异基因造血干细胞移植治疗成人费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病的疗效分析

目的:探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)治疗成人费城染色体阳性(Ph+)的急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析经VDP(长春新碱、蒽环类、糖皮质激素)±C(环磷酰胺或异环磷酰胺)±L(左旋门冬酰胺酶或培门冬酶)方案诱导化学治疗(化疗)的12例Ph+ALL患者。初始诱导缓解患者在等待移植期间进行巩固化疗,并加用伊马替尼(400～800 mg/d),与化疗同步或交替应用。初始诱导失败患者及巩固治疗期间复发患者应用Hyper-CVAD/LALA(大剂量环磷酰胺、长春新碱、多柔比星、地塞米松或米托蒽醌、阿糖胞苷)方案联合伊马替尼或达沙替尼进行再次诱导。所有患者缓解后经白消安联合环磷酰胺(Bu-Cy)或改良Bu-Cy方案预处理后进行allo-HSCT。部分患者干细胞回输后2～3个月始继续服用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。结果:12例患者移植前均获得血液学缓解、7例获得分子学缓解。其中完全缓解(CR)1期9例、CR 2期2例、初发难治性1例。移植前11例患者应用伊马替尼;移植后5例患者应用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,其中4例应用伊马替尼、1例应用达沙替尼。中位随访时间12.7(3～54)个月,7例患者生存,3例患者死于疾病复发,2例患者死于治疗相关并发症。所有患者均植入,移植后2年总生存率66.7%±13.6%;2年累计复发率40.6%±16.0%;2年累计非复发病死率16.7%±10.8%。首次缓解(CR1)后移植治疗的2年总生存率70.0%±14.5%;2年累计复发率40.0%±18.2%;2年累计非复发病死率20.0%±12.6%。结论:酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可能会使更多患者获得缓解,从而有机会进行allo-HSCT。CR1的生存获益更大。allo-HSCT联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂为Ph+ALL患者有前景的治疗方案。     

伊马替尼联合化疗治疗成人Ph阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效评估

目的:评估伊马替尼联合化疗方案治疗成人Ph染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(Ph+ALL)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析76例初治成人Ph+ALL的病例资料,通过比较应用伊马替尼联合化疗方案的联合组(56例)及单纯化疗组(20例)的完全缓解率、复发率、总生存(OS)时间、无病生存(DFS)时间等指标,评估伊马替尼联合化疗治疗成人Ph+ALL的疗效。结果:联合组和单纯化疗组的诱导完全缓解率分别为85.7%(48/56)和45.0%(9/20),2组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。联合组和单纯化疗组的血液学缓解持续时间分别为(6.8±5.6)个月和(5.7±4.5)个月,复发率分别为60.7%(34/56)和85.0%(17/20),2组差异无统计学意义。联合组和单纯化疗组的中位OS分别为12(2~39)个月和4.5(0~17)个月,1年、2年OS率分别为50.0%、18.0%和10.0%、0,2组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。联合组和单纯化疗组的中位DFS分别为7(0~35)个月和3(1~13)个月,1年、2年DFS率分别为31.6%、17.4%和11.6%、0,2组差异无统计学意义。联合组和单纯化疗组的常见不良反应为骨髓抑制、感染、出血、胃肠道反应、肝功能损害、乏力,2组不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论:在成人Ph+ALL患者治疗中,采用伊马替尼联合化疗方案,可以提高完全缓解率及改善预后,并且不增加治疗相关毒副反应。     

《低剂量阿糖胞苷、阿克拉霉素联合粒细胞集落刺激因子组成的CAG预激方案与CVAD方案在复发/难治性Ph染色体阴性的急性淋巴细胞白血病挽救性再诱导治疗中疗效的比较》解读

本文最初发表于2015年《Leukemia Research》杂志第39卷,题录为:Liu L,Jiao W,Zhang Y,et al.Efficacy of low-dose cytarabine and aclarubicin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(CAG regimen)compared to Hyper-CVAD regimen as salvage chemotherapy in relapsed/refractory Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J].Leuk Res,2015,39:323-328。文章表明CAG预激方案对复发/难治性ALL的再诱导缓解效能与Hyper-CVAD方案相仿,且毒副作用少,安全性高;此外,与B淋系复发/难治性ALL相比,CAG预激方案对T淋系复发/难治性ALL的疗效更为突出。该结果为CAG预激方案应用于复发/难治性ALL的再诱导缓解治疗提供了临床实践依据。经通信作者的许可,再次通过佳文解读的方式阐明这一治疗方案,供各位赏析。     

伊马替尼联合槲皮素对K562细胞增殖和凋亡协同作用的机制研究

目的:探讨槲皮素联合伊马替尼对K562细胞增殖的影响以及诱导凋亡的机制。方法:将不同浓度的槲皮素、伊马替尼单药和联合用药作用于K562细胞,绘制协同曲线。将0.25μmol/L伊马替尼与25μmol/L的槲皮素联合作用于K562细胞,通过细胞计数检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期、线粒体跨膜电位的变化,蛋白质印迹法检测相关蛋白的表达。结果:0.25μmol/L伊马替尼联合25μmol/L槲皮素对K562细胞有明显的协同抑制生长和诱导凋亡作用。两药联合处理能降低K562细胞线粒体跨膜电位,使胱天蛋白酶(caspase)9和胱天蛋白酶3发生剪切,并明显下调B细胞淋巴瘤(Bcl)2样蛋白1(Bcl-xl)和髓样细胞白血病-1(Mcl-1)蛋白的表达。结论:伊马替尼与槲皮素协同抑制K562细胞生长并诱导细胞凋亡,其机制主要通过下调Bcl-xl以及Mcl-1蛋白的表达,从而激活线粒体凋亡途径来实现的。     

Ph染色体阳性白血病患者经伊马替尼治疗后行异基因造血干细胞移植的疗效观察

目的探讨Ph染色体阳性白血病患者经伊马替尼治疗后行异基因造血干细胞移植的疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年6月至2005年6月北京大学人民医院血液病研究所住院的难治性Ph染色体阳性的39例白血病患者经伊马替尼治疗后再行异基因造血干细胞移植的效果,观察伊马替尼对造血重建、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、总存活率(OS)、无病存活率(DFS)、复发率和移植相关并发症的影响。结果伊马替尼治疗后,18例患者血液学完全缓解,9例骨髓缓解,4例部分缓解,4例无效或疾病进展,总有效率79.49%,无重度非血液学毒性反应;移植后中性粒细胞和血小板植活中位时间分别为14d和13.5d;Ⅱ~Ⅳ度和Ⅲ~Ⅳ度急性GVHD累积发生率分别为61.53%和15.38%;根据对伊马替尼治疗的效应分为完全缓解组和未完全缓解组,其3年预期OS和DFS分别为(73.51±9.61)%对(36.36±14.50)%和(61.28±12.37)%对(31.25±13.98)%,3年累积复发率为20.41%对75.00%;4例患者死于重度移植相关并发症。结论应用伊马替尼后行异基因造血干细胞移植是一种安全、有效的治疗难治性Ph染色体阳性白血病的方法,尤其达完全缓解后行移植,可望提高此类患者的临床治愈率。     

Ph阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病研究进展

Ph阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(Ph+-ALL)的细胞遗传学特点是出现特异性Ph染色体,在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中出现的频率为3%~5%,随年龄增长逐渐升高,成年人可达20%~30%,50岁以上者甚至高达50%。临床特征表现为年龄偏大、高白细胞计数,易伴有肝脾淋巴结肿大,常累及中枢神经系统。Ph+-ALL的发病机制至今未完全清楚,目前公认其是多基因参与并共同作用的结果,诊断方法和治疗手段有赖于更深入的研究。Ph染色体阳性是急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)预后不良的因素之一,伊马替尼(IM)联合化疗可有较高的缓解率(CR),成为如今Ph+-ALL患者的一线治疗方案。本文就其研究进展综述如下。     

伊马替尼对BCR/ABL融合基因阳性的急性巨核细胞白血病原代细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的:研究酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼(imatinib)对BCR/ABL融合基因阳性的急性巨核细胞白血病原代细胞凋亡的作用,探讨急性巨核细胞白血病的治疗。方法:报告1例急性巨核细胞白血病的临床及实验室特征;应用骨髓细胞直接法和24h短期培养法制备染色体和R显带技术进行细胞遗传学分析;多重RTPCR方法同时检测29种白血病融合基因。取患者骨髓白血病细胞,台盼蓝拒染实验观察伊马替尼对细胞生长曲线的影响;流式细胞仪分析细胞周期。结果:①该例患者的染色体核型为46,XX,t(1;16)(q22;q22),未见Ph染色体;表达BCR/ABLb2a2mRNA,临床治疗效果差,生存期短。②伊马替尼可以抑制该原代白血病细胞的生长,促其凋亡,使大部分细胞受阻于G0/G1期。结论:伊马替尼可以诱导BCR/ABL阳性急性巨核细胞白血病原代细胞的凋亡。     

慢性髓性白血病患者伊马替尼耐药相关因素分析

目的 分析慢性髓性白血病（CML）患者发生伊马替尼耐药的相关因素.方法 选择CML患者60例,均口服伊马替尼400 mg/d,于治疗第1年每3个月行血常规、Ph染色体、BCR-ABL基因及骨髓细胞学检查,以后每半年复查1次;治疗12个月时,评价治疗效果,判断患者是否获得主要分子生物学反应（MMR）、完全细胞遗传学反应（CCyR）.采用SPSS19.0统计软件对患者的临床资料进行伊马替尼耐药的单因素和多因素COX分析.结果 60例患者共11例（18.3％）发生耐药.单因素分析结果显示,HGB及获得MMR、CCyR与伊马替尼耐药有关（P均＜0.05）.多因素COX分析显示,获得CCyR是影响伊马替尼耐药的独立因素（P＜0.05）.结论 CML患者获得CCyR是发生伊马替尼耐药的危险因素.     

甲磺酸伊马替尼治疗慢性粒细胞白血病附加异常Ph阳性克隆的预后意义

目的探讨甲磺酸伊马替尼（伊马替尼）治疗后慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）具有附加异常的Ph阳性克隆的演变及其预后意义。方法收集37例CML加速期和急变期患者的骨髓标本培养24h,G显带进行核型分析。结果伊马替尼治疗前患者的附加染色体种类主要有双Ph、＋8、i（17q）等,其次还有-Y、除i（17q）外17号的异常、inv（3q）等,以及少见的易位和其他异常。伊马替尼治疗后具有附加异常的Ph阳性克隆比例发生扩增、基本不变、比例下降、完全消失等4种形式的演变。24例加速期患者中有2例获得完全细胞遗传学缓解（CCyR）,13例急变期患者中2例获CCyR。附加异常克隆扩增／不变组的中位生存时间和无疾病进展时间显著短于比例下降／完全消失组（P〈0．05）。结论有附加染色体异常的Ph阳性CML患者伊马替尼治疗后附加异常克隆比例可以下降甚至完全消失,获得CCyR,并伴生存期延长。     

胃肠道间质瘤伊马替尼继发耐药治疗的研究进展

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼在胃肠道间质瘤(GISTs)的治疗中已取得令人瞩目的疗效,然而伊马替尼继发耐药的出现成为亟待解决的临床难题。GISTs对伊马替尼继发耐药的可能机制包括KIT/PDGFRA基因二次突变、PTEN基因丢失、触发GIST细胞进入静止期等。针对上述耐药机制,目前已提出新型酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、联合应用下游通路靶向抑制剂、较少依赖KIT/PDGFRA途径的靶向抑制剂(KIT分子伴侣抑制剂、极光激酶抑制剂等)、诱导静止期GIST细胞凋亡等解决伊马替尼继发耐药的策略,本文就相关研究进展作一综述。     

A phase 2 study of imatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoid leukemias

The translocation (9;22) gives rise to the p190(Bcr-Abl) and p210(Bcr-Abl) tyrosine kinase proteins, considered sufficient for leukemic transformation. Philadelphia-positive (Ph(+)) acute leukemia patients failing to respond to initial induction therapy have a poor prognosis with few effective treatment options. Imatinib is an orally administered, potent inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. We conducted a clinical trial in 56 patients with relapsed or refractory Ph(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; 48 patients) or chronic myelogenous leukemia in lymphoid blast crisis (LyBC; 8 patients). Imatinib was given once daily at 400 mg or 600 mg. Imatinib induced complete hematologic responses (CHRs) and complete marrow responses (marrow-CRs) in 29% of ALL patients (CHR, 19%; marrow-CR, 10%), which were sustained for at least 4 weeks in 6% of patients. Median estimated time to progression and overall survival for ALL patients were 2.2 and 4.9 months, respectively. CHRs were reported for 3 (38%) of the patients with LyBC (one sustained CHR). Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related nonhematologic toxicity was reported for 9% of patients; none of the patients discontinued therapy because of nonhematologic adverse reactions. Grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 54% and 27% of patients, respectively. Imatinib therapy resulted in a clinically relevant hematologic response rate in relapsed or refractory Ph(+) acute lymphoid leukemia patients, but development of resistance and subsequent disease progression were rapid. Further studies are warranted to test the effects of imatinib in combination with other agents and to define the mechanisms of resistance to imatinib.     

Idarubicin in combination with intermediate-dose cytarabine in the treatment of refractory or relapsed acute leukemias

13 patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 7 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were treated with a regimen that included idarubicin 12 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 3 d plus cytarabine 2 g/m2 by infusion over 3 hours daily for 3 d. There were 10 remissions (ALL:7; AML:3) in the 15 relapsed patients and 4 (ALL:3) in the 5 patients with primary refractory disease. Severe myelosuppression was observed in all patients. Toxicity of this regimen caused nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, infections and/or liver enzymes increase. Cardiac toxicity was not observed. 2 patients died in aplasia of Gram-negative septicemia and brain hemorrhage. In conclusion, the combination of idarubicin and intermediate-dose cytarabine (IDARA-C) seems to be highly effective and sufficiently well-tolerated for the treatment of refractory and relapsed acute leukemias.     

Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate

Imatinib mesylate, an inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, has modest activity in refractory/relapsed Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Use of concurrent chemotherapy and imatinib mesylate in newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL was explored. There were 20 patients who received hyper-CVAD (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and dexamethasone) and imatinib mesylate followed by imatinib mesylate-based consolidation/maintenance therapy. Of these patients, 11 had de novo disease, 4 were primary failures after induction (without imatinib mesylate), and 5 were in complete remission (CR) after induction (without imatinib mesylate). All 15 patients treated for active disease achieved CR. Within a median of 3.5 months in first CR, 10 patients underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). One patient relapsed after matched related SCT. The other 9 patients remained alive in CR with median follow-up of 12 months after SCT (range, 1+ to 17+ months). Among 10 patients ineligible for (no donor or older age) or refusing allogeneic SCT, 1 patient relapsed after one year. There were 5 patients who remained alive in continuous CR for a median of 20 months (range, 4+ to 24+ months), with 2 older patients dying in CR at 15 and 16 months of comorbid conditions. Molecular CRs were achieved in both groups (SCT or no SCT). Outcome with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate appears better than with prior regimens; continued accrual and longer follow-up of the current cohort is needed.     

Mitoxantrone and continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside in refractory and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Twenty adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) received a regimen employing two courses of mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2 by rapid intravenous infusion on days 1, 2 and 3 and cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) 200 mg/m2/day by continuous infusion on days 1-7. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 10 of 20 (50%) patients (3 refractory and 7 relapsed). Median duration of CR was 5 months (range 2-9). The treatment was associated with minimal extrahematologic toxicity, with no cardiac toxicity. Our results are nearly in line with therapeutic responses obtained with regimens employing megadose therapy (HD ARA-C). Because of acceptable toxicity, mitoxantrone plus continuous infusion of a standard dose of ARA-C could be considered for relapsed of refractory ALL patients eligible for an intensive therapeutic approach (bone marrow transplantation) after a second CR.     

Increasing the dose of aclarubicin in low-dose cytarabine and aclarubicin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CAG regimen) can safely and effectively treat relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia

It is difficult for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients to achieve complete remission (CR). The CAG regimen [low-dose cytarabine and aclarubicin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)] has been used to treat relapsed and refractory AML patients, and showed good therapeutic efficacy. It is unknown, however, whether increasing the dose of aclarubicin in CAG regimen could treat relapsed or refractory AML safely and effectively. We evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of increasing the dose of aclarubicin in CAG regimen, in 37 relapsed or refractory AML patients. All patients were treated with CAG regimen including low-dose cytarabine (10 mg/m² every 12 h, days 1–14), aclarubicin (5–7 mg/m² every day, days 1–14), and G-CSF (200 μg/m² every day, days 1–14) priming. After a single course of therapy, the overall response [CR + partial remission (PR)] rate of all patients was 78.4 % (29/37), in which the CR rate was 62.2 % (23/37). There was no early death. The median overall survival was 6 months (range 2–36 months). Myelosuppression was ubiquitous, but tolerated. No severe non-hematologic toxicity was observed. Thus, increasing the dose of aclarubicin in CAG regimen can be used safely and effectively in the treatment of relapsed or refractory AML.     

Sequential chemotherapy and myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The prognosis of patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is very poor. To improve survival rates, we attempted to intensify the conditioning regimen with daunorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, medium-dose etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation (DNR/VCR/PSL plus medium-dose VP/CY/TBI). Four patients in relapse or induction failure of B-precursor ALL without other complications underwent allogeneic HSCT. Initially, chemotherapy comprising DNR 60 mg/m(2) for 3 days, VCR 1.4 mg/m(2) for 1 day, and PSL 60 mg/m(2) for 3 days was administered, which was followed by medium-dose VP/CY/TBI; some modifications were made for individual patients. All patients achieved engraftment and complete remission after HSCT. Regimen-related toxicities were tolerable and no patient died within 100 days. Two patients were alive without disease on days 563 and 1,055. The third patient relapsed on day 951, while the fourth died on day 179 without disease. Our results indicate that intensified myeloablative HSCT should be considered for patients with refractory ALL.     

Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: new and emerging treatment options

Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adolescents has, until recently, been considered one of the poorest-risk subgroups of ALL. With chemotherapy alone, only 20-30% of children with Ph(+) ALL are cured. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in first complete remission cures 60% of patients with a closely matched donor. Although targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have limited activity against Ph(+) ALL as a single agent, they have been evaluated in combination with chemotherapy with promising results. The early results of Children's Oncology Group trial AALL0031 have shown 88% 3-year event-free survival for Ph(+) patients treated with intensive chemotherapy plus continuous-dosing imatinib. This suggests that chemotherapy plus TKIs may be the initial treatment of choice for Ph(+) ALL in children. However, the numbers are small in this trial and confirmatory results are not yet available from the European Intergroup Study on Post Induction Treatment of Philadelphia Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia with Imatinib trial. Additional issues include determining the most effective TKI (imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib) and the most effective, least toxic chemotherapy backbone. The experience of adding a targeted agent such as a TKI to the standard chemotherapy regimen suggests that this strategy might be applied to other ALL subtypes to achieve both increased efficacy and decreased toxicity.     

Successful use of trametinib and dasatinib combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of Ph-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report

Rationale:Relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia poses a significant clinical challenge due to its poor prognosis, showing survival rates of less than a year even with the use of novel therapies. In this report, we describe the safe and effective use of trametinib combined with dasatinib in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the successful use of 2 targeted drugs such as trametinib and dasatinib in a pediatric patient with Ph+ ALL and recurrent pancreatitis.Patient concerns:A 6-year-old boy with ALL and Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) who had recurrent asparaginase-associated pancreatitis.Diagnosis:The patient was diagnosed with ALL, based on clinical features, laboratory analyses, bone marrow aspiration evaluation in morphology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular.Interventions:The patient was treated with dasatinib combined with an intermediate risk-oriented chemotherapy. However, owing to recurrent asparaginase-associated pancreatitis, the patient has to abandon asparaginase in consolidation. Considering the high risk of relapse, we used trametinib and dasatinib combined with chemotherapy as maintenance chemotherapy.Outcomes:After 6 months, there were no obvious side effects or residual disease.Lessons:We suggest that the combination of trametinib and dasatinib may represent a viable option to treat patients with potential relapsed/refractory Ph+ ALL.     

CAG-GO therapy for patients with relapsed or primary refractory CD33-positive acute myelogenous leukemia

We previously tested a less toxic CAG regimen consisting of low-dose cytarabine, aclarubicin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory myeloid malignancies or elderly patients with untreated ones, obtaining a satisfactory complete remission rate of 62%. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, has recently been approved as a single agent in Japan for the treatment of relapsed/refractory CD33-positive acute myelogenous leukemia (9 mg/m(2) on days1 and 15). Complete remission rate was reported as 30% in a phase 2 trial in Japan. In this study, effectiveness and safety of combining dose-attenuated gemtuzumab ozogamicin (3 mg/m(2) on day5) and original CAG regimen were assessed in nine patients with relapsed/refractory CD33-positive acute myelogenous leukemia and a median age of 70 years. Rate of complete remission with or without platelet recovery was 44% (4/9). The median duration of complete remission and overall survival were 5.5 and 16 months, respectively. Reversible myelosuppression and liver toxicity were the main adverse events, but no regimen-related death was recorded. Although only a small number of cases were included in this preliminary study, this CAG-GO regimen was found to be feasible and useful even in high-risk relapsed or refractory patients.