广州市中小学生伤害影响因素分析

目的了解广东省广州市中小学生伤害相关危险因素,为开展学生伤害干预和监测提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法对广州市24 168名中小学生进行伤害问卷调查。小学1~4年级学生由家长填写问卷,小学4年级以上学生自填问卷;校园安全情况由调查员现场勘察结合校医咨询后填写;运用非条件Logistic回归分析方法分析伤害相关危险因素。结果广州市中小学生伤害发生率为21.63%,伤害次数发生率为35.30%;非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、午休时间、学习成绩、父亲年龄、家庭月收入、是否爱好体育运动、鞋底磨损情况、运动器械维修情况、是否疲倦时进行体育运动、是否带病参加体育运动、与动物玩耍频率是伤害发生的影响因素。结论广州市中小学生伤害发生与个人、家庭及学校环境危险因素有关,制定学生伤害预防控制措施应综合考虑个人及环境因素影响。     

广州市某区中小学生伤害流行病学研究

目的为了解广州市中小学生伤害的现况和影响因素,本文对广州市某区中小学生伤害流行情况进行调查,为预防中小学生伤害的发生提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机分层整群抽样的方法,抽取广州市某区全日制学校的3 677名中小学生进行调查;采用问卷调查的方法,由调查对象自填其基本情况及过去12个月学生伤害发生情况。分析不同年龄段、不同性别学生发生伤害的情况及伤害的种类。结果调查的中小学生一年内发生一种以上伤害的比例为53.32%,中学生伤害发生率(59.93%)显著高于小学生(50.26%)。各类伤害中,前五位伤害依次为:跌伤(33.47%)、打碰利器伤(22.97%)、骨头卡喉(14.39%)、交通伤害(13.14%)及烧烫伤(10.45%)。结论伤害发生随着年龄增长有增高趋势。应加强学生的伤害预防工作。     

广州市2012-2015学年中小学生伤害监测结果

了解广州市中小学生伤害发生的流行病学特征,为制定中小学生伤害预防控制策略提供依据.方法 建立基于学校的广州市中小学生伤害监测体系,对2012-2016学年“广州市中小学生伤害监测信息系统”收集到的学生伤害病例进行统计分析.结果 中小学生伤害发生地点以校园内为主(74.2%),高于校园外(25.8%).校园内、外伤害均以无意自伤(校园内69.7%,校园外74.5%)或无意他伤(校园内27.4%,校园外23.8%)为主.校园内伤害以轻度(60.3%)为主,校园外伤害以中度(52.0%)为主.校园内伤害发生原因依次是跌倒/坠落、扭伤、碰撞/挤压、割伤/刺伤,构成比分别为38.2%,25.9%,22.7%和9.7%;校园外伤害发生的主要原因依次是跌倒/坠落、扭伤、交通事故、碰撞/挤压、割伤/刺伤,构成比分别为46.1%,13.9%,13.7%,11.7%和5.5%.小学生在校园内和校园外的伤害多发生在娱乐玩耍时(43.9%和49.7%),初中、高中和职中学生校园内伤害主要发生在体育活动时(52.2%,67.4%,63.1%),校园外伤害主要是骑车/坐车(46.5%,29.4%,51.2%)和走路(18.6%,23.4%,19.5%).结论 小学阶段在校园内外应以预防学生在娱乐玩耍导致的跌倒/坠落、扭伤、碰撞/挤压为重点;中学阶段在校园内主要加强运动伤的防范,在校园外以预防出行中发生的跌倒/坠落、扭伤、交通事故、碰撞/挤压等为重点.     

中小学生人群2种伤害流行病学界定标准的比较分析

目的比较伤害流行病学界定标准(参考)、伤害流行病学界定标准(修改意见)在广州市中小学生人群中的应用结果 ,为完善界定标准提供科学依据。方法采用广州市中小学生伤害流行病学调查资料,以2种伤害流行病学界定标准诊断伤害,比较伤害的发生率、不同组份的构成及其影响。结果根据伤害流行病学界定标准(参考),中小学生伤害人数发生率为21.63%,伤害次数发生率为35.30%;根据伤害流行病学界定标准(修改意见),中小学生伤害人数发生率为14.49%,伤害次数发生率为20.80%。符合仅"由家人、教师或同伴作紧急处置或看护"组份的学生伤害人数发生率为6.16%,伤害次数发生率为13.16%;符合因受伤仅请假(0.5～1d)的学生伤害人数发生率为0.59%,伤害次数发生率为0.72%。结论建议伤害流行病学诊断标准修订,可取消"由家人、教师或同伴作紧急处置或看护"及受伤请假(0.5～1d)组份影响。采用伤害流行病学界定标准(修改意见)作为伤害流行病学界定标准较为合适。     

上海市闸北区中小学生校内伤害现况调查

目的 了解中小学生校内意外伤害的发生现况及中小学生对校内伤害知识的相关认知,为开展中小学生校内伤害干预提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取闸北区2所中学和2所小学.采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,定量研究通过自行设计的调查表对学生进行问卷调查,定性研究运用小组访谈方法对学生进行访谈.结果 中小学生校内伤害发生率为8.58％,人次发生率为11.97％,男生伤害发生率明显高于女生,中学生伤害发生率明显高于小学生.62.43％的学生知道伤害是儿童青少年最主要的死因,43.20％的学生接受过急救培训,91.24％的学生认为学校有必要开展伤害预防知识培训和安全教育活动.定性访谈反映运动伤害已成为学生校内伤害的主要类型.结论 应在中小学生中广泛开展伤害预防知识和技能培训,提高学生的伤害认知水平和急救技能,以控制学生校内伤害特别是运动伤害的发生.     

常山县中小学生伤害干预效果评价

伤害是严重威胁人类健康的重要公共卫生问题之一,青少年是伤害发生的高危人群.为降低中小学生伤害发生率,笔者于2001年10月起开展了中小学生伤害的干预研究,现将结果报道如下.     

广州市中小学生自杀意念及影响因素研究

目的了解广州市中小学生自杀意念的发生情况及影响因素,为预防中小学生自杀提供依据。方法采用统一调查表,应用分层整群抽样的方法调查广州市8所中学和8所小学学生7 527名,通过多因素Logistic回归模型筛选自杀意念的危险因素。结果广州市中小学生自杀意念发生率为14.5%。多因素分析显示,自杀意念的影响因素为性别、学生类型、健康状况、因病缺勤、吸烟、饮酒、被恐吓或伤害、轻微自伤行为和伤心绝望。结论自杀意念在中小学生中较为常见。应加强综合干预措施,防止自杀行为的发生。     

3677名6～19岁中小学生伤害流行病学特征分析

目的为了解海珠区中小学生伤害现状,发生原因及影响因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法对广州市海珠区13所小学、11所中学6~19岁中小学生一年中伤害发生情况进行调查。结果海珠区中小学生伤害年发生率为53.33%,前五位伤害依次为:跌伤(33.47%)、打碰伤类(22.97%)、骨头卡喉(14.39%)、交通伤害(13.14%)及烧烫伤(10.45%)。初中生伤害发生率最高(63.03%),其次为高中生(56.13%),小学生最低(50.26%)。各类不同伤害受伤原因不同,伤害受多种因素影响,后果和疾病负担重。结论中小学生面临意外伤害的严峻挑战,应积极采取综合防范措施,减少发生。     

北京市与广州市中小学生生活质量比较

目的 了解北京市与广州市中小学生生活质量的两地差异和城乡差异.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取北京市和广州市两地城乡中小学生864名,采用<儿童少年生活质量量表>进行评定.结果 关于各地城乡中小学生生活质量的比较如下:北京城区高于广州城区;北京农村高于广州农村;北京城区高于北京农村;广州城区与广州农村之间的差异无统计学意义.结论 北京市中小学生生活质量的总体水平比广州市高;北京市中小学生生活质量的城乡差异比广州市大.     

浙江省城乡中小学生伤害认知和行为分析

目的了解中小学生对伤害的认知情况和相关行为,为开展伤害干预提供科学依据.方法采用整群抽样法,选取浙江省4个县区的42065名中小学生伤害的认知和行为进行问卷调查.结果 86.74%的学生听说过意外伤害,76.07%和66.12%的学生在玩耍、运动时会想到伤害,44.02%的学生骑车带人,27.93%的学生过马路不走人行横道线.中学生伤害认知和行为较小学生差,农村学生认知程度和不良行为高于城市学生.结论中小学生对伤害认识不足,应结合学生特性有针对性地开展伤害知识与行为的教育,以减少中小学生伤害的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.