试管法检测氟康唑和特比萘芬对常见致病性真菌的敏感性 …

目的：（１）检测氟康唑和特比萘芬对临床常见真菌的敏感性;（２）探讨并建立皮肤癣菌的标准药敏试验方法。方法：以ＮＣＣＬＳ Ｍ２７－Ａ方案试管法为基础,检测氟康唑和特比萘芬对２４株念珠菌和２０株皮肤癣菌的敏感性。     

氟康唑联合特比萘芬抗白念珠菌的体外药敏实验

采用NCCLS公布的M27-A方案微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬对35株临床分离的白念珠菌的药敏结果,应用棋盘微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬二者联合对35株白念珠菌的药敏结果.氟康唑和特比萘芬联用MIC几何平均数较其单独应用均显著降低(t=8.405,P<0.01;t=12.976,P<0.01),22株有协同作用,12株有相加作用,1株为无关作用,未发现拮抗作用.二者联用敏感株增加,耐药株减少.氟康唑与特比萘芬联合应用能够增强抗白念珠菌的作用.     

氟康唑、特比萘芬和伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性试验

目的比较氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性。方法采用NCCLS公布的M27-A方案微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对22株临床分离的白念珠菌的体外敏感性。结果22株白念珠菌对氟康唑耐药9株,敏感12株;对伊曲康唑耐药7株,敏感8株;对特比萘芬耐药12株,敏感3株。结论3种药物中氟康唑的敏感性相对较高,但仍有耐药现象,氟康唑与伊曲康唑存在交叉耐药。     

特比萘芬对白念珠菌氟康唑耐药株与敏感株的体外药敏试验

特比萘芬作为一种丙烯胺类的抗真菌药物在临床上能有效治疗浅部真菌感染。但是关于特比萘芬对酵母菌的作用，尤其是对白念珠菌的作用，不论是体外药敏试验还是临床疗效，目前的报道结果均具有较大的差异。笔者应用NCCLS M27-A方案对白念珠菌氟康唑耐药株与敏感株作特比萘芬的体外药敏试验。     

氟康唑和特比萘芬对新生隐球菌及念珠菌体外联合药敏试验分析

目的 :　研究氟康唑和特比萘芬对新生隐球菌及念珠菌体外联合药敏试验中的相互作用 ,为临床用药提供实验室依据。方法 :　参照美国国家临床试验室标准化委员会 (NCCLS)提出的标准 (M2 7-A方案 ) ,采用棋盘微量稀释法对 18株新生隐球菌和 10株念珠菌进行了氟康唑和特比萘芬的体外联合药敏试验。结果 :　联合用药时各药物的MIC几何均值比单用有显著降低 ,具有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;联合抑菌指数 (FICI)的平均值为 0 .6 2 9。氟康唑和特比萘芬的协同相加作用较为明显 ,未发现有拮抗作用。结论 :　氟康唑和特比萘芬对致病酵母菌主要表现为协同相加作用     

51株甲真菌病白念珠菌体外药物敏感性试验

参照美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A棋盘微量稀释法,检测了分离自2005年1月至2007年10月,于北京大学第三医院第二门诊部就诊的甲真菌病患者的51株白念珠菌对伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性.伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对51株甲源性白念珠菌的平均最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.23 μg/mL、3.84 μg/mL、6.52 μg/mL.伊曲康唑在体外对白念珠菌敏感性高于特比萘芬和氟康唑.     

应用M38—P方案测定皮肤癣菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性

目的 :　我们在国内首次应用 (NCCLS)M38 P方案测定临床近期分离的皮肤癣菌的药敏试验 ,以探讨该方案用于皮肤癣菌的可行性和重复性 ,比较不同抗真菌药物对皮肤癣菌的药物敏感性。方法 :　本试验共包括 5 2株临床近期分离的皮肤癣菌 ,其中红色毛癣菌 2 4株 ,须癣毛癣菌 14株 ,犬小孢子菌 11株 ,絮状表皮癣菌 3株 ,包括 8种抗真菌药物即伊曲康唑、益康唑、咪康唑、特比萘芬、克霉唑、氟康唑、5 氟胞嘧啶、制霉菌素。方法采用M38 P方案微量稀释法 ,并适当调整试验参数。结果 :　M38 P方案经过调整适用于皮肤癣菌药敏实验 ;伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、益康唑、咪康唑对皮肤癣菌的MIC值较低 ,其几何均数分别为伊曲康唑 0 .2 8± 0 .5 4μg ml,特比萘芬 0 .0 0 32± 0 .0 0 μg ml,益康唑 0 .3± 1.14μg ml,咪康唑 0 .31±0 .17μg ml,不同抗真菌药物对皮肤癣菌的药敏有明显差别 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :　M38 P方案适用于皮肤癣菌药敏实验 ,具有重复性和稳定性 ;伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、益康唑、咪康唑对皮肤癣菌的MIC值较低 ,未发现交叉耐药现象     

61株甲源性近平滑念珠菌药敏试验报告

根据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A微量稀释法对近平滑念珠菌作了伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果:伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对61株近平滑念珠菌的平均MIC值分别为:3.20μg/mL、0.42μg/mL、2.33μg/mL。体外特比萘芬对近平滑念珠菌敏感性高于伊曲康唑和氟康唑。     

微量稀释法检测申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外抗真菌药物敏感性

目的用液基微量稀释法观察双相真菌申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外抗真菌药物敏感性。方法将54株申克孢子丝菌临床株于脑心浸液琼脂培养基连续传代获得酵母相,参考美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的微量稀释法M27-A2检测菌株酵母相对碘化钾、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和特比萘芬的体外敏感性,并观察碘化钾对伊曲康唑和特比萘芬体外抑菌作用的影响。质控株为克柔念珠菌ATCC6258。结果碘化钾体外无抑菌作用;氟康唑最小抑菌浓度(MIC)几何均数大于64μg/mL;伊曲康唑和特比萘芬MIC几何均数分别为0.98μg/mL和0.17μg/mL。伊曲康唑及特比萘芬的MIC值分别高于伊曲康唑+碘化钾及特比萘芬+碘化钾(P均<0.05)。来源皮肤固定型的菌株与来源皮肤淋巴管型菌株相比MIC值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论改良的M27-A2方法适用于检测申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外敏感性;酵母相时碘化钾对伊曲康唑、特比萘芬体外抑菌作用有一定的加强效应。     

特比萘芬对白念珠菌菌丝相和酵母相敏感性的比较

我们采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐M27-A微量法测定白念珠菌酵母相和菌丝相的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),以了解特比萘芬对酵母相和菌丝相的敏感性有无差异.     

What defines the quality of patient care in tinea pedis?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study has been to evaluate patients with tinea pedis for their demographic data and attitudes affecting the treatment of disease, and to compare the in vitro activity of 10 antifungal agents and to relate them to their in vivo activity. METHODS: Patients with positive mycological examination were enrolled in the study, and a questionnaire comprised of 22 questions was administered. A mycological culture was carried out for each specimen. The antifungal susceptibility of the subcultured species was determined for griseofulvin, terbinafine, ciclopiroxolamine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, bifonazole, sulconazole, oxiconazole and miconazole with microdilution. RESULTS: Mycological cultures were carried out from 59 patients and there were 35 positive cultures (59.3%). The dermatophytes were Trichophyton rubrum (n = 25) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 3). The yeasts were Candida albicans (n = 7), Candida glabrata (n = 1) and Trichosporon (n = 2). In the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study, the mean +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) MICs of the antifungals for T. rubrum were as follows: terbinafine 0.01 +/- 0.003, oxiconazole 0.16 +/- 0.05, sulkonazole 0.31 +/- 0.05, miconazole 0.45 +/- 0.15, itraconazole 0.74 +/- 0.01, ketokonazole 1.03 +/- 0.17, ciclopiroxolamine 1.30 +/- 0.12, bifonazole 1.94 +/- 0.51, griseofulvin 4.87 +/- 0.61, and fluconazole 17.91 +/- 3.67 microg/mL. CONCLUSION: Our study supports that azoles could be used as first-line treatment, as oxiconazole is very effective for both dermatophytes and C. albicans. Correlation between in vitro results and clinical outcomes of cases of dermatophytes is still to be established and interpretive breakpoints defined, in order to increase the quality of patient care in tinea pedis.     

念珠菌性包皮龟头炎的致病菌种及其药敏试验分析

目的了解念珠菌性包皮龟头炎的致病菌种及其对常见抗真菌药物的敏感性。方法分别采用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基、YBC鉴定卡和ROSCO纸片扩散法进行念珠菌培养、菌种鉴定及药敏试验。结果380例患者共培养出93株阳性标本(24.47%),分离出白念珠菌81株(87.10%),非白念珠菌12株(12.90%)。93株念珠菌对制霉菌素、酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、咪康唑和特比萘芬的敏感率分别为100%,95.70%,92.47%,67.74%,56.99%,45.16%。结论白念珠菌是念珠菌性龟头包皮炎的主要致病菌种,分离菌株对制霉菌素敏感性最高,其次是酮康唑和氟康唑,特比萘芬最低。     

Antifungal susceptibilities of dermatophytic agents isolated from clinical specimens

The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility to four antifungal agents: ketoconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole, of the different species of dermatophyte strains isolated from clinical specimens. A total of 128 specimens were collected from toe nail, foot, inguinal region, trunk, hands and head. The dermatophytes tested included Trichophyton rubrum 108 (84.4%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes 11 (8.6%), Epidermophyton floccosum 5 (3.9%), Microsporum canis 2 (1.5%) and Trichophyton tonsurans 2 (1.5%). The mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the five species of dermatophytes ranged between 0.09-1.12 microg/mL for ketoconazole, 0.04-0.27 microg/mL for terbinafine, 0.08-0.43 microg/mL for itraconazole and 16.18-24.0 microg/mL for fluconazole. In vitro analysis of antifungal activity of these agents would also allow for the comparison between different systemic antifungals, which in turn may clarify the reasons for the lack of clinical response or serve as an effective therapy for patients with chronic infection.     

In vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of dermatophyte strains causing tinea unguium

BACKGROUND: Dermatophytes are the major responsible organisms in onychomycosis. Although recent antifungal agents have high success rates in treating this condition, lack of clinical response may occur in 20%. Antifungal drug resistance may be one of the causes of treatment failure. The need for in vitro antifungal drug resistance in daily practice is still under discussion. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the in vitro susceptibility patterns of dermatophytes causing onychomycosis, against the traditionally available systemic antifungal agents terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole. METHODS: In total, 100 otherwise healthy patients with suspected onychomycosis were included. Nail clippings were cultured on Sabouraud dexrose agar, mycobiotic agar and dermatophyte test medium. Antifungal susceptibility tests were carried out, mainly following The National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (M38-P) protocol standard for filamentous fungi. Different concentrations of terbinafine (0.008-8 microg/mL), itraconazole (0.015-16 microg/mL) and fluconazole (0.06-64 microg/mL) were tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration end-point determination was chosen as 100% growth inhibition for terbinafine and 80% for azoles. RESULTS: Of the 100 nail samples, 43% grew dermatophytes. The main causative organism was Trichophyton rubrum (91%) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9%). Terbinafine had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.008 microg/mL) followed by itraconazole. Fluconazole showed the greatest variation in minimum inhibitory concentration (0.03-2 microg/mL) and had different susceptibility patterns for the two species. CONCLUSIONS: Of the three antifungals tested, terbinafine had the most potent in vitro antifungal activity against dermatophytes. Antifungal susceptibility tests would be useful to screen antifungal-resistant dermatophyte strains.     

In vitro susceptibility testing of ciclopirox,terbinafine, ketoconazole and itraconazole against dermatophytes and nondermatophytes,and in vitro evaluation of combination antifungal activity

BACKGROUND: With the development of newer antifungal agents with activity against both yeasts and filamentous fungi, there is an increased need to develop and standardize in vitro assays that will evaluate the activity of antimycotics against filamentous fungi. In vitro analysis of antifungal activity of these agents would also allow for the comparison between different antimycotics, which in turn may clarify the reasons for lack of clinical response or serve as an effective therapy for patients with chronic infection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the in vitro susceptibility of fungal organisms to ciclopirox, terbinafine, ketoconazole and itraconazole and to evaluate the in vitro activity and mode of interaction of ciclopirox in combination with either terbinafine or itraconazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) study 133 strains were evaluated, including dermatophytes (110 strains; 98 from Trichophyton spp.), Candida spp. (14 strains) and nondermatophyte moulds (nine strains). In vitro susceptibility testing was conducted in microbroth dilutions based on the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27-A proposed standard. The testing MIC ranges were 0.003-2 microg mL-1 for ciclopirox and terbinafine, and 0.06-32 microg mL-1 for itraconazole and ketoconazole. For inoculum preparation, dermatophytes were grown on Heinz oatmeal cereal agar slants. Inoculum suspensions of dermatophytes were diluted in RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich) with the desired final concentration being 2-5 x 103 c.f.u. mL-1. Once inoculated, the microdilution plates were set up according to the NCCLS M27-A method, incubated at 35 degrees C, and read visually following 7 days of incubation. For azole agents, the MIC was the lowest concentration showing 80% growth inhibition; for terbinafine and ciclopirox, the MIC was the lowest concentration showing 100% growth inhibition. In the synergy studies, 29 strains from nondermatophyte species were evaluated using a checkerboard microdilution method. The concentrations tested were: 0 and 0.06-32 microg mL-1 for itraconazole, and 0 and 0.003-4 microg mL-1 for both terbinafine and ciclopirox. Modes of interaction between drugs were classified as synergism, additivism, antagonism or indifference based on fractional inhibitory concentration index values (FIC index). Synergism was defined as an FIC index of < or = 0.50, additivity as an FIC index of < or = 1.0, and antagonism as an FIC index of > or = 2.0. The drug combination was interpreted as indifferent if neither of the drugs had any visible effect on the presence of the other drug. RESULTS: In the MIC study, the dermatophyte MIC values (microg mL-1) (mean +/- SEM) were: ciclopirox (0.04 +/- 0.02), terbinafine (0.04 +/- 0.23), itraconazole (2.28 +/- 7.42) and ketoconazole (0.83 +/- 1.99). The yeast MIC values (microg mL-1) (mean +/- SEM) were: ciclopirox (0.05 +/- 0.02), terbinafine (1.77 +/- 0.58), itraconazole (0.18 +/- 0.27) and ketoconazole (0.56 +/- 0.60). The non-dermatophyte fungi MIC values (microg mL-1) (mean +/- SEM) were: ciclopirox (1.04 +/- 2.62), terbinafine (1.04 +/- 0.95), itraconazole (17.87 +/- 16.75) and ketoconazole (10.69 +/- 13.09). In the synergy study, with ciclopirox in combination with terbinafine, mainly a synergistic or additive reaction was observed; there were no cases of antagonism. For ciclopirox in combination with itraconazole, there were some instances of additivism or synergism, with indifference in the majority of instances; there were no cases of antagonism. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro susceptibility testing indicates that ciclopirox may have a broad antimicrobial profile including dermatophytes, yeasts and other nondermatophytes. Terbinafine is extremely potent against dermatophytes. In vitro evaluation of activity of ciclopirox and terbinafine suggests many instances of synergy or additivism; for ciclopirox and itraconazole there may be indifference, synergy or additivism.     

复发性阴道念珠菌病念珠菌的菌种及药敏分析

目的：了解复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病(RVVC)临床分离菌株及其对几种常见抗真菌药物的敏感性：方法：分别采用念珠菌显色培养基和ROSCO纸片扩散法进行RVVC念珠菌菌种鉴定和药敏试验。结果：62株阳性标本中,分离出白念珠菌47株(75．81％),热带念珠菌4株(6．45％),光滑念珠菌2株(3．23％),克柔念珠菌5株(8．06％),其他念珠菌4株(6．45％)．62株念珠菌对4种常用的抗真菌药物,即两性霉素B、酮康唑、氟康唑和伊曲康唑的敏感率分别为：100．00％(62／62)、88．71％(55／62)、96．77％(60／62)、95．16％(59／62)。结论：RVVC的主要致病菌仍是白念珠菌,但非白念珠菌所占比例呈上升趋势：RVVC分离菌株对咪唑类抗真菌药物仍有较高的敏感率。     

In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of fungi in patients with onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is the most common nail disorder. To examine in vitro antifungal susceptibility of fungi among onychomycosis patients. The study included 68 patients with onychomycosis. Nail specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Dermasel agar base‐media. Isolated fungi were subjected to antifungal susceptibility tests against terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin. Candida species (Candida spp.) were detected in 32.4% of the cases of candidal onychomycosis (n = 37), 23.5% of the cases of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (n = 17), and 21.4% of the cases of total dystrophic onychomycosis (n = 14). Candida spp. were sensitive to fluconazole in 73.5%, itraconazole in 58.8%, and terbinafine in 5.9% of the cases. Aspergillus spp. were sensitive to itraconazole in all cases, and terbinafine in 87.5% of cases. Penicillium spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and terbinafine in 88.9% and 77.8% of cases, respectively. Trichophyton spp. were sensitive to terbinafine and resistant to itraconazole. Microsporum spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and resistance to terbinafine. All isolated fungi were resistant to griseofulvin. An increasing proportion of Candida spp. was observed among patients with different clinical varieties of onychomycosis. Candida spp. were highly sensitive to fluconazole and a lesser extent to itraconazole.     

1229例甲真菌病致病菌分离培养结果分析

目的了解近5年来我科就诊患者甲真菌病病原菌的构成分布情况。方法对2006年5月-2010年12月来我科门诊就诊的有典型,临床表现且真菌镜检阳性的患者进行了致病菌的分离培养。结果1229例中,591例培养阳性,阳性率48．09％。其中皮肤癣茵311株（52．62％）,以红色毛癣菌为主,占50．08％,须癣毛癣菌与紫色毛癣菌合计占2．54％;酵母茵188株（31-81％）,克柔念珠茵为主,占16．92％,其次为光滑念珠菌5．58％,热带念珠菌和白念珠菌分别为3．89％和2．37％;霉菌92株（15．57％）,以曲霉为主,占10．15％,其次为青霉,占5．08％。结论在我科就诊患者的甲真菌病病原茵中,主要致病菌以皮肤癣茵为主,其次为酵母菌。本研究结果与该地区1980-1994年期间甲真菌病病原菌的构成存在差异,皮肤癣菌的比例有所下降,酵母菌和霉茵所占比例上升。     

Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans

AIMS: We investigated the spectrum of yeasts isolated, and compared the epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of women carrying vulvovaginal Candida albicans with those carrying yeasts other than C. albicans. METHOD: Between April and June 2001, 5802 consecutively received genital swabs from women were plated onto Candida ID chromogenic media (BioMerieux). Blue colonies were reported as C. albicans; all other colonies (white and pink) were identified to species level using the Vitek YBC card (BioMerieux). In vitro susceptibility to amphotericin (AMB), fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITZ), and voriconazole (VOR) was determined for approximately 40% of non-C. albicans yeasts using a standardised microdilution method. RESULTS: Yeast was isolated from 1221 women (21%). Of these, C. albicans only was isolated from 1087 (89%) and yeasts other than C. albicans from 129 (11%) women. C. glabrata comprised 89 (69%) of the latter. Women in whom other yeasts were recovered were older than those with C. albicans (mean 43, versus 33 years, p <0.001). All isolates tested (n=53) were susceptible to AMB and VOR. Seven (24%) C. glabrata strains were susceptible to FLU with 21 (72%) testing susceptible-dose dependent. CONCLUSION: Yeasts other than C. albicans are common vaginal isolates even in a primary care population. The species isolated are less susceptible to FLU than most C. albicans.