊断的因素.方法 对ERCP检查发现可疑胆管恶性狭窄的144例患者行胆管细胞刷检查.2004年-2006年在胆管内来回拉刷10次 2007年-2009年在狭窄部位来回拉刷20次,并重复操作2次.专业病理医师固定阅片,对照术后病理诊断和（或）临床最终诊断,分析细胞刷检查诊断胆管狭窄病变的作用.结果 最终诊断96例为胆管恶性狭窄,48例良性狭窄.恶性狭窄患者中78例细胞刷检查阳性（敏感度81.3%）,18例阴性 良性狭窄患者细胞刷检查均为阴性（特异度100.0%） 总体准确率87.5%.2007年-2009年间恶性狭窄性病变细胞刷检出率为87.7%（50/57）,2004年-2006年间检出率仅为71.8%（28/39）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.细胞刷检查阳性率与肿瘤来源及狭窄部位无明显关系.术后发生4例轻度胰腺炎、3例胆管炎、2例胆管出血,无严重并发症发生.结论 胆管细胞刷检查对恶性胆管狭窄病变具有较高的特异度和敏感度,于狭窄部位反复拉刷和重复操作有助于提高细胞刷检阳性率.     

恶性胆管狭窄内镜诊断的研究进展

内镜技术的发展为诊断恶性胆管狭窄提供了新手段,通过消化内镜不仅能获得高质量的胆道结构图像,还能有针对性地获取组织标本。本文就目前内镜在诊断恶性胆管狭窄中的应用和进展做一总结。     

超声内镜诊断胆管恶性狭窄13例

目的:比较超声内镜(EUS)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在诊断胆管恶性狭窄中的临床价值.方法:回顾性分析2008-01/2010-05天津市南开医院76例胆管恶性狭窄患者的EUS、ERCP、MRCP检查结果,比较敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率.结果:EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄敏感性(94.2%vs78.5%)、特异性(84.6%vs57.1%)、阳性预测值(89.1%vs64.5%)、阴性预测值(73.3%vs41.3%)、准确率(91.6%vs71.6%)均明显高于MRCP.EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄敏感性(94.2%vs80.5%)、特异性(84.6%vs68.4%)、准确性(91.6%vs71.6%)明显优于ERCP.结论:EUS诊断胆管恶性狭窄,具有敏感性、特异性及准确性高的优势.     

胆道支架治疗远端恶性胆道梗阻相关并发症的防治

远端恶性胆道梗阻患者胆道支架置入术后并发症包括胆囊炎、胰腺炎、复发性胆道梗阻、出血和非梗阻性胆管炎等, 准确地认识这些相关并发症, 及时采取有效治疗措施, 对更安全有效地应用胆道支架具有重要的临床意义。     

Combined brush cytology and stent placement in a single session for presumed malignant biliary stricture

Background and Aim: Biliary stricture may be benign or malignant and causes obstructive jaundice. Brush cytology is a simple technique for diagnosing the cause of biliary stricture; however, its sensitivity has been reported to be low. A technique that comprises diagnosing the cause of stricture with a satisfactory sensitivity and relieving jaundice is required. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of brush cytology and the feasibility of the subsequent stent placement in a single endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) session performed for presumed malignant biliary strictures. Methods: Data were collected by reviewing the medical records of 100 consecutive patients with suspected malignant biliary stricture who underwent brush cytology followed by stent placement at our center. Diagnostic performance of brush cytology, completion rate of the whole procedures comprising brush cytology and stent placement, and complications were evaluated. Result: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of brush cytology were 83%, 100%, 100%, 33% and 84%, respectively. Biliary stent was successfully inserted for all patients (100%) subsequent to brush cytology in a single ERCP session. Eight patients (8%) had complications. Conclusion: Brush cytology was performed with much higher sensitivity of 83% than those of previous reports and the subsequent stent placement was successfully completed in all cases. For presumed malignant biliary stricture, brush cytology should be selected as an initial attempt because this technique is simple and enables subsequent stent placement in a single ERCP session.     

胆管内射频消融术治疗恶性胆管狭窄的研究进展

胆管内射频消融是新近用于胆管恶性肿瘤治疗的新方法, 本文就该技术近年来的研究进展做一探讨。     

Mechanism of benign biliary stricture： A morphological and immunohistochemical study

AIM: To explore the mechanism of benign biliary stricture. METHODS: A model of trauma of bile duct was established in 28 dogs. The anastomosed tissues were resected and examined by light and electron microscopes on day 3, in wk 1, 3 and mo 3, 6 after operation. CD68, TGF-β1 and α-SMA were examined by immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS: The mucosal epithelium of the bile duct was slowly recovered, chronic inflammation lasted for a long time, fibroblasts proliferated actively, extracellular matrix was over-deposited. Myofibroblasts functioned actively and lasted through the whole process. The expression of macrophages in lamina propria under mucosa, TGF-β1 in granulation tissue, fibroblasts and endothelial cells of blood vessels, oc-SMA in myofiroblasts were rather strong from the 1st wk to the 6th mo after operation. CONCLUSION: The type of healing occurring in bile duct belongs to overhealing. Myofibroblasts are the main cause for scar contracture and stricture of bile duct. High expressions of CD68, TGF-β1 and a-SMA are closely related to the active proliferation of fibroblasts, extracellular matrix over-deposition and scar contracture of bile duct.     

Survival of patients with malignant biliary stricture based on endoscopic brushing and on bilirubinemia

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma are the main causes of malignant biliary stricture. Both types of cancers have dismal survival rates, and treatment has little or no effect on prolonging the patients lives. Prognostic definition at initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is important to choose the most suitable management. AIM: To analyse endoscopic brushing and bilirubinemia importance in determination of the survival of patients with malignant biliary stricture. METHODS: Patients with biliary strictures diagnosed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were submitted to double brushing cytology. Serum samples were taken from all patients for bilirubinemia assay. Patients were followed to determine the final diagnosis and survival rates. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients with biliary stricture underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (40 ultimately found to have a final diagnosis of malignant disease). Hyperbilirubinemia or cytology brushing positive for malignancy was related to a shorter survival rate. CONCLUSION: This research data demonstrate the possibility of determining the prognosis of patients with malignant biliary stricture using endoscopic brushing results and bilirubinemia levels.     

Approach to the patient with a biliary stricture

The evaluation of biliary strictures often presents a diagnostic challenge, as missing a malignancy can have catastrophic effects. A variety of diagnostic modalities are available. After a thorough history and physical are obtained, key laboratory information including liver function tests and CA 19-9 levels should be obtained. Radiological imaging, in the form of transabdominal ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, are instrumental for the determining etiology. Endoscopic evaluation through ERCP with sampling, endoscopic ultrasound, cholangioscopy, and confocal laser endomicroscopy are crucial in the evaluation, and are used as complementary diagnostic tools.     

Long-term follow-up of patients with hilar malignant stricture treated by endoscopic internal biliary drainage

Seventy patients with biliary obstruction secondary to hilar tumors underwent attempted endoscopic internal biliary drainage using large transpapillary stents between December 1981 and March 1986. Placement of one or more stents was successful in 68. The type of stricture and mode of treatment were more important in determining subsequent survival than the type of tumor. In type II and III malignant strictures of the bifurcation of the common hepatic duct and the main hepatic duct, use of two or more stents to achieve complete drainage of the biliary system improves survival compared to incomplete drainage (176 vs. 119 days) and reduces procedure-related mortality and the incidence of early and late cholangitis. Patients with hilar tumors causing type II and III strictures treated with placement of multiple stents have at least as good a prognosis as patients with tumor involving only the common hepatic duct treated with use of a single stent. Once ERCP is performed and palliative endoscopic management of bifurcation tumors is begun, it must completed as soon as possible.     

Management of liver transplantation biliary stricture: Results from a tertiary hospital

AIM: To review results of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) during an 8-year period.METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographys (ERCPs) performed between May 2006 and June 2014 in deceased OLT recipients with anastomotic stricture at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the type of stent used (multiple plastic or covered self-expandable metal stents), which was chose on a case-by-case basis and their characteristics. The primary outcome was anastomotic stricture resolution rate determined if there was no more than a minimum waist at cholangiography and a 10 mm balloon could easily pass through the anastomosis with no need for further intervention after final stent removal. Secondary outcomes were technical success rate, number or ERCPs required per patient, number of stents placed, stent indwelling, stricture recurrence rate and therapy for recurrent anastomotic biliary stricture (AS). Stricture recurrence was defined as clinical laboratorial and/or imaging evidence of obstruction at the anastomosis level, after it was considered completely treated, requiring subsequent interventional procedure.RESULTS: A total of 195 post-OLT patients were assessed for eligibility. One hundred and sixty-four (164) patients were diagnosed with anastomotic biliary stricture. ERCP was successfully performed in 157/164 (95.7%) patients with AS, that were treated with either multiple plastic (n = 109) or metallic billiary stents (n = 48). Mean treatment duration, number of procedures and stents required were lower in the metal stent group. Acute pancreatitis was the most common procedure related complication, occurring in 17.1% in the covered self-expandable metal stents (cSEMS) and 4.1% in the multiple plastic stent (MPS) group. Migration was the most frequent stent related complication, observed in 4.3% and 5.5% (cSEMS and MPS respectively). Stricture resolution was achieved in 86.8% in the cSEMS group and in 91% in MPS group. Stricture recurrence after a median follow up of 20 mo was observed in 10 (30.3%) patients in the cSEMS and 7 (7.7%) in the plastic stent group, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0017). Successful stricture resolution after secondary treatment was achieved in 66.6% and 62.5% of patients respectively in the cSEMS and plastic stents groups.CONCLUSION: Multiple plastic stents are currently the first treatment option for AS in patients with duct-to-duct anastomosis. cSEMS was associated with increased pancreatitis risk and higher recurrence rate.     

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy and change of biliary manometry patterns.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) is used to remove bile duct stones. This work aims to evaluate the clinical usefulness of PTCSL and the reversibility of the terminal bile duct dysfunctions after PTCSL. METHODOLOGY: Thirty patients who underwent PTCSL using mechanical and/or electrohydraulic lithotripsy over the past 10 years (20 patients with common bile duct stones and 10 with intrahepatic bile duct stones) were evaluated. Terminal bile ductal pressure was measured using the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) tube prior to and after lithotripsy by means of variable-load cholangiomanometry. RESULTS: Complete stone extraction was possible in 26 patients (86.7%). The other 4 patients had intrahepatic stones. Complications included 2 cases of hemobilia, one of pneumonia, and 3 of localized peritonitis. Of 26 patients without residual stones, only 4 patients had a linear pressure flow (P-F) pattern which indicates normal biliary tract function prior to lithotripsy. In 17 of 22 patients with other type P-F patterns, however, these types also changed to a linear pattern after complete removal of stones. The P-F pattern of the other 5 patients remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: PTCSL is a safe and efficient method treating biliary tract lesions while preserving the function of the sphincter of Oddi. The terminal biliary tract function normalized after stone removal. Thus, PTCSL was useful for patients with complicated bile duct stones not accessible to endoscopic retrograde management.     

Postoperative jaundice as a clue to unrecognized biliary tract obstruction

Postoperative jaundice is often a complex clinical problem of multifactorial origin. If underlying liver disease is present preoperatively, there is a greater likelihood of jaundice after surgery. We describe two patients: one with intrabiliary hepatocellular carcinoma and the other with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The underlying processes were unmasked after the development of jaundice in the postoperative period. These cases point out the importance of considering previously undiagnosed biliary tract obstruction in the differential diagnosis of postoperative jaundice.     

Percutaneous cholangioscopic or transpapillary insertion of self-expanding biliary metal stents.

Fifty-two self-expanding metal stents were implanted in 39 patients with malignant (35 patients) or benign (4 patients) biliary stenoses. The stents were inserted and properly released by means of a 7 or 9 French gauge delivery catheter via the percutaneous (20 patients) or transpapillary (19 patients) route. In all cases the endoprostheses expanded to a diameter of 7 to 10 mm and achieved complete biliary tract drainage. Jaundice disappeared in 36 of the 39 patients. No early complication was observed. After a median follow-up of 121 days (range, 30 to 422 days), 19 of 36 patients are still alive and 17 died of non-procedure-related causes. Biliary re-obstruction occurred in five patients due to tumor overgrowth above or below the prosthesis (four patients) or bile encrustation (one patient). In patients with malignant stenoses, the probability of stent patency is 78% after 200 days. We conclude that large-bore metal stents are safe, effective, and provide better long-term patency than conventional endoprostheses.     

内镜超声引导下胆道引流治疗肝包虫病相关胆管良性狭窄一例

内镜超声下胆道引流多用于胆道恶性狭窄的治疗。本文报道了1例肝包虫病相关肝门部胆管良性狭窄病例,经胃胆道金属支架置入术后症状缓解快,无并发症发生,诊疗结局良好。     

Follicular cholangitis: another cause of benign biliary stricture

The case of a 57-year-old woman with a benign biliary stricture is described. Radiological examinations showed granularly elevated lesions in the common hepatic duct and severe stenosis at the hepatic hilum. Under a tentative diagnosis of hepatic hilar bile duct cancer, the patient underwent extended right hepatectomy with bile duct resection. However, pathological and immunohistochemical studies revealed a benign stricture with remarkable formation of lymph follicles with germinal centers, which could be termed "follicular cholangitis". This is the first case report of this uncommon presentation of inflammatory changes of the bile duct. Its etiology was unknown, and more investigation is encouraged to clarify its relationship to systemic disorders and malignancies. As difficulty remains in discriminating between benign and malignant strictures by nonsurgical modalities at present, surgical resection without complications provides a feasible approach to such a benign lesion.     

"Tannenbaum" Teflon stents versus traditional polyethylene stents for treatment of malignant biliary stricture

BACKGROUND: Premature stent clogging is the major limitation with plastic stents used in the treatment of malignant biliary structures. A pilot study suggested improved duration of patency of the Tannenbaum stent compared with polyethylene stents. The aim of this prospective, multicenter randomized trial was to compare the Tannenbaum Teflon stent with a conventional polyethylene endoprosthesis (Cotton-Leung biliary stent set) for the treatment of malignant biliary strictures. METHODS: Patients over age 18 years with symptoms caused by nonhilar malignant biliary strictures were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive a 10F Tannenbaum or polyethylene stent after a guidewire was passed beyond the stricture. One hundred six patients (mean age 72 years and 71 years, respectively) were enrolled (54 Tannenbaum, mean age 72 years; 52 polyethylene, mean age 71 years). RESULTS: Tannenbaum and polyethylene stent placement was successful in, respectively, 100% and 96% of procedures without complications. The mean (SD) 90-day stent patency of the Tannenbaum stent was 67% (7%) compared with 73% (7%) for the polyethylene stents. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated no difference in ease of implantation or stent patency between Tannenbaum and polyethylene stents.